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(完整版)英译汉常出现的问题

(完整版)英译汉常出现的问题
(完整版)英译汉常出现的问题

英译汉常出现的问题英译汉,不论是在教学的过程中还是在实际翻译的过程当中,不少人只求译文的“忠实、通顺”而忽视译文的“雅”。那么,忠实通顺的译文是否就是地道的、自然的、合乎汉语习惯的译文呢?这祥的译文是否就是完美的译文呢?有许多忠实通顺的译文,却不地道,不自然。现将常出现的问题举例结构不合理,句子不自然

(1)There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism. 全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。

译文主语的定语长,使得整个句子头重脚轻。试译为:全世界人将在社会主义的阳光下过幸福的生活,这一天是一定会来到的。

(2)The sun,which had hidden all day ,now came out in all its splendor. 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳,现在又光芒四射地露面了。

原文里的定语从句,是补叙性的,译成汉语,不一定放在被修饰名词之前。原文没有“又” 这个意思,应去掉。试译为:太阳一整天都躲在云里,现在出来了,光芒四射。

(3)I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备出故障,就是引擎出故障,或二者都出故障。

“我曾碰到过”,句子突然中止,好象无宾语,但实际上宾语却是很长的三个分句,这不合乎汉语表达习惯。可在“碰到过”后加上“这种现象”或将宾语提前。试译为:不是氧气设备出故障,就是引擎出故障,或者它们都出故障,这些我都碰到过。

(4 )Captured documents which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner-of-war reports that we have obtained in recent months led us to believe that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially.

我们从经由这个走廊进来的人身上缴获的文件,加上近几个月从战俘那里得到的口供,使人们相信,渗透的规模确实扩大了。

译文基本上没有脱离原文的结构,“文件”和“口供”作主语,前边的定语都比较长,所以,主语就显得过长,读起来不上口。试译:我们从经由这个走廊进来的人员身上缴获了一些文件,近几个月来,也从战俘那儿得到了一些口供,这些使我们相信,渗透的规模确实是扩大了。

2.选词不准确,表达不地道

(1)After Aunt Lena had heard about the family trouble ,she agreed to look for a job. 丽娜姨听见了家庭的困难情况后,同意去找工作。

“听见了”可改译为“闻知”,“家庭”可改译为“家里”。试译为:丽娜姨闻知家里的困境之后,同意去找工作。

(2)The teenagers don ‘t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket. 青少年们不邀请鲍伯参加他们的聚会因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。

“青少年”属集合的概念,反映青少年的集合体,而不反映个体,所以,不可在它的前边加上数量词或在后边加“们”。teenagers在汉语里没有相对应的词,可译为“年轻人”。试译为:那些年轻人不让鲍伯参加他们的聚会,因为他是一个令人扫兴的家伙。

(3)These planes were held back to protect the enemy ‘ s home islands instead of being used where they were badly needed.

这些飞机被留在后方保卫敌人本岛,未用于其它急需的地方。

“保卫”是一个褒义词,不应用在此句。“敌人本岛”不合乎汉语习惯表达。试译为:敌人没有把这些飞机用到最需要的地方去,而是把它们留下来,在岛上守卫他们的老巢。

3.音节不匀称,句子较生硬

(1)This failure was the making of him. 这次不成功是他成功的基础。

把failure 译为“不成功”,是画蛇添足,这不但使句子的音节不够整齐,而且在这短短的句子里,有两个“成功”相连,读起来不顺,听起来也不悦耳。试译为:这次失败促使了他的成功。

(2)In the negative ,right and left ,and black and white are reversed.照片底片上,左右黑白与正片恰好相反。

“照片”与“底片”连在一起,使词误的声音搭配不好。试译为:底片上的左右黑白,与照片上的恰好相反。

(3)They drove in a black limousine ,passed groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.

