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论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译

Temperature Dependence of Si-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells Fabricated on Amorphous to Microcrystalline Silicon Transition Phase

Kobsak SRIPRAPHA Ihsanul Afdi YUNAZ Seung Yeop MYONG Akira YAMADA and Makoto KONAGAI Department of Physical Electronics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S9-9, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Quantum Nanoelectronics Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S9-9, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan (Received June 5, 2007; accepted August 20, 2007; published online November 6, 2007) The temperature dependence of silicon (Si)-based thin-film single-junction solar cells, whose intrinsic absorbers were fabricated on the transition phase between hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) to hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si:H), was investigated. By varying the hydrogen dilution ratio, wide-band-gap protocrystalline silicon (pc-Si:H) and mc-Si:H absorber layers were obtained. Photo-current density –voltage (Photo-J–V) characteristics were measured under AM1.5 illumination at ambient temperatures in the range of 25 –75 C. We found that the solar cells with pc-Si:H, which exists just below the a-Si:H to mc-Si:H transition boundary, showed the lowest temperature coefficient (TC) for conversion efficiency and open-circuit voltage (Voc), while the solar cells fabricated at the onset of the a-Si:H to mc-Si:H phase transition exhibited a relatively high TC for and Voc. Experimental results indicated that pc-Si:H is a promising material for the absorber layer of the single junction or the top cell of tandem solar cells that operate in high temperature regions. KEYWORDS: temperature dependence, amorphous silicon, protocrystalline silicon, Si thin-film solar cell, solar cells

1.Introduction

In general, the solar cell performance is measured under the standard test conditions (STC) of a cell temperature of 25 摄氏度and an irradiance of 100mWcm 2 with AM 1.5 spectral distributions. However, in an outdoor installation, the operating temperature of solar cells considerably changes depending on the environment, i.e., the climate in the installed area.In a tropical region, the operating temperature often reaches more than 70 摄氏度. The increase in the operating temperature leads to a decline in conversion efficiency mainly due to the drop in open-circuit voltage(Voc) Among Si-based solar cells, bulk crystalline Si

solar cells which include single-crystalline-Si (c-Si) and polycrystalline-Si (poly-Si) solar cells show higher than thin-film solar cells at room temperature. However, ηof c-Siand poly-Si solar cells seriously decreases with an increase in the operating temperature, while hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H)-based thin-film solar cells exhibit relatively small variation in.The main reason for the lower

temperature coefficient (TC) of a-Si:H-based solar cells is their wide-band-gap intrinsic absorber or high Voc compared with those of bulk crystalline Si-solar cells. Taking the real output power affected by the operating temperature and production cost into account, a-Si:H-based thin-film solar cells have advantages over bulk

crystalline-Si solar cells for use in high temperature areas such as a tropical region. However, it is well known that a-Si:H-based thin-film solar cells exhibit light-induced degradation after light exposure, the so-called Staebler–Wronski effect (SWE).The SWE in a-Si-based thin-film solar cells is also a veryim portant factor that must be considered for outdoor installation. During the past 30 years, extensive research has been conducted to suppress the SWE. As a result, two kinds of edge materials near the phase boundary have been developed as stable intrinsic absorbers: one is the wideband- gap protocrystalline silicon (pc-Si:H) existing just below the a-Si:H-to-microcrystalline silicon (mc-Si:H) transition transition and the other is the narrow-band-gap mc-Si:H with crystalline silicon volume fraction (Xc) of 30 –50% obtained near the onset of the phase transition. The pc-Si:H material nucleate from the deposition of the a-Si:H at just before the transition boundary of a-Si:H to a-Si:H t mc-Si:H mixedphase. Once, the a-Si:H t mc-Si:H transition is detected,which can be observed by a real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE), the growing material is no longer considered pc-Si:H.10) The unique properties of pc-Si:H are the optical band gaps (Eopt) and the Urbach tail. The Eopt of pc-Si:H is larger than conventional material and increases with increasing H2 dilution ratio. Besides, the narrower Urbach tail in pc-Si:H causes the higher hole drift mobility than conventional materials. The key feature of the pc-Si:H

material is its relative stability to light induced degradation as observed in the electron-mobility lifetime product and similarly in the solar cell fill factor. These two kinds of materials are attractive for application to Si-based thin-film

solar cells because of their low SWE.

