中国关键词翻译

"中国关键词"权威英译

改革进入深水区 (2)

构建中美新型大国关系 (3)

国家治理体系和治理能力现代化 (4)

改革开放 (5)

共同富裕 (6)

公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的组成部分 (7)

改革需要全面考量、协调推进 (8)

关键技术要靠自己 (9)

发挥经济体制改革的牵引作用 (11)

党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一 (12)

邓小平理论 (12)

"大部制" (13)

对非"真、实、亲、诚" (13)

把权力关进制度的笼子里 (14)

和平、发展、合作、共赢成为时代潮流 (15)

和平共处五项原则 (16)

和平发展道路 (16)

坚持公平正义 (17)

简政放权 (18)

交流互鉴的文明观 (19)

基层群众自治制度 (20)

科学发展观 (21)

"两个一百年"奋斗目标 (21)

民族区域自治制度 (22)

命运共同体 (23)

民主集中制 (23)

摸着石头过河是中国智慧 (24)

美丽中国 (25)

全面建成小康社会 (26)

"亲、诚、惠、容"的周边外交理念 (27)

让权力在阳光下运行 (27)

人民代表大会制度 (29)

人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标 (30)

社会主义核心价值观 (31)

"三个代表"重要思想 (31)

丝绸之路精神 (32)

社会主义初级阶段 (32)

"三个自信" (33)

市场在资源配置中起决定性作用 (34)

深化司法体制改革 (35)

社会和谐 (36)

提升中欧全面战略伙伴关系 (36)

土地制度牵一发而动全身 (37)

统一战线 (38)

完善全球经济治理 (39)

维护国家核心利益 (39)

维护和发展开放型世界经济 (40)

协商民主 (40)

新型城镇化建设 (41)

新型亚洲安全观 (42)

行政体制改革 (43)

依宪治国 (43)

应对气候变化的基本立场 (44)

依法治国 (45)

中国梦 (46)

中国特色社会主义 (46)

中国特色社会主义的总依据 (47)

中国（上海）自由贸易试验区 (48)

中国特色社会主义制度 (49)

中国梦是人民的梦 (50)

尊重各国人民自主选择发展道路的权利 (51)

中国力量 (52)

正确的义利观 (52)

中国特色社会主义的总布局 (53)

改革进入深水区

当前，中国已经进入改革的深水区，到了一个新的重要关头。发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续问题依然突出，科技创新能力不强，产业结构不合理，发展方式依然粗放，城乡区域发展差距和居民收入分配差距依然较大，社会矛盾明显增多，教育、就业、社会保障、医疗、住房、生态环境、食品药品安全、安全生产、社会治安、执法司法等关系人民切身利益的问题较多，部分人民生活困难，形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风问题突出，一些领域消极腐败现象易发多发，反腐败斗争形势依然严峻，等等。这些问题中，有的牵涉复杂的部门利益，有的在思想认识上难以统一，有的要触动一些人的奶酪，都是难啃的硬骨头。这个时候需要更大的勇气，矛盾越大，问题越多，越要敢于啃硬骨头，敢于涉险滩，勇于冲突思想观念的障碍，勇于突破利益固化的藩篱，攻坚克难，勇往直前，做到改革不停顿、开放不止步。

Reform entering a deep-water zone

At present, China's reform has entered a deep-water zone and has reached a new critical point.

Unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development remains a big problem; China's capacity for scientific and technological innovation is not strong; its industrial structure is

distorted; its growth model is still too resource intensive; the development gap between urban and rural areas and between regions is still large; income disparities are striking; social problems are increasing significantly; there are many problems affecting people's vital interests in education, employment, social security, medical services, housing, the environment, food and drug safety, workplace safety, public security, law enforcement, and administration of justice; some people still lead a tough life; formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism, and extravagance are all a serious problem; some sectors are prone to corruption and other forms of misconduct; and the fight against corruption remains a serious challenge.

Some of these problems involve an array of departmental interests, for some it will be difficult to reach consensus, and some will encroach on certain people's interests.

So these are tough ones. Greater courage is needed.

The more problems and difficulties China faces, the more courageous it needs to be in grappling with the toughest of problems, braving the most treacherous of waters, overcoming obstacles in its way of thinking and the way it sees things, breaking down the barriers erected by vested interests, overcoming problems, and forging ahead.

China must never pause or falter in pressing ahead with reform and opening up.

构建中美新型大国关系

2013年6月，中国国家主席习近平与美国总统奥巴马在安纳伯格庄园会晤，提出共同努力构建中美新型大国关系，关于中美新型大国关系的内涵，习主席在会晤中用三句话作了概括：一是不冲突、不对抗。二是相互尊重。三是合作共赢。不冲突对抗，是构建中美新型大国关系的必要前提。相互尊重，是构建中美新型大国关系的基本原则。合作共赢，是中美构建新型大国关系的必由之路。

Developing a new model of major power relations between China and the United States

In June 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping held meetings with United States President Barack Obama at the Annenberg Retreat in California, where he put forth the proposal of constructing a new model of major power relations between the two countries. Xi summarized the connotations of the new relationship model in three phrases during the meetings: no conflict and no confrontation, mutual respect, and win-win cooperation. "No conflict and no confrontation" is a prerequisite of the new model of major power relations between the two countries; "mutual respect" is the basic principle for this new model; and "win-win cooperation" is the only way to turn this vision into a reality.

