2018年1月托福真题回忆及解析

2018年1月托福真题回忆及解析

成功离不开一点一滴的积累，想要在托福考试中取得好成绩，必然少不了每天的坚持。为了帮助大家高效备考，坚持学习，无忧考网搜集整理了2018年1月托福真题回忆及解析，以供参考。2018年1月举行了4场托福考试，分别为1月6日、1月13日、1月27日、1月28日。

1月6日托福口语真题回忆：

综合点评

今天口语综合题的听力大部分同学反映比较简单;第一题出现两个问题比较罕见。

Task 1

内容回忆 It's difficult for people to save money. Why? Make some suggestions for helping people save money. 为什么人们很难省下钱，你觉得人们可以有什么省钱的好办法。

参考答案 In modern society, it seems that more money people earn, much

harder it is for them to save financially. The reason for this phenomenon is, according to my opinion, that more and more sophisticated and user-friendly products, like iPhone, appear and companies sold them at higher price, which attracted consumers’ attention and allured them to pay more for such gadgets. From my perspective, first of all, making a budget is the most useful way. For example, if your salary is $5000, you could put 2500 aside as savings. What’s more, second-hand products still function well, but the price is comparatively much lower than that of first-hand ones. You could buy a second-hand Ford car with only $500 while it costs $1000 to get a new one.

Task 2

内容回忆 Nowadays, some parents prefer homeschooling to sending their

children to school. What do you think? 有些国家通过了 homeschool，谈一谈你对于这件事情的看法。

参考答案 In my point of view, if parents are well-educated and they are familiar with educational psychology and teaching skills, I strongly suggest that their children be educated at home. These parents could educate their kids themselves or employ professionals in the education field to instruct the kids, since parents know their children better than school teachers. You know, parents stay and interact with them since their children’s babyhood, so they could find the most suitable way teaching their kids.

In addition, parents could focus all of their attention on their own kids, so as to meet their personal needs, which could not be met at school where one teacher has to take care of more than 10 students.

Task 3

学校图书馆为研究生开设了一片 private area。

原因 1：里面有单独的桌椅。

原因 2：可以锁门让学生把东西留在那里。

听力女生同意，她认为研究生经常要写 research paper 需要很多资料，每天来回搬很

麻烦，现在可以留在图书馆了。而且对于单独桌椅她也同意，因为她觉得研究生不像本科生需要交流，她们更希望自己能专注不被打扰。

Task 4

Animal and plants occupy at different level。

定义：当一个生态系统里的最高级 Predator 消失后所带来的一系列影响。

听力例子：在北美有一个区域一种动物以捕食鹿维生。不过当公路开通后很多游客来

旅游，很多车辆到来，这种动物就离开了这篇区域，鹿的数量就增加。数量增加的鹿又吃了一种树，然后树变少就导致了依赖树的鸟无法生存，生物链一环一环影响下去，导致生态系统有了很大变化。

Task 5

问题一个女孩子要去加州为姐姐的婚礼弹一个大提琴 chelo，飞机运去加州她怕损坏。

解决方案 1：可以买一个很贵的盒子来放乐器

优点：盒子以后还是可以用的，自己的乐器音色好，熟悉自己的乐器

缺点：已经花了很多钱买机票了，没钱买盒子

2：问一个朋友借

优点：省钱

缺点：音色不一定好，也不一定熟悉

Task 6

话题 contingent workforce 的好处

要点 1：可以做为替补的人

例子：一个学校里如果有个老师没来，就打电话给代课老师，所以学生肯定有课上

2：给公司额外的帮助

例子：有些商业随着季节变有淡旺季，所以就临时性招人。给了她们 town 举例子，warm month 游客多，有些餐厅就临时雇服务员

1月6日托福写作真题回忆：

综合点评

2018 年首次托福写作考试难度一般，相信考生都能发挥得比较好。综合写作考的是历

史类话题，关于苏格兰的 Brochs 的功能猜想，和 TPO5 的综合写作比较接近，练习过该题的学生应该不会觉得太难。本题重复了大陆 2015 年 7 月 4 日的考题。独立写作是生活类话题，关于家庭成员定期一起吃饭是否重要，考生一般不会在思路上出现明显的障碍，但是例证方面可能会落入只有个人经历的俗套，这就要求考生能够掌握多种例证方式。本题重复了2014 年 11 月 8 日的考题。值得注意的是，本次考试的综合写作和独立写作部分都重复了过去的考题，建议考生可以关注一下近几年的托福写作机经。

综合写作

话题分类：历史类

考题回忆：总论点关于苏格兰的 Brochs 的用途，阅读提出了三个可能的猜想，听力一

一予以反驳。

阅读部分

1. 提供像城堡一样的防御

2. 储存食物

3. 为贵族提供居住地

听力部分

1. 这种石墙没有窗户，没法射击前来攻击的敌人，因此不可能是防御工事

2. 这里面有 water tank，可能会使得食物腐烂，并且这里面有生火做饭的痕迹，如果

真是粮仓，会引发火灾

3. Brochs 有的是单独存在于较远的地方，有的是以 group 的形式存在的。而贵族不可

能群居，也不可能住在较远的地方解题思路本题重复了大陆 2015 年 7 月 4 日的考题，同时 TPO5 的综合写作也和这道题目比较相似，考生可以参考。

参考范文：The reading and the listening have a debate on the purpose of Scotland Brochs. The listening refutes all three hypotheses proposed by the reading.

First, the reading suggests that these brochs are used as a defense because they have thick and high walls. However, the listening argues that defense structure usually have windows so that people can shoot arrows against perpetrators, in order to repel attackers from getting closer, but these brochs do not have any windows.

Second, the reading believes brochs to be food storage. However, the listening casts doubt on this, by saying that there are water tanks in the brochs. This might spoil the food stored in them since moisture tends to accelerate food decaying. Also, there is evidence of cooking inside the brochs, but cooking can easily cause fire, which again damage the food.

Finally, the reading argues that these brochs could be the residence of the chieftains and leaders of the tribes. However, according to the speaker, this claim does not hold water, either. Normally, leaders live near their people, but brochs are isolated from villages. Also, brochs are built in clusters, but people certainly do not need so many leaders living close to each other.

独立写作

话题分类：生活类

考题回忆：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays it

is not important for family members to regularly have meals together. Use specific reasons and examples to support your idea.