Although the pc-Si:H solar cell has shown a good temperature dependence among Si-based thin-film solar cells,the behavior of TC for pc-Si:H solar cells has not yet been clarified. In this work, we investigated the temperature dependence of a-Si:H-based solar cells fabricated in the pc-Si:H to mc-Si:H transition regime. The TC values after lightinduced degradation were also investigated in order to find

the optimal absorber layer for the use at high operating temperatures.

2.Experimental Procedure

The p–i–n single-junction solar cells were fabricated on Asahi U-type glass substrates in a multi chamber system with the structure of glass/SnO2:F/hydrogenated p-type amorphous silicon carbide (p-a-SiC:H)/buffer/intrinsic (i-)absorber/n-type amorphous silicon (n-a-Si:H)/boron-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B)/Ag/Al with the cell area of 0.086 cm2.The thicknesses of p, buffer, i-, and n-layers were kept constant at around 12, 4, 320 – 340, and 2 nm, respectively.All solar cells were fabricated at the substrate temperature of around 200 C with deposition pressures of 50 – 70 Pa. Thevery high frequency (60 MHz) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (VHF-PECVD) was used to deposit the i-layer. The i-layers were deposited at different silane concentrations, SC ? SiH4=e SiH4 t H2T, by varying SC from 6.0 to 2.4% in order to obtain material with the phase transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon.With a decrease in SC, the deposition rate of the i-layer

declined from 1.6 to 0.9. The doped (p- and n-layers) and buffer layers were deposited by a radio-frequency(13.56MHz) PECVD technique. ZnO was deposited by metal organic

chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) as a back reflector, while Ag and Al were evaporated as back electrodes for all samples.

The Raman spectroscopy was performed using a JASCONRS-1000 system with a semiconductor laser at a wavelength of 532 nm. Ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE)measurements (J. A. Wollam) were used with a variableangle spectroscopic ellipsometer. The temperature dependence of the solar cell parameters were measured using a solar simulator in a chamber at ambient temperatures (T) in the range of 25 –75 C with a step increment of 10 C under 1-sun (AM1.5, 100mW cm2) irradiation. The temperature of the sample was regulated by a temperature-controlled airflow. The temperature dependence of solar cells was obtained from photo-current density–voltage (photo-J–V) measurements. The value of TC can be expressed as

where Z denotes the solar cell parameters, i.e.,η, Voc, shortcircuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF). The normalized temperature Tn is chosen to be 25 C because it corresponds to the standard reference condition for solar cell measurement. The 1-sun standard light-soaking test was performed in a climate chamber at the temperature of 50 C for 100 h.

3.Results and Discussion

3.1 Characterization of intrinsic absorbers

In the first series of experiments, we inspected the Raman spectra for the solar cells fabricated in the phase transition regime. Figure 1 shows the Raman spectra for solar cells prepared with different SCs which are measured from the nside

(rear-side of the solar cells). The Raman spectra were deconvoluted to four Gaussian peaks centered at the Raman shift areas at around 430, 480, 510, and 520 cm1, which correspond to the longtitude optical (LO) mode of a-Si:H, the transverse optical (TO) mode of a-Si:H, the defective crystalline phase and the TO mode of c-Si, respectively. The defective part of the crystalline phase is included in the

crystalline fraction.15) The Xc calculated from the Raman spectrum is expressed as

where Ii is the area under the Gaussian peak centered at the Raman shift of i cm 1 and I480 t I510 t I520 is the total integrated area. By decreasing SC from 6.0 to 4.0%, the peak position of Raman spectra of a-Si:H in the TO mode increased from the Raman shift of 475 to 480 cm1, as shown by the solid line in the figure, which means that the a-Si:Hmicrostructure improved when SC decreased, leading to further improvement of stability against illumination.16) For SC ?3:2%, the Raman spectra exhibited two peaks at 480 and 517 cm1, which correspond to the onset of mc-Si:H growth. With further decrease of SC, SC < 3:2%, the peak position of Raman spectra became that of c-Si in

the TO mode at 520 cm 1. The Xc of the films deposited with SC at4.0, 3.2, 2.8, and 2.4% were 0, 18, 43 and 52%, respectively.

