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自考_英语阅读_0595 第一单元_课文翻译

自考_英语阅读_0595 第一单元_课文翻译
自考_英语阅读_0595 第一单元_课文翻译

Unit1

1.A Day's Wait

E. Hemingway

He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move.

"What's the matter, Schatz?" "I've got a headache." "You better go back to bed." "No. I'm all right. "

"You go to bed. I'll be you when I'm dressed."

But when I came downstairs he was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. When I put my hand on his forehead I knew he had a fever.

"You go up to bed," I said, "You're sick." "I'm all right," he said.

When the doctor came be took the boy's temperature. "What's is it?" I asked him. "One hundred and two."

Downstairs, the doctor left three different medicines in different colored capsules with instructio n for giving them. One was to bring down the fever, another a purgative, the third to overcome a n acid condition. The germs of influenza can only exist in an acid condition, he explained. He see med to know all about influenza and said there was nothing to worry about if the fever did not go above one hundred and four degrees. This was a light epidemic of flu and there was no danger if you avoided pneumonia.

Back in the room I wrote the boy's temperature down and made a note of the time to give the va rious capsules.

"Do you want me to read to you?"

"All right. If you want to, " said the boy. His face was very white and there were dark areas under his eyes. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached from what was going on.

I read aloud from Howard Pyle's Book of pirates; but I could see he was not following what I was r eading.

"How do you feel, Schatz?" I asked him. "Just the same, so far," he said.

I sat at the foot of the bed and read to myself while I waited for it to be time to give another caps ule. It would have been natural for him to go to sleep, but when I looked up he was looking at the foot of the bed, looking very strangely.

"Why don't you try to sleep? I'll make you up for the medicine." "I'd rather stay awake."

After a while he said to me, "You don't have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you." "It doesn't bother me."

"No, I mean you don't have to stay if it's going to bother you."

I though perhaps he was a little lightheaded and after giving him the prescribed capsules at eleve n o'clock I went out for a while. It was a bright, cold day, the ground covered with a sleet that had frozen so that it seemed as if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the grass and th

e bare ground had been varnished with ice, I took the young Irish setter for a walk up the road an d along a frozen creek, but it was difficult to stand or walk on the glassy surface and the red dog s lipped and slithered and I fell twice, hard, once dropping my gun and having it slide away over the ice.

We flushed a covey of quail under a high clay bank with overhanging brush and I killed two as the y went out of sight over the top of the blank. Some of the covey lit in trees, but most of them scat tered into brush piles and it was necessary to jump on the ice-coated mounds of brush several ti mes before they would flush. Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on the icy, springy br ush they made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed five, and started back pleased to have fo und a covey close to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day.

At the house they said the boy had refused to let anyone come into the room. "You can't come in, " he said. "You mustn't get what I have."

I went up to him and found him in exactly the position I had left him, white-faced, but with the to ps of his cheeks flushed by the fever, staring still, as he had stared, at the foot of the bed.

I took his temperature. "What is it?"

"Something like a hundred," I said. It was one hundred and two and four tenths.

"It was a hundred and two," he said. "Who said so?" "The doctor."

"Your temperature is all right," I said. "It's nothing to worry about." "I don't worry," he said, "but I can't keep from thinking." "Don't think," I said. "Just take it easy."

"I'm taking it easy," he said and looked straight ahead, He was evidently holding tight onto himsel f about something.

"Take this with water."

"Do you think it will do any good?" "Of course it will."

I sat down and opened the Pirate book and commenced to read, but I could see he was not follo wing, so I stooped.

"About what time do you think I'm going to die?" he asked. "What?"

"About how long will it be before I die?"

"You aren't going die. What's the matter with you? " "Oh, yes, I am, I heard him say a hundred an d two."

"People don't die with a fever of one hundred and two. That's a silly way to talk." "I know they do . At school in France the boys told me you can't live with forty-four degrees. I've got a hundred an d two."

He had been waiting to die all day, ever since nine o'clock in the morning.

"You poor Schatz," I said. "Poor old Schatz. It's like miles and kilometers. You aren't going to die. T hat's different thermometer. On that thermometer thirty-seven is normal. On this kind it's ninety-eight."

"Are you sure?"

"Absolutely," I said, "It's like miles and kilometers. You know, like how many kilometers we make when we do seventy miles in the car?"

