王守仁-英国文学选读第三版-期末复习资料整理

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PART one 作家作品

- 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗?乔叟

-《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集- 2 William Shakespeare 威廉莎??亚

-《Romeo and Juliet》罗密欧与朱丽叶

-《The Macbeth》麦克?

-《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商?-《Twelfth Night》??夜

-《Hamlet》哈姆雷特

-《Othello》奥赛罗

-《King Lear》李尔王

-《The Tempest》暴风?

-《Winter’s Tale》冬?传说

- 3 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根

-《Advancement of Learning》学术的推进-《New Instrument》新?具

-《Essays》论说?集

-《New Atlantis》新?西岛

-《Of ……》论

- 4 John Donne 约翰邓恩

-《The Flea》跳蚤

-《The Good-Morrow》早安

-《Break of Day》破晓

-《Elegies》挽歌

- 5 John Milton 约翰?尔顿

-《Lycidas》利西达斯

-《Areopagitica》论出版?由-《Paradise Lost》失乐园

-《Paradise Regained》复乐园

-《Samson Agonistes》??参孙

- 6 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福

-《Robinson Crusoe》鲁滨逊

-《Captain Singleton》?格顿船长

-《Moll Flanders》摩尔弗兰德斯

-《Roxana》洛克萨拉

-《A Journal of the Plague Year》?灾年纪-7 Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特

-《A Tale of A Tub》?只桶的故事

-《The Battle of Books》书的战争

-《The Drapier’s Letter》布商来信

-《A modest Proposal》?个温和的建议-《Gulliver Travels》格列佛游记

-8 William Blake 威廉布莱克

-《The song of Los》罗斯之歌

-《The Lamb》灯

-《The Tyger》虎

-9 Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯

-《A Red Red Rose》?朵红玫瑰

-《Auld Lang Syne》昔?时光、友谊天长地久-10 William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯

-《I wondered lonely as a cloud》我好似?朵流云独?漫游-11 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒科乐吕致-《Kubla Khan》忽必烈汗

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-12 Jane Austen 简 奥斯汀

-《Pride and Pre Judice 》傲慢与偏见 -13 George Gordon Byron 乔治 ?登 拜伦 -《She walks in Beauty 》她在美中? -《Don Juan 》唐璜

-14 Percy Bysshe Shelly 波西 ?希 雪莱 -《Ode the West Wind 》西风颂 -15 John Keats 约翰 济慈

-《Ode on a Grecian Urn 》希腊古瓮颂 -16 Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂 勃朗特 -《Jane Ruge 》简爱

-17 Charles Dickens 查尔斯 狄更斯 -《Great Expectations 》远?前程 -18 Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德 丁尼? -《The Eagle 》鹰

-19 Robert Browning 罗伯特 布朗宁 -《My last Duchess 》我已故的公爵夫? -20 Matthew Arnold 马修 阿诺德 -《Dover Beach 》多佛海滩 -21 Thomas Hardy 托马斯 哈代

-《Tess of the D’Urbervellies 》苔丝 -《Jude the Obscure 》?名的裘徳 -22 Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡 王尔德 -《The Important of Being Earnest 》 -认真的重要性

-23 George Bernard Shaw 乔治 萧伯纳 -《Pygmalion 》?格马利翁 -24 Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫 康拉德 -《Heart of Darkness 》?暗之? -25 T S Eliot 艾略特 -《The Waste Land 》荒原

-26 William Butler Yeats 威廉 巴特勒 叶芝 -《The Second Coming 》第?次来临 -27 James Joyce 詹姆斯 乔伊斯 -《Araby 》阿拉?

-28 Virginia Wolf 佛吉尼亚 沃芙 -《Mrs.Dalloway 》达罗卫夫? -29 D H Lawrence 劳伦斯

-《The Rocking-Horse Winner 》?马赢家

PART two 简答

1P14 ［Sonnet 18］［William Shakespeare］

[1.] How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?

The poet answers the question by saying that "thou art more lovely and more temperate" than summer.

[2.] What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?

The poet thinks that every summer is going to fade and go away,whereas thou will always be beautiful and lovely.

2 P20 ［Of Studies］［Francis Bacon］

[1.]We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon ’s< of studies> in our access to information?

Our planet is developing forward. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying.??就是随着时代的脚步进步，充分利?资源[2.] In what sense does reading make a full man?

Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.

3 P32 [Paradise Lost][John Milton]

缺失

4 P60 [I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud][William Wordsworth]

[1.] What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?

Theme of Happiness.The poet is really enjoy the nature.