解题思路：和家人一起吃饭这件事情考生肯定经常做，但是很少有人会考虑这件事情是

否重要。如果觉得重要，常见的理由包括：增进亲情，交流近况，尊重传统等;而不重要的理由往往是有代沟，怕麻烦和浪费时间。考生在举例的时候可以使用个人经历，也可以使用假设性的事例，甚至是统计数据等。

Disagree- not important

-generation gap

-geographical barrier

-reduced efficiency

Agree- important

-strength family bond

-exchange news

-get advice

-follow the customs

-keep healthy

参考范文：With the accelerating pace of life, many people now are striving to

keep a balance between life and work. As a result, some of them attach little importance to family meals, arguing that they can hardly spare time for a family get-together. However, in my opinion, it is still important for family members to have meals together regularly, since the meal encompasses more than simply food. First, having meals with our family means we can exchange news with other family members, which translates into a stronger family bond. As we all know, family meals always involve casual chat with family members over one’s recent development. In this way, we can get to know what others have done, are doing or are going to do. By exchanging personal news like this, we strengthen our family bond. For example, over a family meal on Saturday, the son may accidentally mention that he has made a first try on playing ice hockey this week and finds it fascinating. The father, being a big fan of ice hockey, is likely to keep a mind tag and may either take his son to practice or to watch a match. Eventually, the father and the son can form a strong bond between themselves.

Second, regular family gatherings over meals allow us to seek advice from

other family members. Normally, when someone faces an important decision or a puzzling problem, he or she turns to others for advice, and no occasion can be better than a casual family meal on which one can ask for advice without feeling embarrassed. For example, when the husband hints that he has been given a chance to work at an overseas branch, but was hesitant on this decision, because he is not sure whether this will put his wife under too much pressure, the wife may encourage him to seize the chance by telling him that she would certainly like to move to a new country so that she can experience different culture. Or if she really dislikes the idea, she can also wave it off or voice her own opinion in a casual way.

Finally, eating regularly with our family helps us to keep healthy. For one thing, family meals usually follow a fixed schedule, which means one takes a certain meal at a certain time of the day. However, these days, when people are eating alone or attending a business banquet, they tend to eat too late or skip one or two meals for lack of time. This unhealthy lifestyle can certainly lead to some diseases related to digestion. For another, as family meals are often eaten at home, rather than at restaurants, we can eat healthier food. This is because home-made food often does not contain so much fat, salt or sugar as food at restaurants. Also, eating at home does not involve a lot of alcohol, which is quite common in business settings, especially in China. In the long run, we can easily keep our blood pressure and body fat at a normal level by eating regularly with our family at home.

In conclusion, despite our ever tighter schedule, it is still important for us to squeeze time for family meals on a regular basis, as it allows us to exchange news, seek advice and keep healthy.

1月6日托福听力真题回忆：

Conversation：

1.男生来图书馆询问为什么网站的 link 没法用了他用 link 找期刊。女生回答说是外包的某些数据库停止提供期刊了。不过不是所有的都停了。男生目前在做一个关于乔治华盛

顿如何当选总统的作业，看如果有电视会对那次选举造成影响吗。随后问咋办?女生建议男生可以在图书馆里找，男生说他没办法 track down，老师说：不还有我呢么。老师还说，你可以去别的图书馆查那个期刊。

2.女生过来找教授想选他的课，教授建议女生去读一些专业书籍

3.女生和教授谈论对于濒危物种的保护，人们存在偏见，人们更愿意去保护 elephant

等动物而忽略了不那么受欢迎的动物如昆虫、蜜蜂、青蛙等。这些对人类有帮助但人们很少花钱在这上面。教授表示认同。

4.学生去年做了一个活动，今年还想继续，捐衣服和手工制品想让学生会帮忙，社团负

责人去问，老师说去年你们组织的我妻子还买了围巾，建议这个女生和另一个组织合作，女生赞同这个提议然后要用老师的电话联系。

5.学校要举办艺术节，学生找老师问能不能邀请一个艺术家，以前在其他学校听过这个

艺术家的课，课结束还看了个表演，老师说可以，学校以前组织过类似活动，问题是学生是否有足够兴趣和艺术家的时间安排，学生说到食堂调研然后通过网站和艺术家联系。Lecture：

Lecture 1

话题分类：天文学

内容回忆 astronomy，讲 moon 磁场问题。地球有磁场，因为内部有 internal liquid iron 和 rotation，月亮没有磁场的 2 个理论：

1)月亮被小行星撞击，磁场消失， 2) 发现了一个很古老的石头来自于月亮，说明月亮

曾经存在过磁场天文学 (16 年 7 月 10 号真题)

参考听力 tpo-extre4--月球磁场

Lecture 2

话题分类：地质学

内容回忆一个山脉的形成。板块运动形成山脉，然后有一个山很特别，它在板块中央不

是因为板块运动，开始推测它和落基山脉差不多时间形成，推测是火山运动然后推翻了这个，这个山很难去检测，后来在它下面的 sediment 发现它的形成时间早于推测的。

参考听力 tpo31-lecture2

Lecture 3

话题分类：艺术类

内容回忆 archanic 时期的绘画风格，讲浮雕和女性人物的姿态，手捏裙子，对比 Greece 和 Egypt 的风格

参考听力 tpo18-lecture2

lecture 4

话题分类：生物学

内容回忆细菌有好坏之分，好细菌有三个特点，有助于消化不易消化的东西，维他命，

抢坏细菌的资源。用肥皂洗手会把好坏的细菌都杀死，然后讲到细菌都被杀死后补充细菌的问题，生病了医生会让你喝酸奶。最后补充说细菌到底怎么样还要继续研究.