In order to measure Eopt, i-layers were deposited on p-a-SiC:H films. The p-a-SiC:H and i-layers were deposited under the same conditions as those for solar cells on Corning glass 7059. Unfortunately, we could not measure Eopt of the films deposited at SC 3:2%, because they had a tendency to peel off, despite the underlying p-a-SiC:H. An ellipsometric spectrum e ;T was measured by SE over the range of 1.2 to 4.1 eV. The three-layer model of p-a-SiC:H,i-absorber and surface roughness layers was used to fit the experiment data. The Tauc–Lorentz empirical model was

employed to derive optical constants for p-a-SiC:H and i-absorber.17) The absorption coefficient () data obtained by fitting the i-layers was used to calculate Eopt by means of the indirect-band-gap Tauc model.18) Figure 2 shows Eopt of i-layers deposited with different SCs. When SC was decreased from 6.0 to 4.0%, Eopt slightly increased from 1.87 to 1.92 eV (as indicated by the solid line). We conclude that, from their large values of Eopt, the films deposited with SC beyond 4.0% are pc-Si:H materials. Eopt of mc-Si:H is normally lower than that of typical a-Si:H (1:7 eV), and itcan be assumed that with decreasing SC, Eopt of mc-Si:Happroaches that of c-Si.

3.2 Temperature dependence of solar cells

The initial performances at the temperatures of 25 and 75 C for the solar cells fabricated at the phase transition from a-Si:H to mc-Si:H are summarized in Table I. It was found that, with increasing T, Jsc progressively increased. There are many reasons to explain the increase in Jsc, for example, the reduction of Eopt of the semiconductor, the increase in the diffusion length of the minority current

carriers,20,21) and the reduction of the recombination velocity or unfilled localized states.1,22) In contrast, Voc decreased at higher temperature. This behavior could be attributed to the increase in the reverse saturation current and the decrease in Eopt.2,19–22) FF also decreased with increasing T, except in the case of SC ?2:4%. This condition is the only one that showed a positive value for FF. In general, the decline of at high temperature mainly originates from the drop of Voc and FF.

Jsc showed a slight decrease with the decrease of SC from 6.0 to 4.0%. This is probably due to the wide Eopt of pc-Si:H. With a further decrease in SC, Jsc increased because of the reduction in Eopt. It should be noted that the lowest Jsc was obtained at the onset of mc-Si:H. With decreasing SC from pc-Si:H (SC > 3:2%) to the onset of mc-Si:H solar cells (SC ?3:2%), Voc and FF both decreased and drastically fell

when the films approached the mc-Si:H region (SC < 3:2%),resulting in the consecutive decline in the . The highest initial of 9.44% was obtained from a solar cell fabricated at SC of 6.0%. It was also found that Jsc and FF were less sensitive to T than Voc. The temperature dependence of solar cell parameters is shown in Table I. Figure 3 shows the normalized solar cell parameters in the initial state. In general, FF of a Si-based solar cell decreases when T becomes high, mainly because of the reduction of Voc. However, it has been reported that for a-Si:H-based thin-film solar cells, FF sometimes increases with increasing T.This is probably due to the decrease of the contact resistance or the increase of the mobility-carrier lifetime product within the collection regionin a-Si:H solar cells. It was concluded that the increase incollection

length with T was large in a-Si:H solar cells with poor transport properties.

As shown in Fig. 3, normalized Voc for the pc-Si:H solar cell (SC between 6.0 and 4.0%) exhibited less degradation with the increase of temperature. Voc also drastically fell when SC reached 2.4%, because of the strong influence of the increase in Xc. FF and also showed similar behavior to Voc. It should be noted that although the solar cell fabricated at SC of 2.4% had the largest drop in normalized Voc, because of the positive change in FF, normalized was not the lowest. The increase of Jsc for solar cells with SC < 4:0% (above the onset of mc-Si:H) was larger than that of pc-Si:H solar cells. This behavior can be ascribed to the reduction of Eopt with increasing SC. According to our experimental results, the lowest TC for around 0:242%/ C was achieved in the pc-Si:H solar cell fabricated at SC of 5.0%.

The dark-J–V characteristics for the fabricated solar cellslisted in Table I were investigated. We found that, the dark-current density before and after the measurement of the temperature dependence remained the same. The reverse saturation current-density (J0) and diode quality factor (n) of pc-Si:H solar cells showed low values compared with solar cells fabricated under the onset and mc-Si:H conditions. The lowest J0 and n were obtained at SC of 5.0%, and their values were 6:7 1013 A cm 2 and 1.6, respectively. It should be noted that the solar cells fabricated at the onset of mc-Si:H exhibited drastic increases in J0 and n. The values of n of the solar cells fabricated with SC 3:2% were larger than 2.0.