[2. ] Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?

I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly.

5 P102 [Great Exception][Charles Dickens]

[1.]Magwitch the “the convict” takes the risk of being “hanged” when comes back to London to see Pip. How do you evaluate this meeting?

To Pip，it’s a surprising and unwilling meeting.

To Magwitch it is a willing meeting which he has been looking forwards to for a long period of time.

[2.] What’s the meaning of “gentleman” in the contest of the novel?

It mean a man who was poor but warm-hearted.

6 P125 [Tess of the D’Urbervilles][Thomas Hardy]

[1.] How does Tess react to Clare’s suggestion that they should leave their shelter?Why?

She showed a strange unwillingness to move. Because she doesn’t want to put an end to all that’s s weet and lovely peacefulness and affection.

[2.] What is the significance of Tess resting on an altar in the heathen temple?

Her death is caused by human hypocrisy and foolishness, similar to that of a sacrifice. At the end, th

e only place which can accept her for who she is is death and sacrifice.

[3. ]Comment on this sentence:“Justice’ was done,and the President of the immortals(in Aeschylean phrase )had ended his sport with Tess”.In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?

Tess is a typical victim of the society. The tragic fate of Tess and her family was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry.

7 P173 [Araby][James Joyce]

[2.]Chief qualities of the boy’s character?

He is sensitive and intelligent

— sensitive enough to experience a wide range of feelings in spite of his tender age,and not merely in the conventional sense of the word.

8 P179 [Mrs. Dalloway][Virginia Woolf]

[1.] How does Woolf present Mrs. Dalloway to the reader?

In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf’s emphasis is not on plot but on the inner lives of the characters. As the ebb and flow of personal impressions, feelings, and thoughts are described, the characters unfold themselves vividly in front of the reader.

Woolf doesn’t limit herself to one consciousness, but slips from mind to mind.

“And then, thought Clarissa Dalloway,…”

“A Charming woman, Scrope Purvis thought…”

“Such fools we are, she thought,”

[2.] What is the function of Big Ben?

The passing of hours is indicated by the chimes of Big Ben. It reminds the reader of the actual reality of the physical world and also the different stages of Mrs. Dalloway’s life.

The implication of “strikes” and “circles”.The novel is a life story of Mrs. Dalloway, is about the human life and is about its tension between misery and happiness.

PART three 术语解释

1.Heroic couplet or couplet： It is a term in poetry applied to two successive line of verse that form a single unit because they rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or form a separate stanza. Couplets in English are usually written in ten-syllable (decasyllabic) lines, a form first used by the 14th-century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a closed couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines.

英雄双?体A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, i.e. containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.

举例

Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400

He wore a fustian tunic stained and dark

With smudges where his amount had left mark;

He had just come back from his voyage

And now was going on this pilgrimage.

2.Soliloquy is a speech that reveals a character’s innermost feelings and plans while other characters remain unaware of what he is saying.

独?A dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections

举例

Hamlet Shakespeare 1601

Hamlet To be or not to be-that is a question:

…….

And lose the name of action.

3. Sonnet derives from the Italian sonetto a “little sound” or “song”. The ordinary sonnet consists of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameters with considerable variations in rhyme scheme.The three basic sonnet forms are: a) the Petrarchan which comprises an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet rhyming cdecde or cdcdcd, or in any combination except a rhyming couplet; b) the Spenserian of the three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, bcbc ,cdcd, ee; c) the Skakespearen, again with three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, cdcd, efef, gg.

?四?诗A verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme

举例

Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

…….

So long lives this,and this give life to thee

4.Shakespearean Sonnet: Also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet, this sonnet form is perfected by Shakespeare. It is structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.

莎??亚?四?诗A sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg

举例

Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Th ou art more lovely and more temperate

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer’s lease hath all too short a date

…….

So long lives this,and this give life to thee

5.Iambic pentameter: Iambic: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable Its pattern is like this :

U　／

pentameter:　five feet

An example:

Shall I compare thee to a summer’ day?

U / U / U / U / U /

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

U / U / U / U / U /

As shown above, the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed (U /), so the meter is iambic. And each of the lines contains 5 iambic unit (iamb), so the lines are iambic pentameter.

五步抑扬格A metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables

举例

Close to the sun in lonely lands.

close\sun\lonely都是扬声.to\in\lands是降调.

举例

Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609

Shall I compare thee to a sum mer’s day?

举例

Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400

He wore a fustian tunic stained and dark

With smudges where his amount had left mark;

He had just come back from his voyage

And now was going on this pilgrimage.