参考听力 tpo45-lecture2 tpo12-lecture1

lecture 5

话题分类：心理学

内容回忆孩童的四个心理阶段.讲了孩子认知的发展阶段 0-2 2-7 8-12 12-18 这样然

后讲了 critics 的批判然后说但主流认为这个观点是对的每个阶段基本都有考个考了玩具的作用教授提自己孩子的作品。有重听最后一部分

参考听力 tpo15-lecture1 tpo10-lecture4, tpo13-conversation1

1月6日托福阅读真题回忆：

综合点评

本次考试作为 2018 年的一次考试，托福阅读的难度适中，我们选取其中一套考题进行

分析。这套题目中分别考察了历史类，生物类以及地理类话题。其中生物类话题和地理类话题都考到了之前机经的题目，分别是 jellyfish(2017 年 4 月 1 号加试题)以及Cretaceous Extinction(2017 年 5 月 27 日考题)。所以，建议同学们在准备考试过程中，把重点放在生物和地质类话题的文章上，同时，利用好机经。

Passage 1

学科分类：历史学

题目：Extended family

内容回忆该篇文章主要讲的是工业革命家庭变化情况。本文共 4 段。

第一段说了在工业革命的时候，由于工作压力增加，很多大家庭都变成了 nuclear family。这样更加符合当时的社会情况。之后，说明了这种小家庭单元的优势。

第二段说尽管如此，小家庭仍然需要 social contact.之后举了一些例子和数据支持这

样的观点，如：当遇到生病啊等特殊情况时，父母和家人永远是最主要的依靠对象只要有联系就可以从他们中得到精神支持。

第三段说，数据显示，就算成为了只有父母和小孩的小家庭，他们住的离父母还是很近，有帮助还是要找父母。如：当遇到生病啊等特殊情况时，父母和家人永远是最主要的依靠对象只要有联系就可以从他们中得到精神支持。

第四段说其实小家庭还是需要 practical 和 emotional 的支持。

Passage 2

学科分类：动物学

题目：Ectotherm animal

内容回忆本文共 4 段。

第一段说了 Ectotherm 的定义。

第二段说了它的 skin 的 volume 大，所以 exchange heat 快。

第三段说有一些大于可以让体温高于水温，温暖的肌肉也方便捕食。

第四段说他们的 mobility 很强，会 seasonal migration。

Passage 3

学科分类：生物学

题目：Increasing population of jellyfish

内容回忆本文共 4 段。

第一段讲 jellyfish 过多其实有好有坏。

第二段讲数量多是因为人们 overfishing,导致 competitors 变少，(有 2 道题)水母

大量繁殖。

第三段讲了全球变暖和酸雨，让二氧化碳融了好多进水中。水母很喜欢。

第四段讲了水体富营养化，然而水母比别的动物更适合在这 harsh 环境生存。

参考阅读 TPO38 浣熊的成功

Passage 4

学科分类：地理学

题目：Cretaceous extinction

内容回忆本文共 5 段。

第一段有很多理论都说为啥动物在白垩纪大量灭绝，但是没有一个证据充分。

第二段讲最近某科学家发现 clay 中的 Ir 含量非常高，远高于地球平均值 10 倍，但这样的浓度在陨石上很常见，由此怀疑是大陨石撞击地球导致大量物种灭绝。

第三段讲了这种撞击产生的影响。

第四段讲了很多证据在支持这一个结论。第五段讲这个坑巨大，可能是在海里或者被亿

万年的 sediment 给覆盖了。

1月13日托福口语真题回忆：

Task 1

内容回忆 Nowadays，teachers tend to give students group assignment but not individual assignment. Discuss an advantage and a disadvantage of this tendency. 现在老师布置作业都倾向于小组作业而不是个人作业，说出这样做的一个好处和一个坏处。

参考答案 In my perspective, gaining valuable experience on teamwork and cooperation is one of the biggest advantages. Take myself for an instance. Last semester I was asked to finish a challenging biology group assignment within one week. During the process, I learned to be a team leader for the first time and I managed to arrange the tasks properly. The good grade we got showed me the great power of cooperation.

However, group assignment gives much more pressure on students compared

with individual assignment. Teamwork requires coordination between members on not only their schedules but also the opinions. Still the assignment last term, it was

really a hard work for us to achieve an agreement on the final conclusion. That’s

the drawback of group assignment.

Task 2

内容回忆 When you disagree with your friends and family on some controversial issues, you would choose to convince them or just keep the disagreements.

当你和你的朋友家人在一些有争议的问题上有所分歧时，你会选择说服他们还是大家各

持己见。

参考答案 In my point of view, just keeping the disagreements would be a better choice compared with convincing others. Firstly, everything can be judged in various ways since there can be numerous angles. I respect all the perspectives towards controversial issues since we can find the reasonable points in different ideas. And when we listen to another view patiently, it’s also a good opportunity to

learn something new and have a communication with others.

In addition, trying to convince others all the time can be annoying in some occasions. When we are too stubborn on a controversial issue, we may leave a self-opinionated impression on others.

Task 3

阅读学校通知：学校取消了借 laptop 给学生的项目;

原因：学生一般不来借 laptop，他们都用大学的电脑。

听力态度：反对

原因 1：大学的电脑很老很旧了还经常崩溃，不好用;

原因 2：laptop 很方便，可以带到任何地方。学生有时候会需要在宿舍里堆放一些资

料书籍，如果可以使用 laptop，就可以直接把 laptop 带回宿舍，不用搬着书跑到university

computer 那里写论文,那样会很累。

Task 4 生物

阅读术语：Aposematic behavior

定义：生物会用一些张扬的行为表明自己不能被吃掉，以吓退捕食者。

听力例子：有一种 caterpillar，会吃一种有毒的植物，鸟在吃掉这种 caterpillar 之后就会 sick。这种 caterpillar 看见鸟以后不会逃跑，而是会 shake head up and down。鸟类在吃过这种 caterpillar 之后，再见到它们 shake head up and down，就会想起 sick 的感觉，然后就不会吃它们，而去吃别的 caterpillar。用这种方式来保护自己。

Task 5 日常生活

问题女生想做十个人吃的家乡菜，但是能买到食材的超市很远，她的舍友又出了突发状

况没法借她车。

解决方案解决方案 1：骑自行车去买;

优点 1：可以做家乡菜给大家吃，很 special;

缺点 1：食材很多，要买两趟的话，会花更多的时间;

解决方案 2：换个食谱;

优点 2：食材在 local grocery 就可以买到;

缺点 2：不 special 了。

Task 6 商业

话题 Internal constraints

要点要点 1：有的商家是因为 physical 原因导致营业状况不好。

例子 1：超市的 cash register 又老又旧，会影响收银速度，从而让客人 annoyed，然

后客人就不会再来第二次了。

要点 2：employ training 方面做的不好，从而致使营业状况不好。

例子 2：超市员工不熟悉货物的位置，顾客询问某件商品在哪里的时候带客人去了错误

的地方，导致客人不满而流失掉。

1月13日托福听力真题回忆：

综合点评

听力难度较 1 月 6 号，文章从话题广度和难度上有所提升，可谓喜忧参半。有些同

学第一个 section 较简单，第二个就跪了。看来提高扎实的基本功还是必要的啊。Conversation 1

话题分类师生讨论

内容回忆毕业典礼上的 speech，学生想问 prof 能不能给我改改，pro 说我是评委不能

给你改，学生想不同一点，不按照 outline写，prof说人家让你进初试，就是喜欢你的outline.