"Oh," he said.

But his gaze at the foot of the bed relaxed slowly. The hold over himself relaxed too, finally, and th

e next day it was very slack and he cried very easily at little things that were o

f no importance.

1.一天的等待

我们还没起床时,走进房间关窗,我注意到他看起来病了。他颤抖着,脸色苍白,走得很慢,

似乎一动就疼。“怎么了,我的宝贝”

“我头疼”

“你最好回去睡觉。”“不,我没事”

“你睡觉去,我穿好衣服去看你”

等我下了楼,他已经穿好了衣服,坐在火炉旁,看起来就是一个病的不轻很痛苦的九岁男孩。我把手放在他的额头上。知道他在发烧。

“上楼睡觉去,”我说“你病了”“我没事,”他说。

医生来了,良好了孩子的体温。“多少度?”我问。“102”

下了楼,医生留下了三种不同颜色胶囊的药,并告知如何服用。一种是退烧的,一种是泻药,另一种是用来去酸的。流感菌只能在酸性环境中生存,他解释说。他们似乎对流感无所不知,说如果没烧到104度以上,就没什么可担心的。这不过是流感轻微症状,如果避免了肺炎就没有危险。

回到屋里,我写下孩子的温度,记下了服用各种药的时间。

“想让我给你念点什么吗?”

“恩,如果你愿意,”孩子说,他的脸苍白,眼窝下有黑晕。他静静地躺在床上,对发生的一切漠不关心。

我大声的朗读着霍华德.派尔的《海盗的故事》,但我看得出他没有在听我读什么。“你感觉怎么样了,宝贝?”我问他。“现在还那样,”他说。

我坐在床脚,等着他服用另一种胶囊,自己看了一会儿书,正常来说,他该入睡了。可我抬起头时,他正盯着床脚,看上去很怪异。

“你为什么不睡呢?吃药时我会叫醒你的”“我宁可醒着。”

过了一会,他对我说,“爸,如果这样打搅你,你不必和我在一起。”“这不打搅我”

“不是,我是说如果这将打搅你,你不比待着。”

我想或许他有点神志不清,11点钟给他服过开出的药后,我出去了一会。这是一个晴朗而寒冷的日子,地上覆盖着雨水结成的冰。看上去好像所有光秃秃的树,灌木丛,砍下的树枝,所有的草和空地都用冰漆过似地。我带着那条幼小的爱尔兰猎犬上了路,沿着一条结冰的小溪走着,但是站立行走在这玻璃般的路面上真不容易。红毛狗又是跃又是滑,我重重的摔倒了两次,一次还摔掉了枪,枪在冰面上滑出老远。

我们从被垂着的树枝掩盖着的一个高高的土堤下惊起了一群鹌鹑。当它们从堤顶上飞出来时,我打死了两只,但大部分都飞散进了灌木丛里。要想惊起这些鹌鹑,得在被冰包裹着的树丛上跳上好几次。但还没等你在这又滑又有弹性的树丛上站稳,它们已经飞了出去,很难击中,我打中两只,五只飞掉了。回去的路上,我很高兴地发现离家不远有一群鹌鹑,改日可以再去猎取。

回到家,他们说孩子不让任何人进房间。

我上楼去看他,发现他还是我离开时的那个姿势,脸苍白,上颊烧得发红,仍象早上那样盯着床脚。

我量了量他的体温。“几度”

“大约100度,”我说。102.4度。“102吧,”他说。“谁说的?”“医生。”

“你的温度没什么,”我说“不必害怕”“我不害怕,”他说,“但我忍不住要想。”“别想了,”我说,“别紧张”

“我不紧张,”他说,直看着前方,虽然他有心事,但在努力克制着自己。“把这水喝了”“你觉得这会有用吗?”“当然了。”

我坐下来,打开《海盗故事》,开始读起来,但我看得出他没在听,所以我停了下来。“你觉得我大概什么时候会死?”他问。“什么”

“大约多长时间我就要死”“你不会死的,你怎么了?”

“噢,不,我会死的,我听见医生说102度了”“烧到102度,人不会死的。这话真傻。”“我知道会的,在法国学校里,伙伴们告诉我,44度人就不能活的,我已经102度了。”从早上9点起,整天他都在等着死亡。

“可怜的宝贝,”我说,“可怜的宝贝。这就像英里和公里一样,你不会死的,那是一种不同的温度计量。用那种计量法37度是正常的温度,这种则是98度。”

“你肯定吗?”