In order to investigate the effect of light soaking on the temperature dependence behavior, all solar cells were illuminated under 1-sun for 100 h and measured again. Figure 4 displays the normalized solar cell parameters after light soaking. The normalized TC for Voc and Jsc showed similar temperature-dependent trends as those in the initial state. The normalized FF for solar cells with pc-Si:H and onset of mc-Si:H (SC 3:2%) showed lower TC than that before the degradation state. It should be noted that the solar cells fabricated at SC of 2.8% showed positive TC for FF

after light soaking. At present, the reverse behavior of FF after light soaking of this solar cell cannot be clearly explained. The normalized of all cells decreased with rising T, except in the case of solar cells fabricated at SC of 2.8%, which showed a positive TC value because of the influence of FF.

TCs of solar cell parameters determined before and after light soaking are summarized in Table II. It should be noted that TC for Voc was inversely proportional to initial Voc in Table I. After light soaking, TC for Jsc became higher, except in the case of solar cells fabricated near the onset of mc-Si:H (SC ?4:0%) where a small decrease in TC for Jsc was observed. TC for Voc of the solar cells fabricated in the

pc-Si:H regime also displayed a small increase after light soaking, while that of mc-Si:H solar cells decreased. TC for of all solar cells after light soaking exhibited a small decrease, except in the case of the solar cell fabricated at SC

of 2.8%. TC for FF also showed a similar tendency as that for . It should be noted that, although the solar cell that was fabricated at SC of 2.8% showed positive TC for mainly because of positive TC for FF, the initial and FF of this cell were low. Consequently, we did not take this result into consideration.

From the results, it can be concluded that the pc-Si:H solar cells presented a good

temperature dependence as well as a reasonable conversion efficiency and low light-induced degradation compared with solar cells fabricated under the onset and mc-Si:H conditions. As shown in Fig. 5, the lowest TC for before and after light soaking was obtained at SC of 5.0%, and their values were 0:242 and 0:214%/C, respectively. Therefore, pc-Si:H fabricated under this condition is promising for use in a single cell or as the top cell in a tandem cell operating at high temperatures. In order to apply this film to tandem cells, the temperature dependence of solar cells fabricated at SC of 5.0% with different thicknesses was also determined. As shown in Fig. 6, in the initial state, TC for decreased with the increase of i-layer thickness because of the increase of the initial efficiency. On the other hand, after light soaking, solar cells with thinner absorber showed a low TC for because of the lower total defect density.

In addition, pc-Si:H/mc-Si:H double-junction silicon solar cells were fabricated using ZnO:B with the thickness of around 50 nm as intermediate layer between the pc-Si:H top cell and mc-Si:H bottom cell. Both absorber layers were deposited by VHF-PECVD. The thicknesses of the pc-Si:H top cell and mc-Si:H were 170 and 2000 nm, respectively. The typical initial conversion efficiency of this double-junction

silicon solar cell was 11.76% with Jsc of 11.5 mA cm2, Voc of 1.38V and high FF of about 0.75. The TC and lightinduced degradation behavior of pc-Si:H/mc-Si:H doublejunction silicon solar cells are now being investigated.

4.Conclusions

The temperature dependence of pc-Si:H and mc-Si:Hsingle-junction silicon solar cells fabricated near the phasetransition regime by VHF-PECVD was investigated. By decreasing SC from 6.0 to 2.4%, the absorber layerproperties were changed from those of pc-Si:H to the mc-Si:H phase. The wide-band-gap pc-Si:H (Eopt1:9 eV) was obtained at SC > 3:2%, while the onset of mc-Si:H and the narrow-band-gap mc-Si:H were deposited at SC ?3:2% and SC < 3:2%, respectively. It was found that the values of TC for were inversely proportional to the initial Voc. Our experimental results indicated that the pc-Si:H solar cells had TC for around 1.5 – 2.0 times lower than that of solar cells fabricated with the phase of the onset and mc-Si:H. The

solar cells fabricated with the onset of the mc-Si:H and mc- Si:H phase (SC 3:2%) showed fluctuations of TC for FF and after light soaking, while pc-Si:H solar cells exhibited similar TC trends for all photovoltaic parameters. It was found that the lowest TC for was obtained from the pc- Si:H solar cell fabricated at SC of 5.0%. Since the pc-Si:H solar cell exhibits a good light-induced stability and low temperature dependence, it is advantageous for use in a tropical region.