教授还安利了 city college 的 speech。

参考听力 TPO51-conversation2

Conversation 2

话题分类社团活动

内容回忆 astronomy department 设计 parity 的 t-shirt。前面是太阳系的 major

planet 背面是 Pluto. 这种设计衣服的 idea 是从 marine biology department .男生顺带解释了一下 Pluto 不再是行星。订单一般情况是订单确认一周后能好，但男生要先回去再确认一下颜色。

参考听力 TPO42-conversation2 TPO23-conversation2

Conversation 3

话题分类工作类

内容回忆学生在博物馆 information desk 工作，和 museum director 讨论他的schedule,想换工作。

参考听力 TPO6-convesation1 TPO15-conversation1

Conversation 4

话题分类课堂问题

内容回忆学生和 professor 讨论她在书上看到的一个建筑概念，最后教授问她去不去一

个活动学生说这个是志愿的，意思是我不想去。

参考听力 TPO8-conversation2 TPO40-conversation1 TPO42-conversation1

Lecture 1

话题分类艺术类

内容回忆 music history 一种音乐类型，演奏很快，人们对 skillful 的音乐家就很崇拜，比如帕格尼尼，很出名，是个奇才也很神秘，风格比较 unique，不仅靠 skill 而且还注意自己的 public image，还有人们对他开音乐会的反映，后面提到了 rumors 之类的，跟现在的某些风格有点像。

参考听力 TPO38-lecture3 TPO31-lecture1

Lecture 2

话题分类生物学

内容回忆 Bergmann's rule

动物体型大小和居住环境温度有关。寒冷环境，动物体积较大，可更好地保温，同时当

食物少时，可以依靠体内脂肪延续生命。但这一理论的适用性暂不清楚，比如 snakes、lizards并不适用。另一理论，Allen's rule 寒冷气候中的动物四肢较短也与 Bergmann’s rule 不一致。

参考听力 TPO37-lecture4

Lecture 3

话题分类地质学

内容回忆海洋中有很多水，但地幔中也有水，但不是以液态形式而是以 mineral 的形

式存在。地幔分成三层 upper mantle, transition mantle, lowermantle.上地幔中有矿物质 olivine，收到压力和加热时会变成 ringwoodite，二者结构不同。水融合与ringwoodite之中。地球上钻石样本的研究证明了地幔中确实有水，尽管含量较少，但这一发现意义深远。

参考听力 TPO31-lecture2

Lecture 4

话题分类人类学

内容回忆有种理论认为古时陶瓷是个人做的，但教授主要讲的是另一种理论：合做陶瓷。博物馆中丑陋的古瓷器正说明了这一点。古人做陶瓷时，老师教，但学生不仅仅在旁边观察更要动手试做，这种教学方法是 Scaffolding，很有效。古陶瓷可能是一家人合做而成，小孩子小时候就开始学起;也可能是女性做出形状男性进行装饰，签名是女性签。用于庆典的陶瓷，会不断地被几代人多次进行装饰。之前的 decoration 被擦除，画上新的装饰。

参考听力 TPO49-lecture4 TPO45-lecture4

Lecture 5

话题分类艺术类

内容回忆现实主义戏剧的出现有几个原因。

Melodrama 中使用了 spectacle, 更真实地模拟现实，更重要地是吸引观众多回来看

戏剧。服装方面也不像以前的戏剧那样穿演出时代的服装，而是穿戏剧中所表演的那个时代的服装。Box set 的使用也增加了戏剧演出的真实性。社会发展和学科发展促进现实主义戏剧的发展，科学家和剧作家都要进行仔细观察。

参考听力 TPO12-lecture3 TPO7-lecture1 TPO9-lecture1 TPO44-lecture2

Lecture 6

话题分类生物学

内容回忆分析蚂蚁的 teaching behavior

参考听力 TPO11-lecture1 TPO28-lecture2 TPO17-lecture4

Lecture 7

话题分类天文学

内容回忆讲红矮星在其他星系被发现

参考听力 TPO41-lecture1 TPO38-lecture4

Lecture 8

话题分类人类学

内容回忆讲 ritual 的两种特征

参考听力 TPO22-lecture

Lecture 9

话题分类商业类

内容回忆讲解了市场三种 product adolescence : quality , function ,style

参考听力 TPO26-lecture1 TPO34-lecture4

1月13日托福写作真题回忆：

综合点评

综合写作考察海洋生物类话题，难度不大;独立写作重复 2015 年 10 月份老题，需要考试熟悉政府类相关素材和一定的课外知识积累。

综合写作

话题分类海洋生物类话题

考题回忆

总论点：是否需要 keep commercial fishing of lionfish (阅读支持，听力反对)

阅读部分

1. 1. 对珊瑚的 ecosystem 有好处;

2. 2. 平衡 fish market;

3. 3. Lionfish 很有营养，带来 dietary benefits.

听力部分

1. 1. fishing 会同时打捞到别的鱼，会伤害 rare species;

2. 2. 会鼓励人们开始 fish farm 养殖 lionfish, 导致 lionfish 有机会散播到其他的habitats;

3. 3. lionfish 会吃一种有毒的微生物，人吃了会损害健康。

解题思路：解释清楚听力内容如何对阅读内容进行了反驳。

参考范文 Both the reading and the listening discuss about commercial fishing of lionfish. The reading raises three arguments to support it, while the listening holds a totally different viewpoint.

First, as the reading suggests, fishing of lionfish benefits the whole ecosystem of coral fish. However, the listening points out that while fishing for lionfish, other rare specifies of fish might also be caught and harmed.

Second, the reading mentions that fishing lionfish helps balance fish market. The listening, on the other hand, argues that the fishing of lionfish will encourage people to start fish farm to raise lionfish, which may lead to its spread to other habitats, causing undesirable outcomes.

Third, the lecturer also illustrates that lionfish consumes a certain type of poisonous microorganism, which is harmful to human health. Therefore, the lionfish is not as beneficial as the reading suggests.