国家治理体系和治理能力现代化

国家治理体系和治理能力是一个国家制度和制度执行能力的集中体现。国家治理体系是在中国共产党领导下管理国家的制度体系，包括经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明和党的建设等各领域体制机制、法律法规安排，也就是一整套紧密相连、相互协调的国家制度。国家治理能力则是运用国家制度管理社会各方面事务的能力，包括改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军等各个方面。国家治理体系和治理能力是一个有机整体，相辅相成，有了好的国家治理体系才能提高治理能力，提高国家治理能力才能充分发挥国家治理体系的效能。推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，就是要适应时代变化，既改革不适应实践发展要求的体制机制、法律法规，又不断构建新的体制机制、法律法规，使各方面制度更加科学、更加完善，实现党、国家、社会各项事务治理制度化、规范化、程序化。要更加注重治理能力建设，增强按制度办事、依法办事意识，善于运用制度和法律治理国家，把各方面制度优势转化为管理国家的效能，提高党科学执政、民主执政、依法执政水平。

Modernizing China's governance system and capacity for governance

A country's governance system and governance capacity are very much reflective of that country's institutions and its ability to implement them.

China's governance system is an institutional system under the leadership of the CPC by which the country is governed.

It is comprised of institutions, mechanisms, laws and regulations regarding economics, politics, culture, society, ecological progress, and Party building. It means a complete set of closely connected and coordinated state institutions.

China's governance capacity is its actual ability to manage all affairs in Chinese society, including reform, development, and stability; internal affairs, foreign relations, and national defense; and Party, state and military affairs, through state institutions.

China's governance system and governance capacity complement each other and form an organic whole.

A good governance system is necessary to improve governance capacity, and improving governance capacity is requisite for a governance system to achieve maximum effectiveness.

To modernize it governance system and governance capacity, China needs to adapt to changing times by reforming institutions, mechanisms, laws and regulations that fail to keep pace with the development of praxis, while at the same time establishing new ones, so that all of our institutions are more rational and robust, and the governance of Party, state, and social affairs is more institutionalized, standardized and procedure-based.

China needs to work harder to improve its governance capacity, be more mindful of the need to act on the basis of institutions and in accordance with the law, and make better use of institutions and

laws in governing the country.

It needs to use all the strength of its system to make its governance more effective, and enhance the Party's capacity to govern scientifically, democratically, and in accordance with the law.

改革开放

改革开放是中国共产党历史上一次觉醒，是决定当代中国命运的关键一招，也是决定实现"两个100年"奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。改革开放永无止境，只有进行时，没有完成时。

1978年，面对十年"文化大革命"造成的危难局面，中国共产党召开了具有重大历史意义的十一届三中全会，开启了对内改革、对外开放的历史新时期。其目的就是要解放和发展生产力，实现国家现代化，让中国人民富裕起来。

中国改革开放最主要的成果是开创和发展了中国特色社会主义，中国人民的面貌、中国的面貌、中国共产党的面貌、中国与世界的关系都发生了深刻的变化。中国实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制、从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大历史转折。中国经济持续30年保持10%以上的增长速度，经济总量已经位居世界第二。中国解决了13亿人的温饱问题，为世界贫困人口减少的贡献超过70%。中国城镇居民人均可支配收入由343元增长到26900多元；农民人均纯收入由133元增长到8800多元，人民生活总体上达到小康水平。中国主动适应并积极参与世界格局变革调整进程，以负责任大国形象展现在世人面前，中国经济对世界经济的贡献率接近30%。中国依靠自己的力量实现了经济社会转型，没有发生对外战争、海外殖民和大规模的社会动荡，政治体制保持稳定，法治化程度不断提升，社会生活的自由度不断扩大，民众对政府的信任度接近90%。中国改革开放的成就得到国际社会广泛认可，中国发展转型的独特经验得到越来越多的国际关注。

Reform and opening up

Reform and opening up was an awakening the CPC has experienced in its history, a crucial move in making China what it is today and in achieving the Two Centenary Goals and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Reform and opening up are a never-ending process.

In 1978, to cope with the crisis resulting from the ten-year Cultural Revolution, the Eleventh CPC Central Committee held the historically significant third plenary session, which ushered in a new historic period of domestic reform and opening to the outside world.

All this was designed to liberate and develop productive forces, modernize the country and make the Chinese people prosperous.

The most important achievements of China's reform and opening up have been the creation and development of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the profound changes that have taken place among the Chinese people, in the country, the CPC, and the relations between China and the

world.

China has made the historic shift from a highly centralized planned economy to a vigorous socialist market economy and from a closed or semi-closed society to an entirely open society.