英语翻译论文开题报告精编版

英语翻译论文开题报告 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】

英语翻译论文开题报告 时间:2015-03- 12Bell.?Translation?and?Translating:?Theory?and?Practice.?Beijing:?Forei gn?Language?Teaching?and?Research?Press,?2006. 崔长青,?张碧竹.?翻译的要素[M].?苏州:?苏州大学出版社,?2007. 李琏.?英式显性词性转换与英语写作[J].?新疆教育学学 报,?2003,?19(1):?85-89. 李连生.?英汉互译中的词性转换[J].?武汉交通管理干部学院学 报,?1996,?(1):102-107. 项伙珍.?谈翻译中的转性译法[J].?长江职工大学学报,?2000,?17(3):?46-48. 叶海燕.?翻译中的词性转换及换形[J].?安徽工业大学学报(社会科学 版),?2005,?22(3):60-61. (责任编辑:1025) 三、对英文翻译中词类转换的引入 从语言的角度来分析,对一门语言中的词性以及在语句中的成分进行分析,?从转喻理论的相关知识出发,来探讨英汉语言翻译中词类转换的概念和知识,并就其异同和特性进行对比,不仅是当前国内外学者研究的重点问题,也是大学英语教学中始终关注的热点。?为?此?,从英文翻译的实践中,?通过例证或典型问题的互译,从语言结构及表达习惯上进行探讨英文翻译中的转换方法,以增强语言翻译的可读性和准确性,并从中探讨出词类转换的规律,帮助更多的学生从中获得有益的指

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论文注释和参考文献格式1 2.1注释Citations 2.1.1夹注In-text Citations 转述、阐释、总结他人主要观点、引用某些引文或所依据的文献无须详细注释者,以夹注的形式随文在括号内注明。夹注与“参考文献”结合,形成一种方便、快捷说明引用出处的注释形式。夹注的构成形式有以下几种情况: 1)来自英语文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现: 格式:出版年份:页码 例:Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process” (1986: 241), … 2 ) 来自英语文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现: 格式:作者姓名,出版年份:页码 例:The underlying assumption is that language is “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Elli, 1968: 3). 3 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现: 格式:出版年份:引文页码 例:According to Alun Rees (1986: 234)〔夹注直接放在被引者后面〕, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation. According to Alun Rees,the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986: 234). 〔夹注也可以位于 引语的最后〕 4 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中没有提到: 格式:作者姓名出版年份:引文页码 例:It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance (Robertson, 1987: 136). 5)来自汉语文章、专著,间接引用,作者姓名在文中已经出现2: 格式:作者姓名拼音+夹注(出版年份:引文页码) 例:Wang Datong(2002: 111, 2005: 191) believed that…; 6)来自汉语的文章、专著,间接引用,作者姓名在文中没有出现: 1本格式主要参阅了APA,《外语教学与研究》杂志以及部分大学外语学院毕业论文格式要求;日语毕业论文格式另列。第二章的内容适用于用英文写作的毕业论文,要求采用随文夹注和文末“参考文献”相结合的注释方法;如采用此方法注释后仍有一些问题需要说明的,可酌情使用脚注。凡是用汉语撰写的论文,统一采用尾注加参考书目的格式,具体的严格按照《手册》第14-17页的规定执行;日语毕业论文的有关规定见第五章。 2第(5)、(6)项仅适用于用英语撰写但引用到汉语文献的论文,相应的参考书目著录方法见2.3.3。

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农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用,“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现,农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展,并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善,因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建,尤其对农村养老制度的改革,建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看,我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人,使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾,基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出,成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老,许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系,已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷,运行中出现了很多问题,所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 (一)人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出,越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市,年龄结构出现“两头大,中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示:中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万,占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前,农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 (二)农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口,且大多在农村。据统计,未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多,截止2000年底,全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险,占全部农村居民的11.18%,占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外,据国家统计局统计,我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中,也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中,处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

本科论文 3000字外文翻译

附录A 3 Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain The principal objective of enhancement is to process an image so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a specific application. The word specific is important, because it establishes at the outset than the techniques discussed in this chapter are very much problem oriented. Thus, for example, a method that is quite useful for enhancing X-ray images may not necessarily be the best approach for enhancing pictures of Mars transmitted by a space probe. Regardless of the method used .However, image enhancement is one of the most interesting and visually appealing areas of image processing. Image enhancement approaches fall into two broad categories: spatial domain methods and frequency domain methods. The term spatial domain refers to the image plane itself, and approaches in this category are based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image. Fourier transform of an image. Spatial methods are covered in this chapter, and frequency domain enhancement is discussed in Chapter 4.Enhancement techniques based on various combinations of methods from these two categories are not unusual. We note also that many of the fundamental techniques introduced in this chapter in the context of enhancement are used in subsequent chapters for a variety of other image processing applications. There is no general theory of image enhancement. When an image is processed for visual interpretation, the viewer is the ultimate judge of how well a particular method works. Visual evaluation of image quality is a highly is highly subjective process, thus making the definition of a “good image” an elusive standard by which to compare algorithm performance. When the problem is one of processing images for machine perception, the evaluation task is somewhat easier. For example, in dealing with a character recognition application, and leaving aside other issues such as computational requirements, the best image processing method would be the one yielding the best machine recognition results. However, even in situations when a

