英语翻译原文

Stability of Slopes

1 Introduction

Gravitational and seepage forces tend to cause instability in natural slopes, in slopes formed by excavation and in the slopes of embankments and earth dams. The most important types of slope failure are illustrated in Fig.9.1.In rotational slips the shape of the failure surface in section may be a circular arc or a non-circular curve．In general，circular slips are associated with homogeneous soil condition sand non-circular slips with non-homogeneous conditions．Translational and compound slips occur where the form of the failure surface is influenced by the presence of an adjacent stratum of significantly different strength．Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope: the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slope. Compound slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections．

In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface．

2 Analysis for the Case of φu =0

This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under

undrained conditions, i.e. For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a)is shown in Fig.9.2. Potential instability is due to the total weight of the soil mass(W per unit Length) above the failure surface．For equilibrium the shear strength which must be mobilized along the failure surface is expressed as

where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：

Therefore

(9.1)

The moments of any additional forces must be taken into account．In the event of a tension crack developing ，as shown in Fig.9.2，the arc length L a is shortened and a hydrostatic force will act normal to the crack if the crack fills with water．It is necessary to analyze the slope for a number of trial failure surfaces in order that the minimum factor of safety can be determined．Based on the principle of geometric similarity，Taylor[9.9]published stability coefficients for the analysis of homogeneous slopes in terms of total stress．For a slope of height H the stability coefficient (N s) for the failure surface along which the factor of safety is a minimum is

(9.2)

For the case ofφu =0，values of N s can be obtained from Fig.9.3.The coefficient N s depends on the slope angleβand the depth factor D，where DH is the depth to a firm stratum．Gibson and Morgenstern [9.3] published stability coefficients for slopes in normally consolidated clays in which the undrained strength c u(φu =0) varies linearly with depth．

Example 1

A 45°slope is excavated to a depth of 8 m in a deep layer of saturated clay of unit weight

19 kN／m3:the relevant shear strength parameters are c u =65 kN／m2 andφu =0．Determine the factor of safety for the trial failure surface specified in Fig.9.4.

In Fig.9.4, the cross-sectional area ABCD is 70 m2.

Weight of soil mass=70×19=1330kN／m

The centroid of ABCD is 4.5 m from O．The angle AOC is 89.5°and radius OC is 12.1 m．The arc length ABC is calculated as 18.9m．The factor of safety is given by：

This is the factor of safety for the trial failure surface selected and is not necessarily the minimum factor of safety．

The minimum factor of safety can be estimated by using Equation 9.2.

From Fig.9.3，β=45°and assuming that D is large，the value of N s is 0.18.Then

3The Method of Slices

In this method the potential failure surface，in section，is again assumed to be a circular arc with centre O and radius r．The soil mass (ABCD) above a trial failure surface (AC) is divided by vertical planes into a series of slices of width b, as shown in Fig.9.5.The base of each slice is assumed to be a straight line．For any slice the inclination of the base to the horizontal isαand the height, measured on the centre-1ine,is h. The factor of safety is defined as the ratio of the available shear strength(τf)to the shear strength(τm) which must be mobilized to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium, i.e.

The factor of safety is taken to be the same for each slice，implying that there must be mutual support between slices，i.e. forces must act between the slices．

The forces (per unit dimension normal to the section) acting on a slice are：

1.The total weight of the slice，W=γb h (γsat where appropriate)．

2.The total normal force on the base，N (equal to σl)．In general this

force has two components，the effective normal force N'(equal toσ'l ) and the boundary water force U(equal to ul )，where u is the pore water pressure at the centre of the base and l is the length of the base．

3.The shear force on the base，T=τm l.

4.The total normal forces on the sides, E1 and E2.

5.The shear forces on the sides，X1 and X2.

Any external forces must also be included in the analysis．

The problem is statically indeterminate and in order to obtain a solution assumptions must be made regarding the interslice forces E and X：the resulting solution for factor of safety is not exact．

Considering moments about O，the sum of the moments of the shear forces T on the failure arc AC must equal the moment of the weight of the soil mass ABCD．For any slice the lever arm of W is rsinα,

therefore

∑Tr=∑Wr sinα

Now,

For an analysis in terms of effective stress，

Or

(9.3)

where L a is the arc length AC．Equation 9.3 is exact but approximations are introduced in determining the forces N'．For a given failure arc the value of F will depend on the way in which the forces N' are estimated．

The Fellenius Solution

In this solution it is assumed that for each slice the resultant of the interslice forces is zero．The solution involves resolving the forces on each slice normal to the base，i.e.

N'=WCOSα-ul

Hence the factor of safety in terms of effective stress (Equation 9.3) is given by

(9.4)

The components WCOSαand Wsinαcan be determined graphically for each slice．Alternatively，the value of αcan be measured or calculated．Again，a series of trial failure surfaces must be chosen in order to obtain the minimum factor of safety．This solution underestimates the factor of safety：the error，compared with more accurate methods of analysis，is usually within the range 5-2%.