“绝对肯定,”我说,“这就像英里和公里,你知道乘汽车70英里相当于多少公里?”

“噢,”他说

但是他对床脚的盯视逐渐松弛了下来。他不在控制自己了。终于,第二天他更加松弛了,有什么大不了的事情他都会很容易的哭出来。

2. The Open Window

After Saki

"My aunt will come down very soon, Mr. Nettle," said a very calm young lady of fifteen years of a ge; "meanwhile you must try to bear my company."

Frampton Nettle tried to say something which would please the niece now present, without ann oying the aunt that was about to come. He was supposed to be going through a cure for his nerve s, but he doubted whether these polite visits to a number of total strangers would help much. "I know how it will be," his sister had said when he was preparing to go away into the country; "you will lose yourself down there and not speak to a living soul, and your nerves will be worse than e ver through loneliness. I shall just give you letters of introduction to all the people I know there. S ome of them, as far as I can remember, were quite nice. "

Frampton wondered whether Mrs. Sappleton, the lady to whom he was bringing one of the lette rs of introduction, one of the nice ones.

"Do you know many of the people round here?" asked the niece, when she thought that they ha d sat long enough in silence.

"Hardly one," said Frampton. "My sister was staying here, you know, about four years ago, and s he gave me letters of introduction to some of the people here." He made the last statement in a sad voice.

"Then you know almost nothing about my aunt?" continued the calm young lady.

"Only her name and address;" Frampton admitted. He was wondering whether Mrs. Sappleton w as married perhaps she had been married and her husband was dead. But there was something o f a man in the room.

"Her great sorrow came just three years ago," said the child. "That would be after your sister's ti me."

"Her sorrow?" asked Frampton. Somehow, in this restful country place, sorrows seemed far awa y.

"You may wonder why we keep that window wide open on an October afternoon," said the niec e, pointing to a long window that opened like a door on to the grass outside.

"It is quite warm for the time of the year," said Frampton; "but has that window got anything to

do with your aunt's sorrow?"

"Out through that window, exactly three years ago, her husband and her two young brothers we nt off for their day's shooting. They never came back. In crossing the country to the shooting-grou nd they were all three swallowed in a bog. It had been that terrible wet summer, you know, and p laces that were safe in other years became suddenly dangerous. Their bodies were never found. T hat was the worst part of it. "Here the child's voice lost its calm sound and became almost human . "Poor aunt always thinks that they will come back someday, they and the little brown dog that w as lost with them, and walk in at that window just as they used to do. That is why the window is k ept open every evening till it is quite dark. Poor dear aunt, she has often told me how they went out, her husband with his white coat over his arm, and Ronnie, her youngest brother, singing a so ng, as he always did to annoy her, because she said it affected her nerves. Do you know, sometim es on quiet evenings like this, I almost get a strange feeling that they will all walk in through the w indow--"

She stopped and trembled. It was a relief to Frampton when the aunt came busily into the room and apologized for being late.

"I hope Vera has been amusing you?" she said.

"She has been very interesting," said Frampton.

"I hope you don't mind the open window," said Mrs. Sappleton brightly; "my husband and brothe rs will be home soon from shooting, and they always come in this way. They've been shooting bir ds today near the bog, so they'll make my poor carpets dirty. All you men do that sort of thing, do n't you?"

She talked on cheerfully about the shooting and the scarcity of birds, and the hopes of shooting i n the winter. To Frampton it was all quite terrible. He made a great effort, which was only partly s uccessful, to turn the talk on to a more cheerful subject. He was conscious that his hostess was gi ving him only a part of her attention, and her eyes were frequently looking past him to the open window and the grass beyond. It was certainly unfortunate that he should have paid his visit on t his sorrowful day.

"The doctors agree in ordering me complete rest, no excitement and no bodily exercise," said Fr ampton, who had the common idea that total strangers want to know the least detail of one's illn esses, their cause and cure. "On the matter of food, they are not so much in agreement," he conti nued.

"No?" said Mrs. Sappleton in a tired voice. Then she suddenly brightened into attention--but no t to what Frampton was saying.