英文论文翻译

汲水门大桥有限元模型的分析 By Q. W. Zhang, T. Y. P. Chang,and C. C. Chang 摘要:本文提出的有限元模型修正的汲水门大桥的实施,是位于香港的430米主跨双层斜拉桥。通过三维有限元预测和现场振动测试,对该桥的动力特性进行了研究,。在本文中,建立的有限元模型的更新,是基于实测的动态特性。一个全面的灵敏度研究证明各种结构参数(包括连接和边界条件)的影响是在其所关注的模式进行,根据一组的结构参数,然后选择调整。有限元模型的更新在一个迭代的方式以减少之间的预测和测量频率的差异。最后更新的有限元模型,使汲水门大桥能在良好的协议与所测量的固有频率状态,并可以进行更精确的动态响应预测。 简介: 汲水门大桥(图1),位于大屿山及香港湾岛之间,是世界上最长的斜拉桥,是公路交通和铁路交通两用桥梁。为确保其结构的完整性和操作安全性,桥梁已经配备了一个相当复杂的监测系统,包括仪器参数如加速度传感器,位移传感器,液位传感器,温度传感器,应变计,风速仪(Lau and Wong 1997)。由Chang 等人通过有限元预测和现场振动测量对该桥的动力特性进行了研究(2001)。三维有限元(FE)模型,它是基于非线性弹性梁元件构建的塔和甲板上的桁架单元,电缆,和弹性或刚性连接的连接和边界约束[图1(d)]。桥面,包括钢/混凝土框架结构在大跨度和梯形箱梁的中心部分的剩余部分,是使用一个单一的脊柱通过剪切中心桥面的。由于截面的非整体性,通过一个虚拟的等效单片材料来表示复合甲板。这是通过等效的整体桥面的质量和刚度性能检核的复合甲板了。由Chang证明(1998),对截面模量的计算细节可以通过改变报告发现。电缆,另一方面,使用的是线性弹性桁架单元模拟。非线性效应由于电缆张力和下垂的电缆进行线性化,采用弹性刚度等效模量的概念考虑。有限元模型包括464个梁单元,176个桁架单元,和615个节点,总共有1536个自由度。 一般的有限元建模,给出了该桥的物理和模态特性进行详细的描述,而现场振动测试则是作为(理想化的)有限元模型评估基础信息的重要来源。有限元计算结果与现场振动试验表明在自然频率合理的相关性和桥的振型。然而,在预测

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title(Times New Roman ,三号) 学生学号:08810219 学生姓名:袁庚文 专业班级:信息与计算科学0802 指导教师:赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期:2012.2.27~2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献(学术期刊网上的),译成中文,与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前,同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为:上边距:3.5厘米,下边距:2.5厘米,左边距:3.5厘米,右边距:2厘米,页眉:2.5厘米,页脚:2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”,每段落首行缩进2字;或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字,字体:宋体,字号:小四,行距:多倍行距1.3,间距:前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意:各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1.第一级标题(如:第1章绪论)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:三号,1.5倍行距,段后11磅,段前为11磅。 2.第二级标题(如:1.2 摘要与关键词)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:四号,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 3.第三级标题(如:1.2.1 摘要)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:小四,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格(半角)。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

中英文论文对照格式

英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲,它更加严谨和科学,并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式

表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同,靠左边,位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字,表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中,边框粗细采用0.5磅;表格内文字采用Times New Roman,10磅。 举例: Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks

图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同,位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字,表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例: Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注:Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式,如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式,如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例:Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中,姓前名后,姓与名之间以逗号分隔;如有两个作者,以and连接;如有三个或三个以上作者,前面的作者以逗号分隔,最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔,最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式:

毕业论文(英文翻译)排版格式

英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word,5号新罗马(New Times Roman)字体,1.5倍行间距,将来方便打印和一起装订;英文中的图表要重新画,禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距,打印时,用B5纸,版面上空2.5cm,下空2cm,左空2.5cm,右空2cm(左装订)。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体,正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马(New Times Roman)12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中,图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中,页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式:序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式:序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式:序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.