独立写作

话题分类：政府资金类话题

考题回忆：A/D: It is a waste of money for government to fund space travel or space exploration.

解题思路反对该观点：

1. 探索外太空，探索未知事物, 好奇心才会驱使进步;

2. 寻找潜在的第二个地球，地球的环境逐渐恶化;

3. 帮助宣传教育，激发更多孩子的好奇心。

参考范文 A public debate has arisen concerning whether it is worthwhile for the government to provide financial support for space exploration. Ideas vary from person to person. As far as I’m concerned, space exploration and space travel are quite necessary.

Space travel and space exploration provide us with invaluable opportunities to know more about the universe, thus gaining a better understanding about the world. Studying other worlds like Venus and Mars teaches us how special our planet is. For example, NASA has discovered that there is trace of water on Mars, which means that there might be lives on it. This is definitely a big breakthrough. However, without the financial support from the government, such progress couldn’t have been made.

Moreover, we can find potential space for human settlements in the future. Over-population, environmental pollutions and limited space and natural resources, our planet is gradually becoming inhabitable. It is only a matter of time before something happens to our planet that is so devastating that it changes the course of life as we know it. Space exploration and colonization of the Moon and Mars are an insurance policy for humanity and all of our achievements.

Space travel and space exploration promote science education. The Apollo missions inspired a whole generation of kids who wanted to grow up to be astronauts, rocket scientists, and engineers. We all know that science education has been slightly lacking in the United States as of late. NASA’s return to the moon, or more importantly the much anticipated manned mission to Mars will again inspire a whole new generation to reach for the stars. In this way, the money is

worth spending.

All in all, though governments should be careful about their monetary allocations, funding for space travel or space exploration is no way a waste. 1月13日托福阅读真题回忆：

综合点评

本次考试难度适中，在此我们抽取上午的一套进行分析。这一套中分别考到了农业，动

物(斑马)以及某个城市的衰败这三个主题。农业话题其实是经常考到的一个话题，据不完全统计，在 2017 年，农业话题就考到过五次。某城市的衰败，国家的衰落也是常考话题之一,2016 年 7 月 3 日就考到过 M Empire Collapse,与这次的 Collapse of the city Coban题材类似，建议同学们可以参考阅读 TPO21-2,TPO23-2 以及相关考试当日的机经。Passage1 学科分类题目

农业 B 地区的 Rice Farming

内容回忆

第一段：B 地区得益于其出色的灌溉系统，农业发展很好。因为它的灌溉系统可以帮助

农田从水中得到营养物质，以维持土地的生产力。还说了低地灌溉较容易，但是高地灌溉就要特别修筑 dam，来引水去高海拔地区;

第二段说的是农业对于灌溉系统有很多要求，在干旱的时候水量要大，但是洪水的时候

水量要小，还要尽量能帮助到周围地区灌溉;

第三段还是在说 B 地区的灌溉系统四通八达，有很多 tunnel 连接起来，非常精巧;

第四段说的是 B 地区不仅农业发展好，同时带动了畜牧业，他们努力在家畜蓄养和农

业之间寻求平衡;

第五段说的是这样精密的灌溉系统和农业模式，是需要人们通力合作的，一个人是无法

好好使用的，比如说杀虫剂的使用，需要大家综合分析情况，再做出一致的决策。Passage 2 学科分类题目

生物学 Zebra Strips

内容回忆

第一段说的是人们原来以为斑马身上的条纹是为了伪装，不让捕食者发现，但是科学家

最近觉得好像不是这样，因为斑马主要是靠自己的好视力来远远地发现捕食者，不是靠隐藏在树木里;

第二段说人们推测，斑马身上的条纹是为了让它们 blend in 斑马群，这样捕食者追斑

马群的时候，它们的条纹全加一起会扰乱捕食者的认知，一头斑马就不容易落单，从而得以存活，但是没有证据表明没有斑纹的动物就一定比有斑纹的动物存活几率大，所以这个理论站不住脚;

第三段说还有人推测，斑马身上的斑纹是为了防止蚊虫叮咬，因为大草原上的蚊虫吸血，被叮咬了很容易失血过多;因为蚊虫一般不会落在黑白间隔的地方;

第四段说为什么其他动物不需要长出黑白斑纹来应对蚊虫叮咬呢，因为斑马的毛很短，

比较容易被咬，而且它们没有针对蚊虫叮咬的免疫物质，所以很容易反复感染;

第五段说其实蚊虫比较不容易落在水平黑白间隔的地方，但斑马是垂直黑白间隔的，所

以这个理论也是存有疑惑的。

Passage 3 学科分类题目

历史学 Collapse of the city Coban

内容回忆

第一段说 Coban(a 上有一个撇)灭亡的第一个原因是统治者无能。Coban 城市是

Mayan 地区的城市，曾经非常繁荣，统治者认为自己功德无量高枕无忧，结果社会突然出

了动乱，统治者无能，无法提出有效的措施，反而一个劲地做无用的仪式;

第二段说灭亡的第二个原因是一条商业通路被毁掉了，这条路为 Coban 带来了很多财

富，毁掉之后城市就衰败了;

第三段说灭亡的第三个原因是干旱。虽然没有切实的证据来证明这个原因的可靠，但是

因为灭亡时间和干旱开始的年份一样，所以推测干旱可能也是原因。

所考词汇

laboriously=making much effort

distinguish=separate

resemble=similar

vulnerable=threaten by

dense=closely placed

abrupt=sudden

core=center

presumed=assumed

1月27日托福口语真题回忆：

Task 1

你认为什么措施可以提升你所居住的社区让它更宜居。

Task2

Some people like to make decision based on their own experience while other people prefer to ask others for help such as family and friends. Which do you prefer and why?