China's economy grew at more than 10 percent per annum for 30 years running, and has become the second biggest in the world. China has solved the food and clothing problem for its 1.3 billion people and is responsible for more than 70 percent of the reduction in the number of people living in poverty worldwide.

The per capita disposable income of China's urban residents has increased from RMB 343 to over RMB 26,900, while the per capita net income of its farmers has risen from RMB 133 to more than RMB 8,800. In general, the Chinese people now enjoy moderate prosperity.

China is adapting itself to and actively participating in changes to the world order and has the image of a responsible big power. It accounts for nearly 30 percent of the world economic growth.

China has transformed its economy and society on its own without getting involved in foreign wars, establishing overseas colonies or causing widespread social unrest.

Indeed, it has maintained political stability and is becoming increasingly law-based. The Chinese people are having more and more freedom in their social life and confidence in government is around 90 percent.

The achievements of China's reform and opening up are widely recognized by the international community, and the unique experiences China has gained in development and transformation are attracting more and more attention from abroad.

共同富裕

共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的根本原则。共同富裕就是全体人民通过辛勤劳动和相互帮助最终达到丰衣足食的生活水平。中国人多地广，共同富裕不是同时富裕，而是一部分人一部分地区先富起来，先富的帮助后富的，逐步实现共同富裕。中国将坚持社会主义基本经济制度和分配制度，调整国民收入分配格局，加大再分配调节力度，着力解决收入分配差距较大问题，使发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进。

Common prosperity

Common prosperity is the fundamental principle of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It refers to a state in which the whole nation enjoys ample food and clothing through hard work and mutual help. China is a vast country with a large population. Achieving common prosperity does not mean that all will become prosperous at the same time, but that, where conditions permit, some areas and some people may develop faster than others, and they will then help those that lag behind to catch up, so that all become prosperous over time. China will adhere to the basic

socialist economic system and income distribution system, adjust the pattern of national income distribution, step up efforts to adjust secondary distribution and work hard to narrow income gaps so that everyone can share in more of the fruits of development fairly, and move steadily toward common prosperity.

公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的组成部分

公有制经济和非公有制经济都是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。改革开放实施30多年来，中国所有制结构逐步调整，公有制经济和非公有制经济在发展经济、促进就业等方面的比重不断变化，增强了经济社会发展活力。坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，关系巩固和发展中国特色社会主义制度的重要支柱。一方面，必须毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，坚持公有制主体地位，发挥国有经济主导作用，不断增强国有经济活力、控制力、影响力。另一方面毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展，激发非公有制经济活力和创造力的改革举措。在功能定位上，公有制经济和非公有制经济都是中国经济社会发展的重要基础；在产权保护上，公有制经济财产权不可侵犯，非公有制经济财产权同样不可侵犯；在政策待遇上，坚持权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，实行统一的市场准入制度；鼓励非公有制企业参与国有企业改革，鼓励发展非公有资本控股的混合所有制企业，鼓励有条件的私营企业建立现代企业制度。

Both the public and non-public sectors of the economy as components of the socialist market economy

Since China introduced the reform and opening up policy more than 30 years ago, it has gradually adjusted its ownership structure, changing the proportions of the public and non-public sectors in pushing up economic growth and employment.

This has made economic and social development more dynamic. Adhering to and improving the basic economic system whereby public ownership is dominant and other forms of ownership develop side by side is vital for consolidating and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.

On one hand, China must remain firmly committed to strengthening and developing the public sector, maintaining its position as the major player, allowing the state-owned sector play a leading role, increasing its dynamism, control, and influence.

On the other hand, it must stay focused on encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the non-public sector, and stimulating its dynamism and creativity.

With regard to the functions of the public and non-public sectors, both are important foundations of China’s economic and social development.

With regard to property rights protection, the property rights of the non-public sector are inviolable just as those of the public sector.

With regard to policy treatment, China should ensure equal rights, opportunities, and rules for businesses in both sectors, and implement a unified market access system.

China should encourage non-public enterprises to contribute to SOE reform, encourage the development of mixed-ownership enterprises in which private capital holds a majority stake, and encourage qualified private companies to establish modern corporate structures.

改革需要全面考量、协调推进

作为一个大国，中国不能在根本性问题上出现颠覆性失误，一旦出现就无可挽回、无法弥补。全面深化改革涉及面广，是一个系统工程，必须坚持全面改革，必须慎之又慎。尤其是随着改革开放不断深入，改革开放的关联性和互动性明显增强，遇到的阻力必然越来越大，这就要求更加注重各项改革的相互促进、良性互动，在各项改革协同配合中推进。

全面考量，就是要在深入调查研究的基础上提出全面深化改革的顶层设计和总体规划，提出改革的战略目标、战略重点、优先顺序、主攻方向、工作机制、推进方式，提出改革总体方案、路线图、时间表，就是要对经济体制、政治体制、文化体制、社会体制、生态体制做出统筹设计，加强对各项改革关联性的研判，努力做到全局和局部相配套、治本和治标相结合、渐进和突破相促进。