论文英文翻译

毕业设计(论文) 英文文献翻译 电力系统 电力系统介绍 随着电力工业的增长,与用于生成和处理当今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分配系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。这些系统构成了一个完整的电力系统。 应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业,它与众不同之处在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。生成电的能源以煤、石油,或水库和湖泊中水的形式储存起来,以备将来所有需。但这并不会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。 显然,对电力系统而言服务的连续性至关重要。没有哪种服务能完全避免可能出现的失误,而系统的成本明显依赖于其稳定性。因此,必须在稳定性与成本之间找到平衡点,而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能出现中断的原因、用户要求等的综合体现。然而,网络可靠性的增加是通过应用一定数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间以及在国内、国际电网传输线路中使用自动断路器得以实现的。事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。这样,在不中断总体服务的前提下可以停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。

当今生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。相对于其他交流系统而言,它具有简便、节能的优点。尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情况下,三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。三相系统另一个重要优点是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。大规模电力生产的能源有: 1.从常规燃料(煤、石油或天然气)、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中得到的 蒸汽; 2.水; 3.石油中的柴油动力。 其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等,但没有一种超越了试点发电站阶段。 在大型蒸汽发电站中,蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。涡轮必须包括安装在轴承上并封闭于汽缸中的轴或转子。转子由汽缸四周喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平衡地转动。蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。中央电站采用冷凝涡轮,即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的效果,从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。而涡轮则直接与大型发电机相连。 涡轮中的蒸汽具有能动性。蒸汽进入涡轮时压力较高、体积较小,而离开时却压力较低、体积较大。 蒸汽是由锅炉中的热水生成的。普通的锅炉有燃烧燃料的炉膛燃烧时产生的热被传导至金属炉壁来生成与炉体内压力相等的蒸汽。在核电站中,蒸汽的生成是在反应堆的帮助下完成的。反应堆中受控制的铀或盥的裂变可提供使水激化所必需的热量,即反应堆代替了常规电站的蒸汽机。 水电站是利用蕴藏在消遣的能来发电的。为了将这种能转换为功,我们使用了水轮机。现代水轮机可分为两类:脉冲式和压力式(又称反应式)。前者用于重要设备,佩尔顿轮是唯一的类型;对于后者而言,弗朗西斯涡轮或其改进型被广泛采用。 在脉冲式涡轮中,整个水头在到达叶轮前都被转化为动能,因为水是通过喷嘴提供给叶轮的;而在压力式或反应式涡轮中,水通过其四周一系列引导叶版先直接导入叶片再提供给叶轮(或转子)。离开引导叶片的水有压力,并且以一部分动能、一部分压力的形式来提供能量。 对于低于10,000千伏安的发电站而言柴油机是出色的原动机。其优点是燃料成本低、预热时间短以及标准损耗低。此外,其所需冷却水量极少。柴油发电通常选择用于满足少量电力需求,如市政当局、宾馆及工厂等;医院通常备有独立的柴油发电机,以备紧急情况时使用。 通过电线来传输电能是电力系统中的一个重大问题。而从下面研修目的目的架设输电线路又是必要的: 1.将电力从水电站输送到可能很远的负载中心; 2.从蒸汽站到相对较近负载中心电力的批量供应; 3.出于内部连接目的将电能在紧急情况下从一系统转换至另一系统。 传输电压主要由经济因素决定。实际上,当距离、功率、功耗固定时,输电线路中导体的重量与传输电压成反比。因此,出于经济方面的考虑,长距离传输时电压一定要高。当然,电压超高绝缘成本也就超高,要找到最佳电压必须通过减小导体横截面积来取得绝缘成本与经济节省之间的平衡。 高压传输通常使用配以悬挂式绝缘设备的高架结构。称为路标铁塔用于负载

论文中英文翻译

An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象,这是多方面的,复杂和无孔不入的。所以,在任何时候,在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前,人们对幽默开始研究,然而,这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务,理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科,包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外,幽默有不同的原因和目的,人们可能希望有点大男子主义,随机应变,似乎是聪明,解决问题,使一个临界点,加强治疗,或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the

英文翻译(论文摘要)

河北联合大学轻工学院英文翻译 河北联合大学轻工学院 毕业设计缩写大摘要及英文翻译 设计题目: 学部: 专业: 班级: 姓名: 指导教师: 2011年06月11 日