他们乘坐一辆黑色轿车,经过一丛丛的白梆树和看不到尽头的一排排千篇一律的新住宅。

“新住宅”前的定语过长,句子的音节也不匀称,节奏感不强,因而,句子无气势。试译为:他们乘坐一辆黑色轿车,经过一丛丛的白烨树和一排排的新楼房。这些楼房,千篇一律,望不到头。

由以上译例看来,英译汉光讲“忠实通顺”显然是不够的,还要讲“雅”。“雅”是指句式结构的合理性,选用词语的确切性和语言声音的和谐性。只有这样,译文才能更加完美,同时也能给人以美的感受。

对英译汉技巧的探讨

要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难;首先是英文理解难,这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉,由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同,所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章,而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续,极为别扭。二是中文表达难,英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇,往往被弄得头昏眼花,好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙,却没有。另外,英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高,因为我们所翻译的文章,其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域,而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情,如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难,所以,我们必须通过翻译实践,对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结,以找出一般的表达规律来,避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误,而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。

一、词义的选择和引伸技巧

英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手:

1 、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义

They are as like as two peas . 他们相似极了。(形容词)

He likes mathematics more than physics . 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。(动词)Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals . 小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词)

2 、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。

He is the last man to come . 他是最后来的。

He is the last person for such a job . 他最不配干这个工作。

He should be the last man to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。

This is the last place where I expected to meet you . 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方

见到你。

词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如果任意硬套或逐词死译,就会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引伸,引伸时,往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。

1 、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时,应根据上下文和逻

辑关系,引伸转译。

The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat . 太阳能主要

以光和热的形式传到地球。

2 、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。

The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round the earth. 最后

一级火箭升得更高,把“阿波罗号”送进围绕地球运行的轨道。

3 、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词,或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。

Every life has its roses and thorns . 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

二、词类转译技巧

在英译汉过程中,有些句子可以逐词对译,有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同,就不能逐词对译,只能将词类进行转译之后,方可使译文显得通顺、自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。

1 、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way . 植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方式加以说明。(名词转译)As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on . 他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。

2 、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. 我们居住的地球,形状象一个大球。(动词转译)The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded . 医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。(形容词转换)

3 、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。

It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。(作表语的名词转译)The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man . 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。(副词转译)4 、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor . 只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。(名词转译)

三、汉译的增词技巧

英译汉时,按意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词,使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容;但是,增加的并不是无中生有,而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词,这是英译汉中常用的的技巧之一。增词技巧一般分作两种情况。

1 、根据意义上或修辞上的需要,可增加下列七类词。

Flowers bloom all over the yard . 朵朵鲜花满院盛开。(增加表示名词复数的词)

After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly . 在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他疲倦地回到了家里。(增加动词)

He sank down with his face in his hands . 他两手蒙着脸,一屁股坐了下去。(增加副

词)

I had known two great social systems . 那是以前,他就经历过两大社会制度。(增加

表达时态的词)

As for me ,I didn ' t agree from the very beginning . 我呢,从一开始就不赞成。(增

加语气助词)

The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets .

本文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭

这三方面的新成就。(增加概括词)

2 、根据句法上的需要增补一此词汇。

Reading makes a full man ;conference a ready man ;writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确.(增补原文句子中所省略的动词)

All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight. 大家都知道地球上的一切物质都肯有重量。(增补被动句中泛指性的词)

四、正反、反正汉译技巧正反、反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式,采用变换语气的办法处理词句,把肯定的译成否定的,把否定的译成肯定的。运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求,且不失原意。这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述。

1 、肯定译否定

The above facts insist on the following conclusions . 上述事实使人们不能不得出以

下结论。

2 、否定译肯定

She won ' t go away until you promise to he lp her . 她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走。

3 、双否定译肯定

There can be no sunshine without shadow 有阳光就有阴影。

但是,如果翻译时保留英语原来的“否定之否定”的形式并不影响中文的流畅时,则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气。如He is not unequal to the duty . 他并非不称职。

4 、正反移位

I don ' t think he will come . 我认为他不会来了。

5 、译为部分否定

Not all minerals come from mines . 并非所有矿物都来自矿山。

Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.

不是两种物质都溶于水。

五、汉译的重复技巧重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧。由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某

些词才能使译文表达明确具体;又由于英汉语言结构不同,重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同,大致可分为三种。

1 、为了明确

I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble. 我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障(重复名词)Under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at C and steam at 100C.