协同推进，就是要增强改革措施的协调性。我们的改革历来就是全面改革。那种认为中国改革在政治体制改革等方面滞后的说法是不正确的。在某些方面、某个时期，快一点、慢一点是有的，但总体上不存在中国改革哪些方面改了，哪些方面没有改。问题的实质是改什么、不改什么，有些不改的、不能改的，再过多长时间也是不改，这不能说不改革。

改革胆子要大，但步子也要稳。政策举措出台之前必须经过反复论证和科学评估，力求切合实际、行之有效、行之久远。同时，对看准了的改革，要下决心推进，争取早日取得成效。对涉及面广泛的改革，要同时推进配套改革，协调推进。

Giving reforms careful thought and implementing them in concert with one another

As a large country, China absolutely cannot make catastrophic mistakes on fundamental issues. If it does, they may be irreversible and irreparable.

Comprehensively driving the reform to a deeper level involves a wide range of areas, and is a systemic project.

China must persevere with making its reforms comprehensive and proceed with extreme caution.

As reform and opening up deepens, the interconnectedness of and interplay between reform and opening up initiatives increase significantly, naturally China is encountering more and more resistance.

This requires it to pay more attention to the mutual reinforcement and positive interplay of all reforms and carry them out in a coordinated manner.

Giving reforms careful thought means formulating a top-level design and an integrated plan for comprehensively deepening them; working out its strategic objectives, strategic focus, priorities, main directions to push ahead, work mechanisms, and ways to propel it forward; and laying out an integrated program, roadmap, and timetable for reform on the basis of thorough research and investigation.

It also means drawing up an overall plan for economic, political, cultural, social and ecological systems; better examining how different reforms are interrelated; and striving to ensure that the whole and the individual parts are coordinated, both symptoms and root causes are addressed, and steady progress and breakthroughs promote each other.

Implementing reforms in concert with one another means better coordinating reform measures.

China's reform has always been comprehensive. It is wrong to say that it lags behind in political systems and other areas.

It is true that reforms have proceeded more quickly or slowly in certain respects or at particular times, but on the whole, there is no such thing that reform is occurring in some areas but not in others.

The question is what to change and what not to change. Certain things that aren't being changed and can't be changed will never be changed, but this does not mean we are not reforming.

It needs both to be bold in reform and take sure steps.

Before being introduced, policies and measures must be subjected to repeated debate and careful evaluation to ensure that they are practical and effective and can stand the test of time.

At the same time, once China is sure what reforms are required, it should proceed with firmness of purpose and strive for results as soon as possible.

For reforms that have broad ramifications, China should carry out related reforms alongside them in concert.

关键技术要靠自己

自力更生是中华民族自立于世界民族之林的基点，自主创新是中国攀登世界科技高峰的必由之路。一个国家只是经济体量大，还不能代表强。中国是一个大国，在科技创新上要有自己

的东西，不能做其他国家的技术附庸。

中国科技发展的方向就是创新、创新、再创新。要高度重视原始性专业基础理论突破，加强科学基础设施建设，保证基础性、系统性、前沿性技术研究和技术研发持续推进，强化自主创新成果的源头供给。要积极主动整合和利用好全球创新资源，从中国现实需求、发展需求出发，有选择、有重点地参加国际大科学装置和科研基地及其中心建设和利用。要准确把握重点领域科技发展的战略机遇，选准关系全局和长远发展的战略必争领域和优先方向，通过高效合理配置，深入推进协同创新和开放创新，构建高效强大的共性关键技术供给体系，努力实现关键技术重大突破，把关键技术掌握在自己手里。

Relying on China's own efforts to develop key technologies

Self-reliance has been a foundation for the Chinese nation to stand tall in the family of nations, and innovation by relying on its own initiative is a must for China to scale the heights of science and technology in the world.

A country with a large economy is not necessarily a strong country.

China is a large country, so it must have its own scientific and technological innovations and should not become a technological vassal of other countries.

The orientation for scientific and technological development in China is innovation, innovation and yet more innovation.

China needs to work hard to make basic theoretical breakthroughs in traditional fields; improve science infrastructure; ensure sustained progress in research on fundamental, systemic and frontier technologies and in technological R&D; and increase supply to projects of technological advances based on independent innovation.

It needs to actively integrate and make good use of global resources for innovation.To meet its present and development demand China should participate in the development and use of selected, major international scientific facilities and scientific research bases or centers.

China needs to seize strategic opportunities for developing science and technology in key areas, focus on priority areas of strategic importance that are vital to its overall and long-term development.

The country also needs to efficiently and rationally allocate resources, deepen collaborative and open innovation, build an effective and strong supply system for key standard technologies, strive to make major breakthroughs in key technologies and keep them firmly in its hands.