Task3

学校里的 art science museum 计划提供 audio tour，

阅读

主题： Audio Tour at Art Museum

原因 1: 每天都可以听(之前的人工向导只有周五工作)

原因 2：学生可以参加这个项目，积累经验。

听力

态度：赞成

原因 1：很多学生周五都要工作或者学习，没时间去。

原因 2：女生最近在找工作，都说要在博物馆里有工作经验，这些经验对她来说十分宝贵。

Task4

ambiguous effect，对于选择，人们倾向选结果可预见的，即使成功可能性较小;而不

选结果不可预见的。教授用了自己的年轻时候打网球比赛的例子，有两个比赛，一个在自己

镇子里一个在隔壁镇子。教授知道自己小镇上很多厉害的选手，很可能会输。但是对另一个

小镇一无所知，不敢选择。最后没拿到好名次。后悔自己当初没有冒险。

Task5

女孩放假要写 paper 不能回家,有两个选择：

a.可以留学校写完 paper 再回家,但家人会失望

b.也可以把书带回家写 paper,但家里有小孩打扰她

Task6

章鱼保护自己的两个机制：变色伪装(靠近珊瑚时改变身体颜色和纹理。)和喷墨(墨水的形状和章鱼很像，可以让捕猎者困惑，制造逃跑机会。)

1月27日托福阅读真题回忆：

1、大黄蜂和蜜蜂传递食物位置信息时的复杂行为

2、产卵产在雄性背后或者植物上的虫子：

第一段：有一些虫子会在雄性的背上产卵。

第二段：为什么呢?因为它们的卵比较大，表面积-体积的比率就更小，吸收氧气的能力

比较差。为了解决这个问题，雄性背着卵，在空气中吸收氧气(比在水中效果好)。雄性时不时的去水里，就不会造成卵过于干燥而死亡。

第三段：为啥要这么大卵?小点不行么?小点就不用这么折腾了。因为：它们的食物都

是比较大型的动物，比如青蛙。所以他们成年的时候必须足够大，才能抓住这些食物。

第四段：这些虫子成年之前只能蜕壳(molt)5-6 次。每次蜕壳成长的速度都是衡定的：50-60 毫米。所以一生下来就要够大。所以卵这么大。

3、一种巢在陆地上的鸟

4、欧洲某地的海上贸易

5、中国艺术,陶器书法等。

6、美洲新大陆的耕作方式

7、一些考古发现指出，Clovis 人有可能食用植物作为主要食物来源。这些考古发现包括：用来磨谷物的巨大石头、谷物外壳的残留、磨损严重的牙齿。

后来发现，他们确实有食用植物，但并不作为主要食物来源。

因为男性捕猎，女性采集。所以女性对植物的分布，不同季节食物的营养更敏感。他们

有不断的移动，所以并不是主要依赖食物。

词汇题汇总

1. guard / protect

2. suitable / appropriate

3. sustain / maintain / keep up

4. adjustable / adaptable

5. degree / level

6. meager / partly

7. incorporate / contain

8. complex / complicated

/ sophisticated / intricate / involved

9. assess / appraise / evaluate

10. in profusion / plentiful / copious / opulent

11. delegate / arrange / appoint

12. suitable / appropriate / becoming

13. guard / look out / defend

1月27日托福听力真题回忆：

Conversation

1. 学生和职业规划办公室员工

内容回忆：学生要找工作了，来找教授咨询。教授说可以去学校网站学习相关的简历制

作方法。可以参加学校内的招聘会。如果公司有意向就会给学生发邮件约时间面试。学生说面试没信心。教授说我们有专门的培训项目，模拟面试中可能提到的问题。

相似练习：TPO6 C1 questions about the career fair

2. 学生和教授

内容回忆：学生本来想参加一个戏剧表演，但是由于该剧是用希腊语演出，学生不会说，所以不想去。但是他说可以做一些幕后工作，比如调光，制作道具等。教授说这些已经有专人做了。学生可以从其他方面贡献：很多观众都是家长和其他专业的学生，他们也不懂希腊语。所以让学生帮忙制作一些剧情的翻译。

相似练习：TPO18 C1 to find jobs on campus

3. 学生和停车场管理员

内容回忆：学生向停车场管理员抱怨抱怨自己停车的困难，自己有停车许可，但有时没

有位置，有时还会被收费。

Conversation 1

Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the office of campus transportation and parking.

Employee: Good morning. How can I help you? Oh wait, let me guess. You are a prospective student and you are here for the visitation day. Let me give you a visitor’s parking pass.

Student: Um, I am already a student.

Employee: Oh, sorry. With this visitation day today, we’ve had prospective students in here all morning long.

Student: What I wanted to ask, I received the parking ticket earlier this week.

I was parked along the curb outside the Jeffery’s Hall when I got it, underneath the street light.

Employee: Um, that curb seems to be a problem spot for a lot of students. We’ve given quite a few tickets for cars’ park there recently. Didn’t you see that in your parking cent?

Student: Yeah, but people have been parking along that curb lately. I figure it was OK to park there. I mean, if there’s no spaces nearby.

Employee: No, you always have to park in the designated parking lot.

Student: Yeah, but the thing is there just aren’t enough parking spaces in the designated lot behind Jeffery’s Hall. That lot is really crowded.

Employee: I know, it’s been that way ever since that art exhibit opened in the building next to Jeffery’s Hall. Unfortunately, people who visit the exhibit are using that parking lot too. But you’ve got understand that for traffic flow reasons, we can’t have people parking on other side of campus roads.

Student: But I have class in Jeffery’s Hall three days a week. I can’t even get there on time now. I just keep traveling around and around the lot, looking for a spot to open up.

Employee: You could get an earlier start and go to class on foot.

Student: That will be quite a hike for me. This campus is so spread out. Employee: Or you could use our shuttle bus, which stops at all the residence house. That’s what it’s for. It goes right to the Jeffery’s Hall and it’s free. Student: Do I need tickets or…?

Employee: No, no. Just show your school ID.

Student: But I paid for this parking pass.

Employee: Right, right. Hmm, well, let’s see. If you can get by on the shuttle, it’s just about the middle of spring term now; we could refund you half of what you paid for your pass if you return it.

Student: Oh, a refund? Ha, I’ve never taken a shuttle before. How often does it run?

Employee: On weekdays, every twenty minutes between 7 in the morning and

10 at night.

Student: And I could get back half… and I wouldn’t have to park, wait, would I still be able to keep my car in the lot of my residence hall? I need it cause a lot of times I drive home on Friday after my last class and come back on Sunday. Employee: No, unfortunately, a university parking pass is just, it’s just one pass for everything, dorm parking, gym parking, the whole campus. So, once you turned it in…

Student: Oh, that won’t work then. I have to keep my parking pass. Employee: I don’t know how long the exhibit is supposed to run. Maybe you’

ll get lucky and it’ll close.

Student: I guess it can’t last forever. I suppose I could take the shuttle until then.