6.Symbol：Literally, something that stands for something else. In literature, any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance. Version 2. It is something which represents an idea, a physical entity or a process but is distinct from it. The purpose of a symbol is to communicate meaning. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Personal names are symbols representing individuals. A red rose symbolizes love and compassion.

象征An arbitrary sign that has acquired a conventional significance Something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible

举例

Tyger William Blake 1794

The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creator is that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky? The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fifth part, the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy? The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand.

7. Irony is a statement in which the intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning.

讽刺A trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs

举例

Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860

“Gentleman”

Tess of the D’Urbervilles Th omas Hardy 1891

Tess A pure woman

8.Bildungsroman：The Bildungsroman, or novel about upbringing and education, had its beginning in Goethe’s work, Wilhelm Meister Iehrjahre ,(Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship 1796歌德《威廉.迈斯特的学习时代》德国教育?说的典范) which is about the process by which a sensitive person discovers his identity and place in the big world. This kind of novel often starts with the main character as a child, and then presents the child’s growth and development towards adulthood. This rebellious character goes through a sequence of tests and finally comes to a better understanding of himself and the world. This type of novel is often autobiographical, such as Somerset Maugham’s Of Human Bondage(1915) and James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). It frequently uses first person narration.

In form, Great Expectations fits a pattern popular in 19th century European fiction: the bildungsroman, or novel depicting growth and personal development, generally a transition from boyhood to manhood such as that experienced by Pip. Great Expectation depicts a process of maturation and self-discovery through experience as a protagonist moves from childhood to adulthood.

成长?说A novel about the early years of somebody's life, exploring the development of his or her character and personality

举例

Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860

A novel about Pip formative years

9.Dramatic Monologue：A monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. In a play, when a character utters a monologue that expresses his or her private thoughts, it is called a soliloquy. Dramatic Monologue, however, does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. In its fullest form, as represented in Browning’s “My Last Duchess”, ”The Bishop Orders His Tomb”, “Andrea del Sato”, and many other poems

戏剧独?A poem or other literary work consisting of words supposedly spoken by a character, often in a specific situation, either directly to the reader or to a listener

举例

My Last Duchess Robert Browning 1842

Th at’s my last Duchess painted on the wall

Looking as if she were alive……

诗歌语??语化，夹叙夹译

10.Antihero: The chief person in a modern novel or play whose character is widely discrepant from that which we associate with the traditional protagonist or hero of a serious literary work. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, ignominious, passive, ineffectual, or dishonest. The use of nonheroic protagonists occurs as early as the Picaresque novel of the sixteenth century, and the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flander(1722) is a thief and a prostitute. The term “antihero,” however, is usually applied to writings in the period of disillusion after the Second World War, beginning with such protagonists as we find in John Wain’s Hurry on

Down(1953) and Kingsley Amis’ Lucky Jim (1954). Notable later instances in the novel are Yossarian in Joseph Heller’s Catch -22 (1961), Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nobokov’s Lolita (1955).

反英雄The central character in a story who is not a traditionally brave or good hero，a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero

举例

Ulysses James Joyce 1922

A novel described Bloom a layfolk’s day life .

11.Epiphany means “a manifestation,” or “showing forth,” and by Christian thinkers was used to signify a manifestation of God’s presence within the created world. James Joyce adapted the term to secular experience, to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object.

顿悟A divine manifestation

举例

Araby James Joyce 1905

O I never said such a thing ……Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.

12.The “stream of consciousness” is a narrative method of capturing and representing the inner workings of a character’s mind. The term was first used by William James in his Principles of Psychology(1890)

意识流A literary style that presents a character's continuous random flow of thoughts as they arise

举例

[Mrs.Dalloway] Virginia Woolf 1925

For having lived in westminster how many years now Over twenty……

?物的意识交错在没有度量的?理时间

PART four 作者思想

1 Full wise is he that can himselven knowe——Geoffery Chaucer[1343-1400]

?知者智

2 What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving,how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals—and yet,to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me—nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so.——William Shakespeare [1564-1616]

?类是?件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么?贵！才能多么?限，动作多么敏捷，体形多么令?赞叹！?为像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之?美，众?之灵长.

This passage has provoked bitter scholarly battles—over its punctuation. Is Hamlet saying that man is like an angel in apprehension (understanding), or like a god in apprehension? The different placement of commas in the early texts of the play makes all the difference.