"Here they are at last!" she cried. "Just in time for tea, and don't they Look as if they were mud dy up to the eyes!"

Frampton trembled slightly and turned towards the niece with a look intended to show sympat hetic understanding. The child was looking out through the open window with fear in her eyes. W ith a shock Frampton turned round in his seat and looked in the same direction.

In the increasing darkness three figures were walking across the grass towards the window they all carried guns under their arms, and one of them had also a white coat hung over his shoulders.

A tired brown dog kept close at their heels. Noiselessly they drew near to the house, and then a young voice started to sing in the darkness.

Frampton wildly seized his hat and stick; he ran out through the front door and through the gat

e. He nearly ran into a man on a bicycle.

"Here we are, my dear," said the bearer of the white coat, coming in through the window; "fairly muddy, but most of it's dry. Who was that who ran out as we came up?"

"A most extraordinary man, a Mr. Nettle," said Mrs. Sappleton, "he could only talk about his illn esses, and ran off without a word of good-bye or apology when you arrived. One would think he had seen a ghost. "

"I expect it was the dog," said the niece calmly, "he told me he had a terrible fear of dogs. He was once hunted into a graveyard somewhere in India by a lot of wild dogs, and had to spend the nig ht in a newly-dug grave with the creatures just above him. Enough to make anyone lose their nerv e."

She was very clever at making up stories quickly.

2.敞开的窗户

“努特尔先生,我婶婶很快就回来了,”一个颇自负的十五岁小姑娘说道,“那时候您可得多包涵点。”

弗兰顿.努特尔设法说上几句阿谀的话,恭维一下这位侄女和那位很快就回家的婶婶。他越来越疑心,对这么一大群毫不相识的人作正式拜访,于他的正在治疗的神经病究竟有何益处?

当他做好准备到乡下去时,姐姐对他说:“我看,你要是老不合群,不跟人打交道,整天在家郁闷,病情会越来越严重。我写封信,给你带去,和那边我的熟人认识。我记得他们当中有不少热情的好人。”

弗兰顿想:萨伯莱顿夫人——就是他正在拜访的这位女主人——是不是也在“好人”之列呢?

小侄女觉得他们静坐太久了,于是打破沉默,问道:“这儿的人您认识多不多?”

“几乎没一个,”弗兰顿道,“我姐姐在邻近的教区长家里住过,那可能是四年前的事情。她给我信,让我和这儿的人认识。”

说完,他不可掩饰地流露出后悔的心情。

“这么说,您一点也不知道我婶婶的事啦?”自负的少女又问道。

弗兰顿承认:“我只知道她的名字和地址。”他不知道萨伯莱顿的丈夫是否还健在,但屋子里的摆设使他觉得夫人不可能是个寡妇。

“她有个大大的悲剧,发生在三年前,”女孩说,“那时候您姐姐已经搬走了。”“大悲剧?”弗兰顿反问。在这个幽寂僻静的小乡村,“悲剧”一词根本不可思议。

“您不觉得奇怪,为啥这样冷的十月天气,下午我们还把窗户敞开着?”侄女手指向一扇开向草坪的巨大落地玻璃窗。

“是啊。这时节,天气已经有点凉意了,”弗兰顿道,“但这窗户跟你婶婶的悲剧有什么关系呢?”

“刚好是三年前的今天,她丈夫和两个弟弟从这窗户前走过,去打猎。他们再也没有回来。在穿过沼泽地到他们最中意的水鹭狩猎场时,三个人被一片险恶的泥沼吞没了。您知道吗,那个阴雨连绵的可恶的夏天,林子里原先安全的道路神不知鬼不觉陷进了泥沼。时至今日,三个人的尸体还没找到,真可怕!”