Lecture

1. 心理类：学习能力

内容回忆：知识有两种：先天就会的;后天学习的。婴儿可以通过先天的判断能力和信

息处理能力推导出知识。做了一个实验，实验中有一个盒子，里面装了三个绿色圆形物体和一个红色三角形物体。把盒子里的东西倒出来，如果是红色的，婴儿就会吃惊。吃惊的表现是：盯着盒子看更长的时间。

2. 地质类：水对于地球上生命的意义

内容回忆：主要讲述水的两种能力：

1)维持稳定的气温

水的液态温度范围特别大(0-100)其他液体都不是。所以地球上大多数水都是以液态存

在的。海洋可以维持地球的气温。

2)水是一个很好的溶剂

水可以溶解绝大部分污染物，减少污染物的危害。学生提问：硫酸不是更强?教授纠正：

硫酸是腐蚀，不是溶解。

3. 生物类：自然选择进化论 shark jaws

内容回忆：鲨鱼的下巴是自然选择的结果。自然选择的前提是随机的基因突变。基因突

变大多数都是没用的甚至是负面的。只有少部分突变是对生物有益的。比如鲨鱼的腮，突变成强有力的下巴，提高咬合能力。鲨鱼表面的粗糙角质突变成锋利的牙齿。这两种特性都可以帮助鲨鱼更好地捕猎，所以选择性保留下来。

4. 建筑类：人们对于埃菲尔铁塔看法的变化

内容回忆：埃菲尔铁塔在当时倍受批评。因为比较裸露，像铁轨一样。当时的社会主流

是经典艺术建筑，比如庞大的主入口，原型的穹顶等等。但是 1910 年一些年轻人开始欣赏埃菲尔铁塔，开始变得流行。后来甚至有很多艺术家以埃菲尔铁塔为题做画。

1月27日托福写作真题回忆：

独立写作：

which one of the reasons is the most important one in helping students to

study in colleges and universities?

1.Having access to the university to tutors who can provide individual instruction for the students who have difficulty in study.

2.Having the help and encouragement from the family and friends.

3.Having a excellent teachers in high-school who can help the students before the university.

Use your OWN words to illustrate you point. Don’t use your memorized examples.

重复 2017 年 3 月 25 日题目

Tips:牢记三选一，三个在一起的原则。时刻记住论证时候对比你抛弃的两个选项，时

刻证明自己选择的是对的。比如，我们想选 tutor，就要列出第一呢 tutor 比家人朋友专业，第二呢高中教育毕竟不同于大学教育，tutor 更能帮你适应大学。

综合写作

navigation from Irish to North America 重复 2016 年 9 月 10 日题目

阅读：Brendan 是公元 6 世纪的一名爱尔兰牧师，曾为了寻找传说中的金银岛而开始

了一次航行。有人认为 Brendan 和它的船员曾经到达过北美洲。

1.记录过 Brendan 这次航行的故事显示了他们曾到达过的岛屿，而这些岛屿恰恰是到

达北美洲需要经过的岛屿 Faroe Island和 Iceland，因此 Brendan很有可能到达了北美洲。

2.Brendan 时代的造船技术足以支撑他到达北美洲。一组研究者仅仅利用 Brendan 时

代可用的材料造了一艘当时常用的船(Curragh)，这艘船完全可以从爱尔兰航行到北美洲。

3.在北美一些地点发现的标记表明 Brendan 曾经到过这里。在北美岩石上发现的一些

标记和 Brendan 时代常用的爱尔兰字母(Ogham)很相似。

听力反驳：阅读中提到关于 Brendan 到达过美洲的证据都不够充足。

1.故事里提到的岛屿并不一定代表 Faroe Island 和 Iceland。故事中提到了“羊之岛”，人们认为它指代 Faroe Island，但其他的地方也有羊;“燃烧着的山”被认为指代有火山的Iceland，但是它并不代表火山，而是代表人们生活很多火的地方。因此，这些故事中描述的岛屿可能并不是到达北美需要经过的地方，Brendan 有可能根本没有到达过北美。

2.研究者制造的 Curragh 并不完全和 Brendan 的船相同。尽管研究者使用了相同的制

造方法，但他们制造出来的 Curragh 比 Brendan 的更长，也使用了更多的帆布。因此，这艘船能航行至北美不代表 Brendan 的船也有能力到达北美。

3.在北美发现的标记不是古代爱尔兰的字母，而是美洲土著人的标记。尽管某些记号确

实和爱尔兰的 Ogham 字母相似，但其他标记却像是图案，比如太阳和手。这更像使土著

人所为，因为他们确实会在石头上雕刻图案。

1月28日托福阅读真题回忆：

1、地球大气形成，开头举了用月球举了个例子，第二段讲内部因为两个原因融掉，撞击

和发散物质，第三段说外面两层，最后说气层形成。

2、古生物数量爆发，古生物爆发解释为什么这个时期会爆发，和另外一个时期比较，

发现中间还有一个时期，最后有待研究。

3、生物从海洋到陆地

4、日本陶土：解释为什么当时会有这个陶土，然后两个假设全部被推翻，最后没有任

何可以证明。

5、starfish 和 coral 的关系

6、地球地质构成

7、松鼠储存方式差别 tree squirrel/pine squirrel

8、environmental impact of the Anasazi

9、乌龟特殊繁殖地和时间，蛋能够忍受水覆盖，接触到氧气才开始孵化。

9、amber 里的昆虫化石

10、月球，科学家对月球表面形貌的探讨，主要针对的是环形山形成，有人说是以前

月球内部温度高火山喷发形成的。

1月28日托福口语真题回忆：

Task 1

谈论校园里发生的一件事，一开始对你有负面影响，慢慢变成积极的影响。

There are many events at school which are negative when confronted initially, while which are getting positive after we experienced. Please give and example of events that are negative at first and positive later for you.(2016 年 9 月 24 日题目)

参考答题思路：考生要想到一个开始感觉益处不大、浪费时间、被动或者感觉没有意义

最后却发现有正面影响的校园活动。考生可以写 volunteer work，可能一开始做这些活动很被动(可以从自己太忙来展开)，后来觉得活动拓宽视野、有成就感等等。这一个点展开足以。

Task2

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it is okay for professors to forbid students to record lectures.

