商务英语翻译之合同翻译

商务英语翻译之合同翻译

商务英语翻译之合同翻译

第一节商务合同的基础知识

第二节合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点

第三节合同英语的句法特点及翻译要点

第四节合同内容的翻译

第五节商务合同的翻译标准

第一节商务合同的基础知识

一、概念与文体

虽然国内外对合同的定义各不相同，但都有一个共同点：A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned。比如，99年中国《合同法》规定，Contacts referred to in this Law are agreements establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。

在由Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中，contract被定义为“a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，在某种意义上，法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。综上可见，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。

商务合同是依法成立的法律性文件，自有其特殊的文体特征。通常所谓的“文体（style）”是指人们运用语言时，总是根据一定的交际内容、交际目的和交际场合，来选取一定的表达形式，即所谓的语言风格；这种风格，既要适应交际对象，又受到特定语言环境的制约。根据美国语言学家Martin Joos（1962）年的分类，合同英语属于庄重文体（the frozen style），是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。总体来说，这种正式性体现在内容的专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。

根据当事人之间的权利和义务关系，主要可做如下分类：

Contracts for International Sale of Goods

Contracts for International Technology Transfer

Contracts for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures

Contracts for Sino-foreign Contractual Joint Ventures

Contracts for International Engineering Projects

Contracts for Compensation Trade

Contracts for Sino-foreign Cooperation Development of Natural Resources

Contracts for Foreign Labor Services

Contracts for International Leasing Affairs

Contracts for Sino-foreign Credits and Loans

Contracts for International Build-Operate-Transfer，等。

二、分类与结构

按照格式的繁简程度的不同，国际商务合同可以采取正式合同（Contract）、协议书（Agreement）、确认书（Confirmation）、备忘录（Memorandum）、定单（Order）等书面形式。在合同签订和履行过程中，

当事人之间往来的信函、电子邮件、电报等也是合同的组成部分，同样具有一定的法律效力。但是，为了顺利、准确无误地完成合同的履行，保护当事人各方的合法权益，所有商业往来应以合同、协议书和确认书的订立为前提和基础。

从结构上看，国际商务合同一般包含如下四个部分[1]，具体说明如下：（一）合同名称（Title）：即合同标题，表明合同的内容和性质。

（二）前文[2]（Preamble）：A. 订约日期和地点；B. 合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所；C. 当事人合法依据；D. 订约缘由/说明条款（三）正文（Main Body）：A. 一般条款（General Terms and Conditions）；B. 特殊条款[3]（Other Conditions）。

（四）结尾条款（WITNESS Clause）：A. 结尾语；B. 签名（Signature）；

C. 盖印（Seal）。

三、商务合同的主要内容

合同的内容由当事人约定；结合1999年中国《合同法》第12条的规定，合同的主要内容一般包含以下条款：

A．Titles or names of the parties and the domiciles thereof；

B．Date and place of signature of the contract）；

C．Type of the contract and the kind, scope of the subject matter of the [1] 当然，格式和内容并非一成不变，当事人可以根据各自交易情况做出调整或增删。

[2] 从结构上讲，本条属于“前文”部分；但从内容上讲，又属于合同的一般条款。[3] 所谓“特殊条款”，是指只有在某些特定性质的合约中才会出现的条款，例如合资契约中通常会约定当事人合资成立的公司由谁来管理，董事与监察人由谁来担任等等问题，但是抵押契约就不会有这些约定。反过来说，抵押契约中一定要记载的抵押品项目、抵押期限等等，在合资契约中就不会出现。再如，由于当事人双方来自不同背景，各自对某些关键词的解释和使用也不完全一样，就有必要在合同中添加“定义条款”（Definition Clause），把相关的重要词汇、专有名词和术语加以解释和说明，以确定其含义。

contract；

D．Technical conditions, quality, standard, specifications and quantities of the subject matter of the contract；

E．Time limit, place and method of performance；

F．Terms of price, amount and way of payment and various additional charges；

G．Whether the contract could be assigned or conditions for assignment；H．Compensation and other liabilities for breach of the contract；I．Ways of settlement of disputes in case of disputes arising from the contract；

J．Languages to be used in the contract and their effectiveness。

第二节合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点

商务合同属于庄重文体，用词极其考究，具有特定性和严肃的风格。总体上看，合同的词汇特点体现在以下两大方面：

一、用词专业，具有法律意味（professional or legal）

二、用词正式、准确（formal and accurate）

（1）使用正式的法律用词

The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed (被认为) to be construed (理解)as part of this Contract. 整个合同期间，本合同的附件应被视为合同的一部分予以解释。

The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract. 本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同文本的一部分，在合同条件或合同本身的理解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。

Construction 比explanation 要正式。

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price. 业主特此立约保证向承包人支付合同总价，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。

Covenants是法律用词，意为签订有法律约束力的正式合同。

（2）同义词连用

对一些关键性的词采用同义词连用以克服由于英语词一词多意可能产生的语意不明、避免合同双方按各自的意图来理解合同条文。

This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 本协议由甲方和乙方签订。

The Contractor shall, without limiting his or the Employee’s obligations and responsibilities under Clause 20, insure the Works, together with materials and plant for incorporation therein, to the full replacement cost. 在不限制第20条中规定的承包人和业主的义务和责任的条件下，承包人应该以全部重置成本对工程、用于工程中的材料和工程配套设备进行保险。

（3）外语与相关的专业知识和国际法知识相结合

The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein. 工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和恰当施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指示。

“施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷”用了两个and (execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects )。

根据一般国际承包工程的做法以及国际工程承包法规（FIDIC合同条款）的规定，工程分为两个阶段完成：

第一个阶段为：设计、施工和竣工。完成后承包人获得业主签发的移交证书(Taking-over Certificate)。

第二个阶段为修补工程中的缺陷。完成后承包人获得业主签发的缺陷责任证书(Defects Liability Certificate)。届时，承包人和业主双方的合同义务都已解除。

若用execution，completion of the works and the remedying of any defects ，则意味着两个阶段合并为一个阶段，使承包人该移交的工程不能交出去。

一、用词专业，具有法律意味（professional or legal）

（一）根据不同的专业来确定词义。比如：

1）The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.

2）If the buyer fails to pay any account when due, the buyer shall be liable to pay the seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum, such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the seller.

3）The articles of our immediate interest are your “CHON-HOI” brand Agricultural Washing Machines.

以上三句均含有“interest”一词，但是由于行业背景的不同，其意义也大相径庭。第一句出自保险业，意思是“被保险的货物”；第二句源于国际贸易，意思是“一方由于未能支付到期的应付款项而向另一方支付的利息”；而第三句属于营销业，此时的interest则应译成“对什么产品、品牌感兴趣”。由此可见，在合同翻译过程中，要特别注意专业性的问题。

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