讲到这,姑娘的声音不再像原来那么平静安详了,她支支唔唔地说:

“可怜的婶婶还一直认为他们有一天会回来,他们三个和一条棕色小长耳狗——它也不见了——就像以往那样,从这扇窗户走过。就为这,每天傍晚窗户都开着,一直开到天黑得见不着人面。可怜的婶婶,她老是对我讲起他们是怎样走出去的。丈夫臂上搭着一件白色的雨衣,最小的弟弟隆尼,哼着一支歌‘噢,伯特利,你为何蹦蹦跳跳?’。他总是这样拿她

开心,因为婶婶说过,这支歌令她心神不安。你知道吗?有时候,比如说像现在这样安宁寂寞的傍晚,一想到他们随时会从那窗户走进来,我就浑身起鸡皮疙瘩。”她停了,打了个冷颤,弗兰顿也不觉一哆嗦。

弗兰顿终于松了一口气:谢天谢地,婶婶回家了。

婶婶匆匆忙忙走进屋子,一边连声道歉:“让客人久等了。”她说:“我想,维拉——女孩的名字——没冷落您吧?”弗兰顿答道:“她倒是个很有趣的孩子。”

萨伯莱顿夫人说:“我想,您不会介意这扇打开的窗户吧?我丈夫和兄弟打猎马上就回来了,他们总是从这条路走来,他们把我可怜的地毯搞得一塌糊涂。男人们总是这样,不是吗?”她兴致勃勃地唠叨起打猎的事情,没有鸟啦,冬天的野鸭如何如何啦,等等,等等。

这对弗兰顿来说简直太可怕了,他作了一番巨大努力,竭力把话题转到不那么耸听的事情上。但他马上明白,女主人对其它话题一点也不感兴趣,她的眼光不时从他身上溜到那扇敞开的窗户和外面的草坪上。

在这个悲剧的周年日来访,真是不合时宜!

“医生们一致认为我应该好好休息,避免精神过度兴奋和激烈的体育运动,”弗兰顿煞有介事地说。像许多人一样,他也自以为陌生人或偶然相识者对他的疾病的每一细节、发病原因、医疗过程等会大感兴趣。

“但在如何节食方面,他们的意见就分歧了,”他继续说。“是吗?”萨伯莱顿夫人说完打个哈欠。

突然,她容光焕发——并非为弗兰顿的故事所吸引。

“他们终于回来了!”她喊道,“又是准准地在喝午茶的时候。您还没见过他们浑身泥巴,连眼睛也脏兮兮的样子呢!”

弗兰顿又轻轻地颤抖起来,他转向侄女,眼里含着祈求同情理解的神色。那小姑娘两眼直盯着窗外,表情恐惧。弗兰顿在座椅里不安地扭动,朝她目光的方向望去,一阵莫名的冰冷恐怖感控制了他。

朦胧暮色中,三个人影越过草坪向窗户走来,腋下都夹着猎枪,有一个肩膀搭挂着一件白色雨衣,一只疲乏的棕色长耳狗紧跟在脚边,他们不声不响地走近房子。随后有个青年人嘶哑的嗓子在黄昏里唱道:

“噢,伯特利,你为何蹦蹦跳跳?”

弗兰顿发疯似地抓起手杖和帽子,急如风火,慌不择路地从厅门、便道和大门逃出去。一个过路的骑车者为避免压到他,一下子撞到路旁的绿篱上。

“亲爱的,我们回来了,”那个带着白雨衣的男人走近窗户,说,“全身都脏死了,简直像陷到泥沼里一样。咦,刚才冲出去的那人是谁?”

“一个怪人,一个名叫努特尔的先生,”萨伯莱顿夫人说,“他只会讲些关于他的神经病的事,看见你们回来,他一句再见也没说就一溜烟跑掉了。人家还以为他见了鬼呢!”

“我想都是因为那条狗,”小姑娘平静地说,“他告诉我他很怕狗。在印度恒河边时,有一回他被一对野狗赶到公墓地,只好跳进一口新挖的墓穴里过了一夜。那两只怪物在他头上狺狺吠叫,呲着牙,冒着唾沫。谁碰上这么一回都会被吓掉了魂。”