毕业设计缩写大摘要 机械制造业是国民经济的基础产业,国民经济中的任何行业的发展,必须依靠机械制造业的支持并提供装备。它的发展直接影响到国民经济各部门的发展,也影响到国计民生和国防力量的加强,因此,各国都把机械制造业的发展放在首要位置。 一个企业的人力资源管理是和一个企业的经营战略、组织结构体系与文化价值观紧密相连的,而卓越的人力资源管理更是是其他企业最难以复制、模仿的。因此,在竞争如此激烈的今天,通过人力资源管理来创造竞争优势就成为企业竞争战略中的一个重要部分。机械制造业企业的人力资源管理同样是企业管理的重要组成部分,合理有效的进行企业的人力资源管理是机械制造企业成功的有力保证。如何利用人力资源管理来帮助机械制造企业适应竞争和提高竞争力,不断提高制造水平,是每个机械制造企业都要思考的问题。本文通过结合国内外人力资源管理的相关理论知识,我国机械制造业的相关资料以及在实习中了解到的相关信息,针对我国机械制造企业人力资源管理的现状及存在的问题进行研究。通过本课题的研究,将对我国的机械制造企业,尤其是一些中小型企业,在进行人力资源管理时产生一些现实的指导意义,使得我国的机械制造业在新的历史时期,新的形势下,能够不断提高国际竞争力,提高制造水平。 近年来,我国的制造工业获得持续高速的发展,无论制造业总量还是制造业技术水平都有很大的提高,中国已成为名符其实的世界制造大国。虽然机械制造业从产品研发、技术装备和加工能力等方面都取得了很大的进步,但具有独立自主知识产权的品牌产品却不多,整体来说中国的机械制造业还是比较落后,高质量的、技术先进的机械设备计本上全部是国外企业提供的。随着社会的发展,人们的生活水平日益提高,各个方面的个性化需求越加强烈。作为已经深入到各行各业并已成为基础工业的机械制造业面临着严峻的挑战。 然而目前我国制造业总体的人力资源状况不佳,人力资源管理水平落后。中国机械制造业企业要从“中国制造”向“中国创造”转变需要大量的具有创新精神的科学技术人才、复合型的高级管理人才、高级技师、技师等熟练技术人才。在我国机械制造企业人力资源管理中还存在一些问题。主要包括对人力资源认识存在误区;缺乏现代人力资源管理的理念;人力资源资源使用率低;人力资源管理人员整体素质不高;缺乏科学合理的绩效考评与激励机制;人力资源管理规划缺乏科学性等六个方面。

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扉页(英文) CulturalFactorsinChinese&EnglishProve rbsTranslation (TimesNewRoman二号加粗居中) bR LiHairong WangZhiRun,Tutor (TimesNewRoman小二居中) RegisteredNo.0930******* FacultRofForeignLanguages ShanghaiBusinessSchool December,20RR (TimesNewRoman小二) 论文摘要(英文)及关键词 Abstract (TimesNewRoman二号,加粗,居中) Proverbsreflectcolorfulnationalculturein(TimesNewRoman四号)…………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ..............................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (空一行) KeRwords:proverbs;translation;culture;differences(TimesNewRoman四号) 说明: 1.关键词3-5个,词与词之间用分号隔开,除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写,最后一个词后面无标点符号。 2.“摘要”下空一行写摘要内容,摘要内容与关键词之间空一行。

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长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等,要求设备,所有设要求,对调整使案,编是指机确保机组中资料试

外文翻译 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的交互式仿真程序 Henryk Josiński, Adam ?witoński, Karol J?drasiak 著;李泽辉 译 摘要:本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则,代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统,然后扩展 形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程,以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型,和使用Matlab 的软件包来实现仿真。本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验,以及几种算法的计算,实现了每个单一步骤的整合。 1 简介 科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。数学模型 使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。模型试验,可以使人们不必真正的实 验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。 本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型,以增加模型的连续性和如何 避免不连续为原则。这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。其使用matlab 程 序包创建的数字模型,可以仿真人类运动。 文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都 有涉猎。动态的平面人体运动模型,提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。还值得一提的 是这类项目的参考书目,布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型,这个以人的 物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。人腿 模型虽然简单,但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。布鲁贝克等人还 介绍,在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上,从生物力学的角度而言,符合人体步行的 特征。这个模型具有一个躯干,双腿膝盖和脚踝。它能够合理的表现出人多样的步 态风格。一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。 图1. 力的分解 2 力的分解

论文外文翻译

Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that

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