在常压下,水在摄氏零度时变成冰,在摄氏一百度时变成蒸汽。(重复动词)

A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.

一个地方有一个地方的全局,一个国家有一个国家的全局,一个地球有一个地球的全局(重复谓语部分)

2 、为了强调

He wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding. 他在街头游来荡去,想了又想,盘算了又盘算。

3 、为了生动

While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patch es of light . they are

really enormous bodies. 星星和星云看起来只是斑点点,或者是小片的光,但它们确实是巨大的天体。

六、倒译技巧英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别,因此英译汉时作些调整,颠倒一下顺序,则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧,这种翻译技巧共分五种类型。

1 、复合句倒译技巧。复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧。

This university 6 newly _established faculties ,namely .Electronic

Computer ,High Energy Physics ,Laser ,Geo-physics ,Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering. 这所大学现在有电子计算机、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的专业。(部分倒译)

Many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered. 虽然许多自然规律还没被发现,但是它们确实在自然界中存在。(完全倒译)

2 、被动句倒译的技巧。被动句倒译时,有时可将被动句倒译成主动句,有时可将状语倒译成主语。

The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it. 虽然我们看不见原子结构,但能准确地描述它。(被动句倒译成主动句)

Table tennis is played all over China . 中国到处都打乒乓球。(状语倒译成主语)

3 、以否定型副词或条件副词开头的句子的部分倒译技巧。能引起这种倒译的副词有no ,never ,hardly ,no longer . in no way ,not until ,not even ,only 等。

Never before have I read such an interesting book . 我从来没有读过这样有趣的书。

4 、带有介词短语句子的部分倒译技巧

These date will be of some value in our research work . 这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值。

5 、习语的倒译技巧。习语的倒译可分为按照汉语的固定顺序倒译和从轻重上加以区分进行倒译以及逆时间顺序进行倒译三种技巧。

For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,North China Plain ,which is densely populated. 黄河最后的六百英里,向东流过平坦肥沃、人口密集的华北平原。(按照汉语的固定顺序倒

译)

Heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism. 救死扶伤,实行革命的人道主义。(以轻重上区分进行倒译)

We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand . 我们必须眼疾手快。(逆时间顺序倒

译)

七、句子成份的转译技巧

英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,在具体英译汉时,有时往往需要转换一下句子成分,才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧,其内容和形式都比较丰富,运用范围也相当广泛,共包括五个方面的内容。

1 、主语转译技巧,可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。

The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air. 机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。(转译成定语)

To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed. 为了使火箭各级全部离开地面,需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。(转译成宾语)Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly. 因为机械的缘故,工厂里出的产品比起以前来,价格便宜多了。(转译成状语)2 、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。

Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight . 雷达的工作原理和手电

筒极为相同。

3 、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。

Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.

各种自动车床的作用基本相同,但形式不同

4 、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。

Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton. 中子的质量略大于质子的质量。(转译成谓语)Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research. 现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手,以保证科研工作的成功。(转译成状语)

5 、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句,把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。

These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white .

红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色。(时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句)

Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen. 如果光束通道上没有东西,就什么也看不到。(地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句)Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持已见。(原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句)

八、分句、合句汉译技巧

英译汉时,由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。采用分句、合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧。所谓分句,就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子;所谓合名,就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。运用这

种分句、合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明,更合乎于汉语的表达习惯。分句流译的技巧共分五种类型,合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型。先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型。

1 、主语分句汉译技巧。

A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already. 一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天,回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。

2 、谓语分句汉译技巧。

It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere. 不言而喻,氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。

3 、定语分句汉译技巧

He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.

他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿,每个重达两磅。

4 、状语分句汉译技巧

Sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.