毫不费劲地信口编造个故事,是她的拿手好戏。

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2014年自考英语(二)考试大纲 一、课程的性质和设置目的 高等教育自学考试是一种个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的高等教育形式。为适应新形势,提高自学效率、助学质量和考试效能,满足国家和社会对人才培养的需要,特制定本 课程考试大纲。 英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言。它不仅是英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的通用语言,也是许多非英语国家科学技术、外交、贸易、管理和文化等方面对外交流的通用语言。英语已成为名副其实的国际通用语言,它是我国实行对外开放,开展国际交流的重要工 具之一。 本课程名称为“英语(二)”,是高等教育自学考试各专业(英语专业除外)。本科阶段的 公共基础课。 本课程既是一门语言实践课程,也是拓宽知识、了解世界文化的重要素质课程,它以培养学习者的综合语言应用能力为目标,使他们在学习、工作和社会交往中能够使用英语进行有效的交流,并能学习和借鉴外国先进科学技术、经营方式、管理方法和优秀文化成果,同时向世 界展示我国建设和发展的成就。 本课程共14学分。 二、课程的基本内容 本课程以先进的外语教学理论为指导,建立适应时代要求的科学的课程体系。课程体系包括适合个人自学和社会助学的教材,并利用现代信息技术等手段搭建先进的教学平台,形成有 自考特色的公共英语教学体系。 本课程在完成“英语(一)”课程内容基础上,培养学生掌握系统的英语语言知识,包括正确的英语语音知识、系统的英语语法知识和一定的词汇量(4,500),并熟悉英语语言的表达 方式。 本课程强调在系统掌握英语语言知识的基础上开展大量综合语言实践活动,培养学习者掌握正确的学习策略,使其能理解多种场合、多种领域的普通语言材料,能够把握重点,进行概括和分析;能使用多种交际策略参与多种一般性话题的交流和讨论,表明自己的观点和态度,表达连贯,基本得体,为以后更高阶段的英语课程学习及在工作中使用英语奠定扎实的基础。

自考00015英语(二)上册课文翻译

大学英语自学教程上册课文翻译 第一课 Text A「课文译文」怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 “学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。” 大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。 语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。 语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。” 然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。 首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。 成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。 最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。 你是什么样的语言学习者如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地,主动地,目的明确地学习。另一方面,如果你的语言学习一直不太成功,你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。 Text B「课文译文]语言 当我们想告诉别人我们想什么时,我们不但可以借助于词语,还可以用其他表达方法。比如,当我们想说“是”时,我们有时会上下点头,而当我们想说“不” 时,我们会左右摇头。那些既听不见也不会说话的人(也就是聋哑人)借助于手势相互交谈。那些彼些不懂对方语言的人也用这种方式交谈。下面这个故事就说明了人们有时是怎样借助于手势进行交谈的。 一个不会说意大利语的人曾到意大利去旅行。一天,他走进一家饭店,在桌边坐下。侍者过来时,这个英国人张开嘴,将手指放进嘴中,然后拿出来,并上下翕动嘴唇。他用这种方法说:“给我拿点吃的东西。”侍者很快给他端来一杯茶。英国人摇摇头,侍者明白他不想要茶,于是将茶端走,又端来咖啡。英国人一脸不高兴的样子,他这时一点也不渴,只是非常饿,每次侍者给他端来喝的他都摇头。侍者给他端来了葡萄酒,接着又拿来了啤酒,汽水。当然这些都不是食物。他正要离开这家饭店时,另外一位旅行者进来了。这位旅行者看见侍者,就把手放在胃部。这就足够了,几分钟后他面前的桌子上就放了一大盘通心粉和肉。 由此可见,原始的手势语并不总能很明白地表达意义,而词汇语言就准确多了。 词由声音组成,但许多声音有意义却不是词。例如,我们会说“sh-sh-sh”来表示“请安静”。当婴儿笑时,我们知道他们很快乐;当他们哭时,我们知道他们病了或只是想要什么东西。 动物也是一样。狗发出“G-r-r”的声音或猫发出“F-f-f”的声音时,我们知道他们在发怒。 但这些声音不是语言。语言包括词,我们将这些词组成句子。但动物不需要这样做。狗在表示“生气了”时会发出“G-r-r”的声音,但它不会先说“I”,再说“am”然后再说“angry”。鹦鹉能像人那样说话,能重复整个