发挥经济体制改革的牵引作用

中共中央十八届三中全会决定描绘的全面深化改革的路线图中，突出强调以经济体制改革为重点，发挥经济体制改革牵引作用。这是因为，中国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情没有变，人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾这一社会主要矛盾没有变，中国是世界最大发展中国家的国际地位没有变。这就决定了经济建设仍然是中心工作。坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇，就必须坚持以经济体制改革为重点不动摇。当前，制约科学发展的体制机制障碍不少集中在经济领域，经济体制改革任务远远没有完成，经济体制改革的潜力还没有充分释放出来。经济基础决定上层建筑，经济体制改革对其他方面改革具有重要影响和传导作用，重大经济体制改革的进度决定着其他方面很多体制改革的进度，具有牵一发而动全身的作用。在全面深化改革中，我们要坚持以经济体制改革为主轴，努力在重要领域和关键环节改革上取得新突破，以此牵引和带动其他领域改革，使各方面改革协同推进、形成合力，而不是各自为政、分散用力。

Letting economic structural reform play the role in leading other reforms

The decision of the Third Plenary Session the 18th CPC Central Committee drew a roadmap for comprehensively deepening reform.

The roadmap stresses the need to stay focused on economic structural reform and make full use of its leading role.

This is because China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come.

This basic condition has not changed; nor has the major problem of how we can meet the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people given the underdeveloped productive capacity of society; and nor has China's international status as the world's largest developing country.

This is why China has to keep economic development as its central task. To make sure that China does not waver in doing so, it must stay focused on economic structural reform. At present, many of the institutions and mechanisms constraining China's development in a balanced manner are found in the economic sphere.

The task of economic structural reform is far from complete, and the potential of this reform has not been fully unleashed.

The economic basis determines the superstructure and economic structural reform has an important influence and ripple effect on reforms in other fields.

The progress of major economic structural reforms determines the progress of many other structural reforms, and indeed affects all our reform efforts.

As China comprehensively deepens reform, it needs to keep economic structural reform as the principal axis, strive to make new breakthroughs in the reforms of important areas, and use them to drive other reforms, so that all reforms move forward together and form a synergy, rather than being uncoordinated so that their effects are dissipated.

党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一

坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，这是中国推进政治文明建设必须遵循的基本方针，也是中国社会主义政治文明的本质特征。党的领导是人民当家作主和依法治国的根本保证，人民当家作主是社会主义民主政治的本质要求，依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。要坚持发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，切实保证国家一切权力属于人民，坚持依法治国和依法行政。

The unity of CPC leadership, the position of the people as masters of the country and the rule of law

Upholding the unity of CPC leadership, the position of the people as masters of the country and the rule of law is a basic principle China must follow as it promotes political progress. It is also an inherent feature of socialist political progress in China. CPC leadership is a fundamental guarantee for the position of the people as masters of the country and the rule of law. The position of the people as masters of the country is an intrinsic requirement of socialist democracy. The rule of law is a basic strategy for the CPC leading the people in governing the country. It is essential to ensure that the CPC plays its role as the core leadership in the course of exercising overall leadership and coordinating efforts from all concerned, to guarantee that all power of the state belongs to the people and to remain committed to the rule of law and law-based governance.

邓小平理论

中共十一届三中全会（1978年12月18日至22日在北京举行）以来，以邓小平为主要代表的中国共产党人，总结中华人民共和国建立以来正反两方面的经验教训，解放思想，实事求是，实现全党工作中心向经济建设的转移，实行改革开放，开辟了社会主义事业发展的新时期，逐步形成了建设中国特色社会主义的路线、方针、政策，阐明了在中国建设社会主义、巩固和发展社会主义的基本问题。1997年召开的中共十五大，将邓小平关于建设有中国特色社会主义的理论定名为邓小平理论，同马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想并列为党的指导思想。

Deng Xiaoping Theory

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC (held in Beijing, December 18-22, 1978), Chinese Communists, with Deng Xiaoping as their chief representative,

reviewed their positive and negative experiences in building socialism since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, opened up their minds, sought truth from facts, shifted the focus of the whole Party's work onto economic development and adopted the policy of reform and opening up, thereby ushering in a new era in socialist development. Over time, they established the line, principles and policies for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, which clarified basic issues concerning the building, consolidation and development of socialism in China.

At the 15th National Congress of the CPC held in 1997, the theory initiated by Deng Xiaoping on building socialism with Chinese characteristics was named Deng Xiaoping Theory, and designated, together with Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, as the guiding thought of the CPC.