3 All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility.——William Wordsworth[1770-1850]

?切好诗都是强烈情感的?然流露?这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的。

This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry creation which was set forth in the preface to “the Lyrical Ballads”. As contrasted with the classicists who made reason, order and the old classical traditions the criteria in their poetical creations Wordsworth based his own poetic talent on the premise that“all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling ” He appealed directly on individual sensations i. e. pleasure excitement and enjoyment as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. A poet’s emotion extends from human affairs to nature but emotion immediately impressed is as raw as wine newly bottled Tranquil contemplation of an emotional experience matures the feelings and sensation and makes possible the creation of good poetry like the mellow of old wine

4 Three or four families in a country village is something to work.—— Jane

Austen[1775-1817]

?个乡村中的三四户?家是合适的写作对象.正当?们为家庭阅读和哥特式?说感到乏味千篇?律的时候，奥斯汀带来的却是?常?活的?园牧歌式的世外桃源，?字有清新幽默，给读者???新。Similar to a person’s actions can reflect his characters, people’s attitudes towards marriage are also related to their characters. The most obvious example is the case of Elizabeth and Darcy. Their feelings towards each other change during the development of the plot. At first, they showed no interest in each other but soon the

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feeling turned to disgust. Then Darcy took fancy to Elizabeth, but Elizabeth thought he was pride. Fortunately, after a series of things, they got married and lived a happy life.

5 Beauty is truth, truth beauty.——Percy Bysshe Shelley[1792-1822]

美即是真，真即是美。

First, what is “truth”? One definition of truth is that it is the inner order of a thing, its structure. Christians, for example, speak of “Christian truth.” Now the first and most obvious meaning of the term “Christian truth” is that that the affirmations of the Christian religion correspond with objective reality. But that is not the definition of truth that I am getting at here. In my usage, “Christian truth” is the inner structure of Christian experience, namely the relationship of the individual believer with God through Jesus Christ, the relationship of the individual believer with Christ through the eucharist, and many other very particular things involved in Christian experience.

Now what is “beauty”? Beauty is also a mutual interrelation of parts that forms a whole, a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.

6 A disinterested endeavor to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world.——Matthew Arnold[1822-1888]

?关利益的学习是世界上最美好的事情。

He was a man with contravention. His poems and his critics showed the two sides of his soul. It is Arnold’s strong and consistent belief that literature shapes culture. In his collection of essays, Culture and Anarchy(1867~1868), he defended culture against scientific materialism. He talked about culture constantly. But it is not clear what exactly that word means in his philosophical theory.Arnold’s concept of culture includes the political, the social and the religious aspects of life. In fact, he was advocating that culture, not class struggle, or violent revolution, should be the most effective way to cure the ills of a sick society. He thought that the future of England belonged to the middle classes. Arnold的诗体现了维多利亚后期信仰缺失的悲情，有点像Hardy那样的悲观，他的诗作为以后的?然主义发展种下了萌芽。但他在?化批评及政论?却是极?想挽回?种古典的责任感，又是维多利亚价值观的捍卫者和执?者。他的?格充满了?盾，??写的诗犯了???学批评理论准则的忌讳。体现了维多利亚时期，旧的信仰被打破，新的信仰没有被建?，?们??的?种悲观空虚，但又希望秩序、责任的状况。

7 Everybody is so talented nowadays that the only people I care to honour as deserving real distinction are those who remain in obscurity.——Thomas Hardy[1822-1888]

这个时代每个?看起来都特别聪明，?我真正尊敬的只有那些不追名逐利之?。

/N N2015 12 6 8 An hour, once it lodges in the queer element of the human spirit, may be stretched to fifty or a hundred times its clock length; on the other hand, an hour may be accurately represented on the timepiece of the mind by one second. This extraordinary discrepancy between time on the clock and time in the mind is less known than it should be and deserves fuller investigation.—— Virginia Woolf[1882-1941]

?个?时，?旦它通过??精神表现，可能会延伸到五?或?百倍其时钟长度;另???，??时可能只代表?灵的钟表上的?秒。物质的时间与?灵的时间这?同寻常的差异是鲜为?知的。Virginia Woolf is one of the most influential figures in twentieth-century literature. She was original, passionate, vivid, dedicated to her art. Yet most writing about her still revolves around her social life and the Bloomsbury set.

9 The source of all life and knowledge is in man and woman, and the source of all living is in the interchange and the interchange and the meeting and mingling of these two: man-life and woman-life, man-knowledge and woman-knowledge, man-being and woman-being.——D. H. Lawrence[1822-1888]

阴阳调和，万物相?。

王守仁《英国文学选读》译文汇总.

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