For an analysis in terms of total stress the parameters C u andφu are used and the value of u in Equation 9.4 is zero．If φu=0 ,the factor of safety is given by

(9.5)

As N’ does not appear in Equation 9.5 an exact value of F is obtained．

The Bishop Simplified Solution

In this solution it is assumed that the resultant forces on the sides of the

slices are horizontal，i.e.

X l-X2=0

For equilibrium the shear force on the base of any slice is

Resolving forces in the vertical direction:

(9.6)

It is convenient to substitute

l=b secα

From Equation 9.3，after some rearrangement，

(9.7)

The pore water pressure can be related to the total ‘fill pressure’ at any

point by means of the dimensionless pore pressure ratio，defined as

(9.8)

(γsat where appropriate)．For any slice,

Hence Equation 9.7 can be written:

(9.9)

As the factor of safety occurs on both sides of Equation 9.9,a process of successive approximation must be used to obtain a solution but convergence is rapid．

Due to the repetitive nature of the calculations and the need to select an adequate number of trial failure surfaces，the method of slices is particularly suitable for solution by computer．More complex slope geometry and different soil strata can be introduced．

In most problems the value of the pore pressure ratio r u is not constant over the whole failure surface but，unless there are isolated regions of high pore pressure，an average value(weighted on an area basis) is normally used in design．Again，the factor of safety determined by this method is an underestimate but the error is unlikely to exceed 7％and in most cases is less than 2％．

Spencer [9.8] proposed a method of analysis in which the resultant Interslice forces are parallel and in which both force and moment equilibrium are satisfied．Spencer showed that the accuracy of the Bishop simplified method，in which only moment equilibrium is satisfied, is due to the insensitivity of the moment equation to the slope of the interslice forces．Dimensionless stability coefficients for homogeneous slopes，based on Equation 9.9，have been published by Bishop and Morgenstern [9.2].It can be shown that for a given slope angle and

英语原文及其翻译

Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all

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文献翻译英文原文

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b5249952.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

建筑工程及给排水专业中英文对照翻译

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英文翻译(原文)