"大部制"

"大部制"即为大部门体制，即在政府的部门设置中，将那些职能相近的部门、业务范围趋同的事项相对集中，由一个部门统一管理，最大限度地避免政府职能交叉、政出多门、多头管理，从而提高行政效率，降低行政成本。中国的大部门体制改革始于2008年，中央及各地采取了一系列措施推行大部制改革。2012年11月，中共十八大报告要求"稳步推进大部门制改革，健全部门职责体系"。2013年3月14日，十二届全国人大一次会议表决通过了关于国务院机构改革和职能转变方案的决定，国务院组成部门调整为25个。

The system of "larger government departments"

Under the system of creating "larger government departments", departments with similar functions and business areas are merged so that they no longer have overlapping functions, formulate their own policies or manage the same areas. This will improve the efficiency of administrative services and reduce administrative costs. This system was first introduced in 2008 when central and local governments carried out reforms to form "larger departments". The political report delivered at the 18th National Congress of the CPC in November 2012 called for efforts to "steadily advance reform to merge government departments and improve division of functions among them." On March 14, 2013, the First Session of the 12th NPC voted to approve the decision on the institutional reform and functional transformation of the State Council, which cut the number of departments of the State Council to 25.

对非"真、实、亲、诚"

2013年3月，习近平主席在达累斯萨拉姆发表演讲，总结中非友好关系发展历史经验，全面阐述了新时期中非共谋和平、同促发展的政策主张。第一，对待非洲朋友，讲一个"真"

字，始终把发展同非洲国家的团结合作作为中国对外政策的重要基础。第二，开展对非合作，讲一个"实"字，只要是中方作出的承诺，就一定会不折不扣落到实处。第三，加强中非友好，讲一个"亲"字。中非人民有着天然的亲近感，要更加重视中非人文交流，积极推动青年交流，使中非友好事业后继有人。第四，解决合作中的问题，讲一个"诚"字，中方坦诚面对中非关系面临的新情况新问题，本着相互尊重、合作共赢的精神加以妥善解决。

Developing relations with Africa with sincerity, real results, affinity and good faith

In March 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered a speech in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in which he summarized the history of Sino-African friendship and the experience of developing such a friendship, and elaborated on his proposals for concerted efforts to promote peace and development in the new era.

First, he said, China will always treat its African friends sincerely. Unity and cooperation with African countries have always been an important foundation of China's foreign policy. Second, in conducting cooperation with Africa, China values real results. China will faithfully honor every commitment it makes to Africa. Third, in strengthening friendship with Africa, China seeks to cultivate a relationship of affinity. The Chinese and African people have a natural affinity, and greater value should be placed on people-to-people exchanges between China and Africa, especially exchanges between their youths, so that their friendship can be passed on to the younger generations. Fourth, in addressing problems in cooperation with Africa, China has always acted in good faith. China will face squarely and sincerely the new developments and new problems confronting relations with Africa, and the two sides should properly handle any problems that may arise in a spirit of mutual respect and win-win cooperation.

把权力关进制度的笼子里

在中国，一切权力都是人民赋予的，只能用来为人民谋利益。

把权力关进制度的笼子里,就是要加强对权力运行的制约和监督,形成不敢腐的惩戒机制、不能腐的防范机制、不易腐的保障机制。这三个机制实际上就是标本兼治、惩防并举的反腐倡廉体系的制度化标准。围绕三个机制建设，中国已建立纲纪严明的制度规范，让制度发挥其应有的作用。真正做到：任何人都没有法律之外的绝对权力，任何人行使权力都必须为人民服务、对人民负责并自觉接受人民监督。

Confining power to an institutional cage

All power in China is bestowed by the people and should be exercised only for the benefit of the people.

To Confine power to an institutional cage means to strengthen constraints on and oversight of the

exercise of power by establishing a disciplinary mechanism that makes officials afraid to become corrupt, a preventive mechanism that stops them from being corrupt and a safeguard mechanism that makes it difficult to become corrupt. These three mechanisms are the institutional standards of the system for fighting corruption and upholding integrity, a system that addresses both the symptoms and root causes of corruption and combines punishment and prevention. On the basis of these mechanisms, China has established strict institutions and put them to best use. All this is designed to ensure that no official enjoys absolute power above the law and that all officials exercise power to serve the people, are accountable to them and willingly accept their oversight.

和平、发展、合作、共赢成为时代潮流

当今世界正在发生深刻复杂变化。和平与发展仍是时代主题，和平、发展、合作、共赢成为不可阻挡的时代潮流，旧的殖民体系土崩瓦解，冷战时期的集团对抗不复存在，任何国家或国家集团都再也无法单独主宰世界事务。一大批新兴市场国家和发展中国家走上发展的快车道，十几亿、几十亿人口正在加速走向现代化，多个发展中心在世界各地区逐渐形成，国际力量对比继续朝着有利于世界和平与发展的方向发展。同时，世界仍很不太平，人类依然面临诸多难题和挑战。面对世界多极化、经济全球化深入发展和文化多样化、社会信息化持续推进，今天的人类比以往任何时候都更有条件朝和平与发展的目标迈进，更应努力构建合作共赢的新型国际关系。

Peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit are trends of the times.

The world today is undergoing profound and complicated changes. Peace and development remain the main themes, and peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit have become irresistible trends of the times. With the collapse of old colonial systems and the end of the bloc confrontation of the Cold War era, no individual state or group of states can dominate world affairs alone. A large number of emerging-markets and developing countries are on the fast track of development, with billions of people speeding toward modernization. As multiple development centers spring up across the world, the balance of international forces is tipping in favor of world peace and development.