Task3

学生提出在食堂设立专门的桌子，给 foreign language 学生交流,可以练习语言并且交

朋友。男同学不同意：

a.因为食堂人多，座位不够，特别是晚饭的时候，如果再设置专门的桌子给这些学生，

对其他学生不公平;

b.学校已经有 language clubs 给学生机会去练习。男同学就参加了 Japanese club,

他们每周都会有见面，还会去看电影。

Task4

不同性别长相分工不一样，举例天堂鸟 bird of paradise。雄鸟的羽毛明亮鲜艳，吸

引配偶;雌鸟的颜色单调，负责哺育幼鸟，并且颜色单调不会被捕食者注意，有利于安全。Task5

女生的公寓太吵。因为楼下经常放音乐，楼太老了不隔音，被吵得睡不着，天天上课睡觉。两个解决办法：

a.跟好朋友换房子，但好朋友家太小了;

b.她爸妈愿意给她买贵的地毯用来隔音铺在地上，可是父母较忙需要她开两个小时车回去，她不想开车回去拿。

Task6

small business 的好处，举例：小服装店

a.跟顾客密切接触知道他们的喜好;

b.做改变更加灵活。

1月28日托福听力真题回忆：

Conversation

1、老师说学生表现很好，但是不参与课堂讨论，学生说不爱发言因为害怕在很多人前

讲话，教授认为这会影响期末成绩，因为有相关的政策要求，虽然学生其他成绩很好，但建议学生多发言多参与课堂讨论。

2、一个学生上星期缺勤一节课，老师把他和另外一个同学组成小组写小说。并且举了

两个同学写的角色和 rock and roll 有关。还举例一个母女通过在冰箱门上留言交流的故事，还说了一个关于 fast office 的事例。

3、老师给学生介绍自己的项目，开头老师问你对我们项目了解么，怎么了解到的，学

生说我看了网站，老师说网站好啊，很全，然后表示自己要对项目进行改进，使同学更积极。然后就开始介绍项目，学生表示自己是个很爱社交的人，喜欢说话和团队活动，老师说好啊，我们现在就有个事情需要你最后对比去年做的项目不错，今年这个项目还可以得到 OWN DRPARTMENT 资助。

4、学生要参加一个 recycle volunteer，老师建议 chalking，学生不愿意，说想要与

人互动的项目。

Lecture

1、艺术史，超现实主义(super realism)

2、生物学，globe skimmer 的迁徙。重复 2017 年 3 月 4 日

我们可能一直以为动物的迁徙是为了去寻找更舒适的气候，比如冬天的时候会有动物从florida 往温暖的地方迁徙。但并非所有动物都是为了更舒适的气候而迁徙的。例如一种叫做 GS 的蜻蜓。关于它们的所有研究都还没有确凿的证据，但是值得一看。

它们会迁徙到马尔代夫，但马尔代夫对它们来说不是合适的生存据点。马尔代夫是海洋

中的岛屿国家，所有的降雨都被沙山吸收了，所以很难在马代找到淡水。而淡水却是蜻蜓产卵的重要介质。那么这些 GS 蜻蜓是如何产卵的呢?它们会在马代的树林里寻找降雨后的水塘，在那里产卵。

它们从印度出发，飞往马代，再飞到非洲。有趣的是，它们从印度飞往马代是在向南飞行。但是当它们飞往马代时，季风正好往北吹。那么如此小小的生物是如何实现逆风飞行的呢?它们会提升飞行的高度：到到达一定高度时，空气的流向就反了。所以，GS 可以再很高的高度借助往南的风飞行。

它们的飞行距离非常远，需要经历 4 代才能完成。如果我们再做些研究，有足够多的

证据来证实他们的迁徙情况的话，GS 有可能代替某某 butterfly 成为迁徙距离最远的生物。

3、人类学，获取食物的方式对社会分类 hunting and gathering/饲养/horticulture/ 等等。

4、化学讲一种替代石油的能源，它来自植物，低碳，学生提问是否可以终止全球变

暖，教授举斯坦福的一个研究回答

5、infants evaluation。重复 2013 年 3 月 16 日

要点：

(1)、关于社会心理学。从上节课，我们知道，人们能分辨出谁是阻碍自己的人，谁是

帮助自己的人。有个人问，这个是后天的还是天生的。

(2)、老师说，Yale 大学做了两个实验，不到一岁的婴儿也可以分辨出来谁是帮助谁是

阻碍。又有一个学生说，可是不到一岁的婴儿还是不会讲话(preverbal)(此处有题，关于学生说这句话是什么意思，我选的是质疑科学家是怎么能 tell the ability of the infant)。

(3)、于是老师开始讲实验。在婴儿面前摆一个梯子，给三个木板(还是什么的，名词不

大懂)画上眼睛，方的是往上爬的，圆的是 helper，三角的是设置障碍的。然后把三个并排摆，婴儿们都去找那个圆的。于是有学生说，是不是小孩子们可能比较喜欢圆形，或者是比较喜欢向上的。于是就有第二个实验排除这种可能。(此处题，设置第二个实验的目的)

(4)、第二个实验与第一个的不同就是没有画眼睛。然后小孩子们没有偏好了。

(5)、最后题目，这个实验的巨大意义，我答的是小孩子们作为旁观者，而不是其中参

与者，都知道去分辨并近亲找那个 helper。

6、温室效应不会伤害生物：有 tem ponds 和 perm ponds，举例 part animal 和 entire animal，用了小虾和青蛙为例。

7、帮助行为的心理目的：朋友之间是互惠的，有些因为同情心，但是提出同情心也是

互惠的一种，因为能得到心理上的满足。

1月28日托福写作真题回忆：

独立写作：

又见三选一：政府想资助以下方面来提高孩子的教育

1.hire more teachers to teach in a small class

2.preschool education before kindergarten

3. To provide some training courses so that teachers can be more professional 综合写作

When did Europeans first arrive in Australia?(欧洲人到底是哪一年到达澳大利亚的) 重复 2016 年 5 月 22 日题目

Reading: As early as 1520

1. European maps around 1550 already included some names of Australian

areas, which means they arrived before 17th century.

2. An European book dated in 1593 illustrates a type of kangaroo named Marsupial, and kangaroos are typically found in Australia.

3. Soil samples found on some old European keys unearthed in Australia

indicate the date to early 16th century.

Listening: No earlier than 1606

1. Shapes of those areas shown on the map are different from those of the actual areas in Australia.

2. The illustration of Marsupials doesn’t mean the discovery of Australia as these animals exist in other parts of the world as well. Those mentioned in the book were probably found in Americas.

3. Soil itself cannot be used to determine when these keys were left in Australia. Such method is simply inaccurate.

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