山东自考(00015)英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia,there has been foreign languages fervor in China,with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools,colleges and universities,but also at evening classes,on radio and TV.Parents hire private tutors for their school children;adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer,if I am asked to offer,is undoubtedly,yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样,中国也掀起一股外语热,在这股热潮中,英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语,夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教,成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日,到公园参加英语角,与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难,需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题,那么毫无疑问,我的答案是:是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation,its grammatical rules,its words,etc.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it.Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation,sentence structure and the words he uses. 从我个人的经验来看,英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等,它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解,即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误,一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it.Take the Chinese English learners for example." Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people.It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?",which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese.Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not.It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token,"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile,the Chinese would be shocked to hear,"Oh,it's very nice of you.When?",if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例,"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语,若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?",他们会因此感到不悦,这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样,英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语),会觉得中国人非常好客,会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食,又碰巧没有吃饭,他会回答"太好了,什么时候?",中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner.Why can't we say pig,bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork,beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions.Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners.But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history.Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken.A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history.Consequently, the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few. 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问:"我 们可以说吃鸡,为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊,而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说,为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史,死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说, 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多,因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处,并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以,在中国,英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者,也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English.Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she",for the two words sound the same,though,different in written forms in Chinese.As a result, some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes.But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins.The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values,to a certain extent, affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he/she reads and hears.Only by developing an understanding and tolerance(忍受)of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers. 英语学习中,东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法,因为这两个字尽管 字形不同,读音却相同,他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论,认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候,英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆,在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容,才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all,of course!)in learning English.Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write.This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech, the amount of information conveyed, and,above all,the quality of communication. 学习英语的中国人,只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候,将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语,这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量,最重要的是,影响交 流的质量。 The above is,not wholly,how difficult English is.Some native speakers might have said,"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying."Why should l?"1 would protest,though.Still,I have to keep asking myself:Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全,以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说:"你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳:"我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问:一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this.Linguists are working on this problem in two ways.First,they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language. 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言,大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面, 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak.Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage.This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that, along with many other things,they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language,and a little help from their parents,they are able to learn to speak.Another group of linguists does not think this is correct. 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的;而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力, 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触,在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents.They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language.When children know some words,their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences.These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language.Instead, parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case,the environment is their family and their home. As you see,the first group of linguists disagrees. 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后,父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为,父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反,父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为, 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下,语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出,第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language.Many people are studying the process of language learning by children.This work is being done in many countries.Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process.Many psychologists,doctors, and parents are also interested.People who teach foreign languages are interested, too. 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家,许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason.If they knew how children learn their native language,perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language.This is a very interesting idea.Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children.These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom.They will not talk to students in the native language.They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible.They do not teach them any rules for using the language.Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage,either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly.Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students,this method is successful.They learn to speak quickly and easily.They seem to enjoy using the language,and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say.Some students, however,cannot learn a language this way.Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language. 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣,有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语,就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学:课堂上只讲外 语,不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式, 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则,而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说,这种方 法是成功的,他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言,并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法,语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method,the rule-learning method,sometimes works better with these students.Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language.They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly.These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn.Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again.The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know. 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则,必须练 习使用这种语言,练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则,再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习,同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method.They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it,too.For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language.For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class, hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it.These people are rare. 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好,他们学得很快,用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则,能够使用 所学的语言,也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说,这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说,两种方 法都行之有效。有时候,老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用,目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听,与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily.Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language.Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language. 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后,语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States.I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about. 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国,是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦,自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit.It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States.I was eager to see my parents, my brothers and sisters,and my friends. 几个月前,我回香港探亲,这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived.Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago.Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it.My elementary school was gone.The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings. 到达时,我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化,一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉,代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city,however,was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home.My family greeted me warmly when I arrived.While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor,the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States.I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after,but then I began to feel that something was wrong.I noticed that my family, especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking.They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me,and I became uncomfortable and confused as to(至于)why they were behaving that way. 但是,我到了父母亲家里不久,就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题,情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比,香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风,家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到,在我讲话的时候,我的家人, 尤其是我母亲,会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地,大家对我疏远起来, 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服,弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother.She asked me,“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant.She said.“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home.You talk when you should remain silent.You speak on matters that are of concern only to men.You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires.That’s not the way of a Chinese woman.We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves.” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我:“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说:“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候, 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望,这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke,I realized what had happened to me.American including American women,are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings.Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject.They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion.I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years,,I had gradually adopted some of their ways. 听着母亲这样讲,我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人,包括美国女性,都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样,对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中,她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想,过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman.But it didn’t work.My family remained distant from me.They could no longer accept me fully as one of them.I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country. 接下来的几天,我尽力作一名中国女 性,可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人,这使我更加不自在, 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States.But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain.In fact,I feel more confused than before.I now feel homeless.I don’t feel like an American.Americans haven’t accepted me.The women I work with at the store are polite enough,but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them.During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping.On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night.My accent,my name,and 1

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