At the same time, the world is far from being peaceful, and human society still faces various problems and challenges. With growing trends toward multi-polarity, deepening economic globalization, increasing cultural diversity and an emerging information society, the world today enjoys better conditions than ever before to realize peace and development and develop a new model of international relations characterized by win-win cooperation.

和平共处五项原则

1954年，中国、印度、缅甸共同倡导了互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则。这是国际关系史上的重大创举，为推动建立公正合理的新型国际关系作出了历史性贡献。

和平共处五项原则生动反映了联合国宪章宗旨和原则，并赋予这些宗旨和原则以可见、可行、可依循的内涵。60年来，历经国际风云变幻的考验，和平共处五项原则作为一个开放包容的国际法原则，集中体现了主权、正义、民主、法治的价值观。

新形势下，中国将继续做弘扬和平共处五项原则的表率，同国际社会一道，推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

In 1954, China, India and Myanmar jointly proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, namely, mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. This was a major initiative in the history of international relations and a historic contribution to the building of a new type of just and equitable international relations.

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence give concrete expression to the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and facilitate their implementation. Having been tested by the evolution of international relations in the past six decades, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, as open and inclusive principles of international law, embody the values of sovereignty, justice, democracy and rule of law.

In the new era today, China will continue to be a pacesetter in observing the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and work with the rest of the international community to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.

和平发展道路

和平发展道路归结起来就是：既通过维护世界和平发展自己，又通过自身发展维护世界和平；在强调依靠自身力量和改革创新实现发展的同时，坚持对外开放，学习借鉴别国长处；顺应经济全球化发展潮流，寻求与各国互利共赢和共同发展；同国际社会一道努力，推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。

中国将坚定不移走和平发展道路，同时也将推动各国共同坚持和平发展。中国将积极承担更

多国际责任，同世界各国一道维护人类良知和国际公理，在世界和地区事务中主持公道、伸张正义。

中国主张以和平方式解决国际争端，反对各种形式的霸权主义和强权政治，永远不称霸，永远不搞扩张。主张坚持共赢精神，在追求本国利益的同时兼顾别国利益，做到惠本国、利天下，推动走出一条合作共赢、良性互动的路子。

中国改革开放30多年的历史已经证明，和平发展是中国基于自身国情、社会制度、文化传统作出的战略抉择，顺应时代潮流，符合中国根本利益，符合周边国家利益，符合世界各国利益。

Path of peaceful development

In essence, the path of peaceful development refers to the following: developing oneself while maintaining world peace, and maintaining world peace through one's own development; opening wider to the rest of the world and learning from the experiences of other countries while pursuing development through one's own efforts, reform and innovation; following the trend of economic globalization and seeking mutual benefit and common development with other countries; and working with the international community to build a harmonious world with lasting peace and common prosperity.

China will adhere to the path of peaceful development and encourage all countries to pursue peaceful development. It will take on more international responsibilities, work with other countries to safeguard the human conscience and international justice, and stand for justice in regional and international affairs.

China advocates peaceful solutions to international disputes and opposes hegemonism and power politics in all forms. It never seeks hegemony or expansion, but advocates the spirit of mutually beneficial progress and accommodating other countries' interests while pursuing one's own so as to bring benefits to one's own people and the rest of the world as a whole and promote a path of win-win cooperation and positive interaction among different countries.

China's experience of reform and opening up over the past 30 years and more has proved that peaceful development is a strategic choice that suits China's national conditions, social system and cultural traditions. It conforms to the trend of the times and serves the fundamental interests of China. It also meets the interests of China's neighboring countries and those of all countries in the world.

坚持公平正义

坚持公平正义是中国特色社会主义的内在要求。要在全体人民共同奋斗、经济社会发展的基础上，加紧建设对保障社会公平正义具有重大作用的制度，逐步建立以权利公平、机会公平、

规则公平为主要内容的社会公平保障体系，努力营造公平的社会环境，保证人民平等参与、平等发展权利。

Fairness and justice

Fairness and justice are inherent requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Based on the concerted efforts of its entire people and its economic and social development, China must step up efforts to develop institutions that are vital to ensuring social fairness and justice. It must also establish in due course a system guaranteeing social fairness that features, among other things, equal rights, equal opportunities and fair rules for all, and foster a fair social environment and ensure people's equal right to participation in governance and development.