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英语原文及翻译

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水文与水资源专业英语文章翻译

3单元 地下水位的高低可在一年内大幅波动，下降和上升后，在干燥的季节，降水期。因此，为了保证连续供水，井应穿透许多米水位以下。当水从井里抽水，它在水面产生抑郁，大致锥形的形状，称为漏斗。如果抽重，水表不仅可以降低周围的好但还可延伸到大面积。这在美国西部的部分是这样的。在这种情况下，可以说，地下水被“开采”。即使抽人立即停止，它可能需要数百年的地下水得到补充。下面的例子说明了这一点： 例如，在干燥的美国西南部，含水层补给是每年只有1英寸深的水的十分之二点位置。在这些地区，这是不寻常的泵两英尺或更多的水用于灌溉和其他用途的每年。在这个简单的例子，如果整个含水层抽水的速度，每年的开采量将相当于120年和十年的补给，泵将1200年积累的水。在泵送期间新补给可以忽略不计。机械问题和经济因素阻止完全脱水的含水层，但原则上是有效的例子。 短期承压是适用于任何情况，地下水位上升，在一个以上的水平，这是最初遇到的。这样的情况发生，两个条件必须满足：（1）水，必须限制在一个含水层，是倾斜的，一端暴露在表面，在那里可以得到水；和（2）防渗层，上面和下面的含水层，必须防止水逃避，这样一层被窃听，被上面的水的重量产生的压力会使水上升。如果没有摩擦，井里的水会上升到顶部的水位。含水层。 自流系统作为管道，将水从很远的偏远地区的充电放电点。这样水倒在威斯康星州中部年前现在是从地面和社区许多英里远，伊利诺斯。在南达科他州这样的系统已经从西部的黑山带水，向东跨越国家。在不同的尺度上，城市供水系统可能是人为的自流系统的例子。水塔，为抽水，可能是补给区，管道的承压含水层，在家中的自流井的水龙头。 4单元 矿产勘查在世界表明温度在深油、矿产品通常会增加在地表以下深度增加。在这样的情况下增加温度约0.6度，平均每30米。因此，当地下水在深循环，它变得激烈，如果它上升到表面，水是温泉。一些温泉水在美国，特别是在东部，加热这种方式。在美国，绝大多数的温泉发现于西方。这种分布的原因是，大部分温泉的热源是冷却的火成岩，它是在西方，火成活动已经最近。 间歇泉是间歇性的温泉或喷泉，水柱喷射的伟大力量在不同的时间间隔，通常上升30-60米。水流停止后，一列蒸汽冲出，通常以雷鸣般的轰鸣声。这或许是世界上最著名的间歇泉是黄石公园的老忠实喷发，大约每小时一次。间歇泉也在世界的其他地区，包括冰岛和新西兰，在那里长期间歇泉，意为“喷泉”或“井喷”这个词。 间歇泉时，地下水是地下室加热。室底部，水在巨大的压力下，由于上覆水的重量。因此，一个100度以上的温度就会沸腾所需的前。例如，在一个300米的室内水下必须达到一个温度近230度才开。加热使水膨胀，其结果是某些流出的顶部。这减少了压力，和水变成蒸汽，使间歇泉喷发。 从温泉和间歇泉地下水通常包含在解决方案比其他来源的地下水多材料因为热水比冷水更有效的溶解。当水中含有大量溶解的二氧化硅，硅华沉积在春天。石灰石，方解石的一种，是在石灰岩地区温泉特色存款。一些温泉含硫磺。除了使水的味道不好，硫发出难闻的气味。毫无疑问，臭蛋的春天，内华达州，这种情况。 11单元 一种污染物，是任何物质，生物或化学。在一个可识别的过量的有害的其他理想的生物。在这个框架内，过量的重金属如发汞；某些放射性同位素；氮，磷，钠；和其他有用的，甚至是必要的元素，以及某些致病性细菌和病毒污染物。在某些情况下，材料可作为一种污染物，世界人口中的一段特别的虽然它对其他部分不被认为是有害的。例如，在适当的复合氮超标有害于婴儿，但少了很多成年人如果在所有。在这样的方式，过多的钠盐通常不是有害的，但它可以制约医疗原因盐的摄入饮食的某些人。 不同的物理，地质，生物环境与地下水污染与地表水污染相比是显著的。在后者中，流量和氧气和阳光可用液压，随着速度的过程中污染物的稀释和扩散发生，明显不同于地下水，在污染物降解菌的机会通常局限于土壤或几英尺以下。此外，通过何种渠道地下水运动是非常小的和可变的。由此，显而易见的是，移动速度大大降低，除非，也许，在大的解决渠道内石灰石，以及分散和稀释的机会是非常有限的。此外，地下水通常缺乏氧气，这是造成好氧微生物的种类有帮助但这可能提供了一个“幸福之家”厌氧品种。 大多数土壤和岩石物理过滤出固体的能力，包括污染的固体，是公认的。然而，这种能力会随不同的大小，形状，和滤料颗粒的安排，在选定的沙子和其他材料在水过滤厂使用证明。也知道，但也许不那么普遍，是粘土和其他矿物捕获和交换的一些元素和化合物的能力时，他们游离在溶液中的正或负电荷的元素或化合物。这样的交流，随着吸附和沉淀过程中，污染物的捕获是重要的。这些过程有能力定义的单位是可逆的。他们也可以很容易地在设计设施正确的污染问题所依托的地质环境，土壤和岩石忽视治疗；这种疏忽可能造成地下水污染。这是特别重要的在污水土地应用。 很多猜测，争论，研究发生的地下水污染。地下水污染的主要关注的是化学元素，化合物的引入，和微生物，不含水层，可用于饮用水或是自然发生的，不仅因为该含水层的降解也因为在检测的难度，长期居住，和难度和费用含水层恢复。强有力的论点是，任何废物或可能的污染物应允许进入地下水系统的任何部分。这是一个不可能实现的梦想。相反，答案在于更多的了解自然过程处理废弃物的保证时，土壤和岩石是不能够处理，存储，或回收废物，我们可以发展过程使污染物处理，储存，或可回收。 Extracting and distinguishing environmental change information with high resolution form groundwater and sediments of groundwater system has been the major trend of groundwater sciences towards environmental sciences, This is very useful for forecasting environmental change.4从地下水及其沉积物中提取高分辨率的环境变化信息，实现对环境变化的预警功能是地下水科学向环境科学延伸的重要方向。5而随着全球淡水资源紧缺的形势不断恶化，全球环境变化，特别是全球气候变化对地下水资源的影响成为水文地质研究的新课题。5 With fresh water shortage increasingly serious, the research on effect of globle environmental change, especially globle climate change in groundwater resource has become a new area for hydrogeological research. 4depleted in K and SO4 井的出水量与含水层的渗透系数成正比。 Well water yield is proportional to the transmissivity of a aquifer. 1、分布在这个深层碳酸岩含水层中的地下热水的温度是60℃-90℃。 2、Temperature of the thermal groundwater in the deep-seated carbonate aquifer occurring in this area ranges from 60℃ 3、所有观测井水位的季节性波动可以用研究区降水量的季节性变化来解 4、Seasonal fluctuations in water table in observation wells are interpreted by seasonal changes of/in precipitation in study areas.

科普版英语六年级下册课文及翻译 (直接打印版)

Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk （M=Mom, T= Tom） M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。

英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文参考译文

文档简介 一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！ 英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night

中文翻译小子： 我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特 别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。 具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了 福利放送！！

如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。 下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！ 一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版 二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版 三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

英文翻译原文

南京师范大学泰州学院 英文翻译原文 年级： 2011级学号：12110330 姓名：申佳佳 系部：信息工程学院 专业：通信工程 题目：基于C51的数字测速仪设计与仿真 指导教师：焦蓬蓬 2015 年 4 月 5 日

Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make u p huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be re garded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Rece ntly, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to i ncrease day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece wh at glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufa cturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Net scape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can o btain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research a nd development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , c an add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As th e most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic o f the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of sup porting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstandi ng design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels , their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmer s, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in n etwork supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and ass ess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , E x t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .