博士英语翻译

2016-2017学年度第一学期中国矿业大学（北京）博士英语期末考试复习题

（翻译部分）

1.矿产资源是自然资源的重要组成部分，是人类社会发展的重要物质基础。新中国成立60多年，矿产资源勘查开发取得巨大成就，探明一大批矿产资源，建成比较完善的矿产品供应系统，为中国经济的持续、快速、协调、健康发展提供了重要保障。目前，中国92%以上的一次能源、80%的工业原材料、70%以上的农业生产资料来自于矿产资源。[中国高度重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用，把可持续发展确定为国家战略，把保护资源作为可持续发展的重要内容。]

Mineral resources are an important part of natural resources and an important material foundation for the development of human society.Over the past six decades aft er the founding of New China（P.R.C）,China has made great achievements in the survey and development of its mineral resources,has proven a large number of mineral resources,and has established a relatively complete supply system of minerals.This has provided an important guarantee for the sustained,rapid,coordinate and sound development of the Chinese economy.Currently,more than92%of the country's primary energy,80%of the industrial crude and raw materials and over70%of the agricultural means of production come from mineral resources.[Chinese government places great emphasis on sustainable development and rational utilization of mineral resources,and made sustainable development as the national strategy and put the protection of resources as an important part of this strategy.]

2.科技文献是用文字、图形、符号、声频和视频等方式记录人类科学技术知识的载体，是人类文明的产物。科技文献具有四大功能，即信息承载功能、知识体现功能、创新支撑功能和教育培训功能。科技文献资源是一个发展着的动态体系。由于科技突飞猛进的发展，其综合与分化的趋势日益明显，使得科技文献呈现出数量激增，老化加速，类型复杂，形式与内容广泛、分散、交叉、渗透的状况。

Scientific literature is the carrier of recording human scientific and technological knowledge(by)using the words, figures,signs,sounds and videos,etc.and is also the production of human civilization.It has four functions of carrying information,embodying knowledge,supporting innovation and educational training.The resource of scientific literature is a dynamic state developing system.Because of the technology developing at breakneck speed, the tendency of synthesis and differentiation is becoming increasingly obvious ly,which make the scientific literature emerge the condition of booming number,stepped-up aging,complex types and road,dispersed,cross and infiltrative form and content.Form and content is widely,dispersion,cross,seepage conditions.Penetration

3.鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权；鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标；双方兹就下列内容达成一致：

Whereas Party A possesses technical information including designs,techniques,workmanship,formulas,skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing,using and selling such products;and whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore,the parties hereby agree as follows:

4.承租人同意将所租建筑保持良好状态，并不得任其损坏。如果承租人对出租房屋作任何调整或增添任何设施，事先必须征得出租人的书面同意。房内任何增添和装修过的设施都成为出租人的财产，而且承租人不得以此向出租人提出补偿要求。如果发生火灾，本租赁合同立即终止。

The Lessee agrees to maintain the leased building in good condition and shall not allow it to further deteriorate. Any modifications or additions carried out on the leased building by the Lessee may should be done only with the Lessor's prior written permission.Any new structure resulting from modification,addition or repair to the leased building becomes the property of the Lessor,and the Lessee should not claim any damages.This lease contract is

terminated should the leased building be subject to a fire disaster.

5阐述了2000年以来，中国经济和能源消费快速增长的态势，以及能源消费构成变化情况和石油消费形式，探讨了2050年前几种不同情境下的中国经济增长前景、能源消费增长趋势、能源消费构成变化趋势和石油需求总量。

This paper illustrates the rapid growth of china’s economy and energy consumption,the change of energy consumption structure and the situation of oil consumption since2000.It also discussed the prospect of china's economic growth,the increasing trend of energy consumption,the changing trend of energy consumption structure and the total demand of oil in different situations before2050.

6.本刊只接受全部用英文写成的稿件。来稿在4000字左右为宜。论文必须另页附200字以内中文摘要、100词以内英文摘要和不少于3个的主题词。正文格式应符合以下要求：1、英文12磅字体；2、双倍行距；3、左右两边空白各不少于3.5厘米；4、单面打印；5、段落第一行行首缩进四个字符；6、加入页码；7、文内引语和参考书目采用美国心理学会（APA）的论文格式。

This journal only accepts papers in English.Keep the paper about4000words,with an abstract of200words in Chinese and100words in English with at least3keywords.The following is the format of the text submitted:1. Use font size12in English;2.Write on double-space;3.Leave margins at least3.5cm on the right and left sides;4. Type on only one side of the paper.5.Indent the first line of every new paragraph in the paper with4spaces;6. Number the paper with the pages in the correct order.7.Adopt the format of the academic paper made by APA for the quotations and references.

（附加）.加速发展常规天然气、页岩气、煤层气等气体能源，即能缓解我国面临的能源安全、环境保护和减排等多重压力，又能培育新的经济增长点。为此应提升气体能源在我国能源战略中的地位，加快能源领域的市场改革，建立完善准入和矿业权管理制度，放宽气体能源的行业标准，改革能源价格形成机制，并加大对页岩气开采等技术开发的支持，从而改变我国能源供应和消费的结构，支持可持续发展和生态文明建设。

The accelerating development of gas energy such as natural gas,shale gas and coalbed methane can relieve pressures from energy security,environmental protection and emission reduction as well as create new economic growth points.Therefore,methods such as promoting the position of gas energy in energy strategy,accelerating the market reform in energy field,establishing and perfecting the management system of access and mining right, relaxing the industry standard of gas energy,reforming energy price forming mechanism and increasing the support of key shale gas extraction technologies should be taken to change the structure of energy supply and consumption in our country and support the sustainable development and ecological civilization construction.

（附加）.当今社会，选择的观念无孔不入，种种选择会导致人们越发感到焦虑不安和力不从心。总有人向我们灌输这样的理念：我们可以选择自己的生活方式，可以选择自己的身材，甚至可以选择子女的未来。我们因为这种无所不能的虚假承诺而洋洋得意，同时却忘记了，自己做出的选择往往并不理智——要么受到别人选择（社会认同）的影响，要么受到自己内心无意识动机的影响。

The ideology of choice is all-pervasive in today’s society,and has contributed to growing feelings of anxiety and inadequacy among consumers.We’re told that we can choose the type of life we live,the type of body we have, even the way our kids will turn out.But while we bask in the false promise of mastery,we forget that the choices we make are often irrational-either linked to other people’s choices(what is socially acceptable),or our own unconscious motives.

（作文部分report&letter）（无letter）

Memo report

Date:November20,2016

From:WEI Qiang

To:Doctor WANG

Subject:The gas content and pore characteristic of coal in Huainan coal field.

Introduction

I’ve completed the investigation on Android system and IOS system.This memo report presents the results of my investigation along with my recommendation.I investigated many users including students and office workers of all age groups.

Conclusion

The Android system is more popular to phone users.It has more application software.IPhones has a smart looking and a too expensive price.And many people feel difficult to use IOS system.

Recommendation

My recommendation is to use the Android system rather than IOS for our new phone.

Analysis report1

Date:January19,2015

To:Zhao Jiaqi

From:Zhang Liran

Subject:selection of super plasticizer in cement paste

Objective

To show that PC super plasticizer will increase the dispersion and stability of the fresh cement paste. Summary

After long-distance transmission,rheological property of cement paste become worse off.This problem will be solved by adding PC super plasticizer,to reduce the cement particles coagulation again.

Introduction

In response to your request that I research the different types of super plasticizer(LS,PNS,PC),in gathering this information,I reviewed many literatures and mode a lot experiments.This report explains the properties of PC in fresh cement paste.The properties consist of dispersion and stability.

Conclusion

Through the performance comparison,the results are as follows:1.Three types of super plasticizer have the ability to disperse the cement particles,however,PC has stronger dispersion than others.2.LS has little stability,PNS has a little stability,however,PC has better stability.

Discussion

The cement paste is a suspension of cement particles in water.The different types of super plasticizer have different dispersion.In cement paste with super plasticizer(SP),SP could adsorb on the surface of cement particles.because of the forces of van der waals,electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance,the cement particles could maintain

dispersed state.In cement paste with LS,there are the forces of van der waals among cement particles,cement particles are dispersed by the forces of van der waals and electrostatic repulsion in cement paste with PNS,however, In cement paste with PC,cement particles are dispersed by the forces of van der waals,electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance.

Analysis Report2

Date:May1,2012

To:John Smith

From:Tom Brown

Subject:

Objective

To show that Android system is appropriate for our new software.

Summary

Many users feel difficult to use IOS operating system.Android is easy to use.A large number of applications are developed for Android system.New software using this system will be more popular.

Conclusion

Android system is appropriate for our new software.

Discussion

Recently,smart phone is the most important kind in the phone market.Choosing appropriate operating system is a key point determining sales volume of new software.IOS and Android is the two main kinds of operating system. Compared with IOS,Android has a lower developing cost and a better user experience.

Trip report

Date:January19,2015

From:Zhang Liran

To:Zhao Jiaqi

Subject:The8th international symposium on concrete and cement

The report discusses the8th international symposium on concrete and cement in Nanjing on September17.The symposium featured exchange the experiences and research progress.

Experiences

two types of super plasticizer have the ability to disperse the cement particles,however,PC has stronger dispersion than others.Viscosity of the samples with PC is almost unchanged with shear stress increasing compared with PNS Research progress

new type super plasticizer is developing,this type is amphoteric,it has stronger dispersion than PC,and can further reduce viscosity.

Laboratory report1

Date:January19,2014

From:Zhang Liran

To:Zhao Jiaqi

Subject:selection of super plasticizer in cement paste

Introduction

Concrete is the largest amount of artificial materials,the research cement paste promotes the development of concrete.The rheological property is important performance of cement paste,thus,It can better understand to the performance of cement paste by determining of rheological property of cement paste.

Methodology

In this work,the rheological behavior of cement paste with PC or PNS is analyzed by measuring apparent viscosity and rate of shear which are measured with viscosimeter.

Results

The results are as shown in figure1Viscosity of the samples with PC is almost unchanged with shear stress increasing compared with PNS.

Discussion

In cement paste with SP,SP could adsorb on the surface of cement particles.Cement particles are dispersed by the forces of van der waals,electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance.PC super plasticizer can destroy flocculation structures to large extent.

Conclusion

SP can destroy flocculation structure greatly to increase the fluidity of the paste by repulsion. Recommendations

I recommend we can select PC to improve the fluidity of the paste.

laboratory report2

Date:January19,2015

From:Zhang Liran

To:Zhao Jiaqi

Subject:

Introduction

Currently,mine safety is the focal point in mining activity.As a new and advanced approach for geophysical prospecting,the Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR)is used in the mine disaster detection.Purpose

The experiment aims to show whether LSQR is an effective inversion algorithm.

Problem

The complexity of coal mine underground environment,coupled with limitation of detection means,lead to lack of data,so the coefficient matrix is usually large and sparse.

Methodology

A large number of coal seam digital simulation model,including different internal diseases,are established,and the simulation data are processed by using the Least Square QR-factorization(LSQR)inversion algorithm.

Results

The inversion results show good agreements with simulation model feature configurations,and the diseases objects can be detected.

Conclusions

LSQR can be used in solving large and sparse equations.

Recommendations

I recommend finding method to decrease iteration times.

Outline report

Selection of super plasticizer:

PC VS.PNS

January19,2015

Researcher Zhang Liran

Purpose to compare PC VS.PNS to determine which is a better super plasticizer.

Method the rheological behavior of cement paste with PC or PNS is analyzed by measuring apparent viscosity and rate of shear which are measured with viscosimeter.

Conclusion SP can destroy flocculation structure greatly to increase the fluidity of the paste by repulsion. Recommendation I recommend we can select PC to improve the fluidity of the paste.

Recommendation report

Date:January19,2015

From:Zhang Liran

To:Zhao Jiaqi

Subject:recommendation for selection of super plasticizer

Introduction

Concrete is the largest amount of artificial materials,the research cement paste promotes the development of concrete.The rheological property is important performance of cement paste,thus,It can better understand to the performance of cement paste by determining of rheological property of cement paste.

This report is In response to your request for recommendation selection of super plasticizer(SP)in cement paste. The purpose of the report is to review two types of super plasticizer and to recommend the best SP.two types of super plasticizer being reviewed are PNS and PC.In gathering this information,I read many literatures and mode a lot experiments.I recommend PC.

After long-distance transmission,rheological property of cement paste become worse off.This problem will be solved by adding PC super plasticizer,to reduce the cement particles coagulation again.

The remainder of the report will cover the following:conclusion research,recommendation of SP and discussion. Conclusion

Through the performance comparison,the results are as follows:

1.three types of super plasticizer have the ability to disperse the cement particles,however,PC has stronger dispersion than others.

2.LS has little stability,PNS has a little stability,however,PC has better stability.

Recommendations

I recommend we can select PC to improve the fluidity of the paste.

Discussion

In cement paste with SP,SP could adsorb on the surface of cement particles.Cement particles are dispersed by the forces of van der waals,electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance.PC super plasticizer can destroy flocculation structures to large extent.

Recommendation and feasibility report

Date:January19,2015

From:Zhang Liran

To:Zhao Jiaqi

Subject:

Introduction

The purpose of this report is to review two phone operating systems and to recommend the best system.The two systems being reviewed are the Android system and the IOS system.I have interviewed many users,including groups of all ages.I recommend the Android system.

The following is the criteria:

1.cost

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8c12243545.html,er experience

Recently,smart phone is the most important kind in the phone market.Choosing appropriate operating system is a key point determining sales volume of new software.IOS and Android is the two main kinds of operating system. The remainder of this report will cover the following:conclusions,recommendation,and discussion.

Conclusions

Each system has been compared to the2criteria with the following results:

1.The Android system meets the cost requirements;the IOS system does not.

2.Both systems have the ability to provide good user experience,but IOS requires excellent computer skills as well.

Recommendations

I recommend that the new software use Android system.This system meets the2criteria.

Discussion

Cost

Developing cost is an important factor to be considered during the development of new software.Android is an open source system;while IOS,as a closed system,require extra cost for using its interface.

User experience

User experience is the primary consideration when users make choices.IOS provides magnificent operation interface.But given the slowing pace of IOS development,more programmers are writing software for Android.

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