简政放权

"简政"，即解决机构职能交叉、政出多门、人浮于事、相互掣肘的现象，解决社会公共产品和服务提供不足、行政效率低下的问题。"放权"，则是解决对经济活动审批过多、审批程序复杂、审批周期长效率低的问题，解决政府管了一些不该管的事情、一些该管的事情却没管好的问题。

中国本届政府把加快转变职能、简政放权作为开门第一件大事。到2013年底，分批取消和下放了416项行政审批等事项，2014年还将取消和下放审批事项200项以上。转变政府职能的核心要义，是要切实做好"放管"结合。"'放'是放活，而不是放任；'管'要管好，而不是管死。"简政放权是为了理顺政府与市场的关系，更好地发挥市场在资源配置的作用，归根结底是促改革调结构惠民生。由事前审批变为事中事后监管，不是给政府工作"减压"，而是相关工作要做得更细致，监管要更到位。这种工作方式的转变，对政府职能部门提出了更高的要求：不仅观念要变，更要增长能力，要主动研究市场规律，具备前瞻眼光，对市场发展有利的要积极鼓励，对市场发展不利的要及时调整。

Streamlining administration and delegating more power to lower-level governments

Streamlining administration means solving the problems of government having g overlapping functions, being overstaffed and impeding each other, and the problems of an inadequate supply of social public goods and services and low government efficiency.

Delegating more power to lower-level governments means solving the problems of subjecting too many economic activities to government approval, having complicated approval procedures and taking too long to approve them, and solving the problems of the government managing things it should not manage and poorly managing things it should manage.

The current Chinese government has made it a top priority to accelerate the functional transformation of government and the streamlining of administration and delegation of more power to lower-level governments.

By the end of 2013, the government had abolished or delegated to lower levels several times a total of 416 items previously subject to State Council review and approval. In 2014, the government will abolish or delegate to lower levels more than 200 items currently subject to State Council review and approval.

The key for transforming government functions is to strive for a proper balance between delegation and control. "To delegate" is to activate the market, not to let things run loose while "to control" means to exercise appropriate management, not to bring things to stagnation,

Streamlining administration and delegating more power means better defining the relationship between the government and the market, allowing the market to play a better role in allocating resources, and ultimately promoting reform, adjusting the structure and improving people's lives.

The focus of administrative management procedures will shift from prior approval to mid-event control and subsequent supervision.

This does not mean a reduction in the workload of the government.

On the contrary, it means that the government must work more carefully and exercise more effective oversight and supervision.

This change in work method imposes higher requirements on government departments: they should not only change their attitude but also become more competent, take the initiative to study how the market works, have foresight, encourage whatever helps the market develop, and change whatever undermines its development.

交流互鉴的文明观

文明是多彩的，人类文明因多样才有交流互鉴的价值。文明是平等的，人类文明因平等才有交流互鉴的前提。文明是包容的，人类文明因包容才有交流互鉴的动力。

当今世界，人类生活在不同文化、种族、肤色、宗教和不同社会制度所组成的世界里，各国人民形成了你中有我、我中有你的命运共同体。应该推动不同文明相互尊重、和谐共处，让文明交流互鉴成为增进各国人民友谊的桥梁、推动人类社会进步的动力、维护世界和平的纽带。应该从不同文明中寻求智慧、汲取营养，为人们提供精神支撑和心灵慰藉，携手解决人类共同面临的各种挑战。

Exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations

Civilizations are diverse, and such diversity makes exchanges and mutual learning among them

relevant and valuable. Civilizations are equal, and such equality provides the prerequisite for exchanges and mutual learning. Civilizations are inclusive, and such inclusiveness gives the motivation for exchanges and mutual learning among them.

We live in a world with different cultures, ethnic groups, skin colors, religions and social systems, and the people of all countries have become members of an intimate community with a shared destiny. We should encourage different civilizations to respect each other and live in harmony, so that exchanges and mutual learning between them becomes a bridge for promoting friendship between people around the world, an engine driving progress of human society and a bond cementing world peace. We should draw wisdom and nourishment and seek spiritual support and psychological consolation from different civilizations and work together to tackle the challenges facing mankind.

基层群众自治制度

随着中国的发展和进步，全国各地城乡基层民主不断扩大，公民有序的政治参与渠道增多，民主的实现形式日益丰富。目前，中国已经建立了以农村村民委员会、城市居民委员会和企业职工代表大会为主要内容的基层民主自治体系。广大人民在城乡基层群众性自治组织中，依法直接行使民主选举、民主决策、民主管理和民主监督的权利，对所在基层组织的公共事务和公益事业实行民主自治，已经成为当代中国最直接、最广泛的民主实践。截止到2012年11月，全国98%以上村委会实行直接选举，85%的村建立村民会议或村民代表会议制度，89%的社区建立居民代表大会。

The system of community-level self-government

As China develops and progresses, both urban and rural areas throughout the country are enjoying more and more community-level democracy, the number of channels through which Chinese citizens participate in politics is increasing and there is ever-greater democracy. China has established a system of community-level democratic self-government, which is mainly comprised of rural villagers' committees, urban residents' committees and enterprise workers' congresses. Members of urban and rural self-government organizations at the community level directly exercise their right to democratic elections, policy-making, management and oversight. They exercise democratic self-government with regard to public affairs and non-profit undertakings of their organizations. This has become the most direct and extensive form of democracy in China today. In November 2012, more than 98 percent of China's villagers' committees were elected directly, 85 percent of the villages had villagers' committees or congresses, and 89 percent of the urban communities had residents' congresses.