阳光射入了它所能透过的地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影。

5 、同位语分句汉译技巧。

Mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it. 玛丽平常是个腼腆的姑娘,现在也热烈地和他们辩论起来

论诗词翻译的忠实性

"信、达、雅" 为翻译的一般之标准,而文学则要求更高,用一句话来说即"文学是一门艺术

诗词,作为文学作品的最高形式,其更加困难了,难怪人们都说:"难,诗更难。"在这里,笔者想对诗词翻译中最基本的问题--忠实性的问题,发表一点个人看法。

一、忠实性的涵义忠实性是所有中最基本的指导原则,那么何为忠实性呢?它是指用一种语言

( targetlanguage, TL )表达另一种语言( source language, SL )时,保持与原文的对等 ( equivalence )。

忠实性内涵包含以下两个面:其一是形式上的忠实( formal correspondence )。它指只从形式上考虑,为了使表达再现信息( reproduced message )的TL 与表达信息的SL 形

式相似,力求做到词词对应,结构、比喻与原作相似。其二是意义上的忠实

( equivalence in terms of meaning )。它要求文的思想内容与原文一致,在意义上没有增删更改现象。

二、不可能绝对忠实的一般原因

作品,忠实当然是一项指导原则;但绝对忠实实乃不可能之事,任何都会与原文存在着一些差距,尤其是诗词的。这是由多面的原因造成的:

一)、SL与TL本身的差异。各种语言都有很大的差异性,包括语音、拼写、语法等面,不过这些还不是最重要的影响因素。其中的有力杀手是语言式、习惯的不同,包括用词不同、比喻不同、联想不同等等。由于这些不同,使时很难,有时甚至根本不可能原文信息所表达的内容、思想、感情完全地、毫厘不差地移植到文信息中去。所以原文与文不可能完全一样。

二)、文化传统背景的差异。这一点我想大家都很清楚,举个简单例子:"fox" 这个词,它的本意是"狐狸"。西人认为"狐狸"是一种可爱聪明的动物,所以在英语中,用"fox" 来描写

人时,它形容人的"聪明、机灵"。而在中国,人们都认为"狐狸"是一种狡猾阴险的动物,所以当我们使用"fox" 一词时,多用来指人"阴险、狡猾",这是由文化传统背景的差异所造成的信息接收产生偏差,从而有可能导致的不忠实。

三)、民族心理特征的差异。各个民族有各自的文化传统,因而也就产生了不同的心理状态。西人写作时风格直率、坦诚,不绕圈子,这也与他们豁达的性格有关。而中国人则偏向于细腻、委婉的风格,作品耐人寻味。因而要把两种不同的心理特征溶合起来,绝非一件易事。

三、诗词的独有特点决定不可能恪守忠实性

上面探讨了绝对忠实不可能的一般原因,接下来文章要结合诗词具有的自身特点,来分析一下为什么诗词的不可能恪守忠实性。

茅盾说过:" 文学是用另一种语言,把原作的艺术意境传达出来,使读者在读文的时候能够象读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。" 而诗词作为最集中、最精炼的一种文学

样式,对语言艺术有特别严格的要求。如果说一般文学,要达到艺术性水平,必须解决如何用本国语言传达原文风格的问题,那么诗词,除此之外,还必须解决如何运用和原着同样最精炼的语言、最富于音乐性的语言,来驾驭严格约束语言的韵文形式的问题,由此可见其难。除此之外,笔者认为诗词的艰巨性还表现在以下两个特点上:

诗词要再现原作的艺术美。诗词是运用特殊的语言和艺术手法创造的艺术品,具有形象性、艺术性,表达了某

种情节内容、思想感情,体现了作家独特的艺术风格,并且具有引人入胜的艺术境界。诗词,光传意(即做到意义上的忠实)是远远不够的,还要注意保存原作的感情、韵味、意境的风格,要把原诗创造的艺术意境传达出来。

e.g.:

A Widow Bird

A widow bird state morning for her love

Upon a wintry bough;

The frozen wind crept on above,

The freezing stream blow.

There was no leaf upon the forest bare,

No flower upon the ground,

And little motion in the air

xcept the mill-wheel's sound.

文为:

孤鸟

孤鸟栖寒枝,悲鸣为其曹;

河水初结冰,冷风何萧萧;

荒林无宿叶,瘠土无卉苗,

万籁尽寥寂,惟闻喧桔槔。

原诗的诗眼在"widow"(孤寡之意)一词,者紧扣诗眼,将state 成"悲鸣",将wintry bough 成"寒枝",将forest bare 为"荒林",将ground 为"瘠土"。可以说,这种法在词义上讲是" 失实"之处,但它却将原作创造的那种艺术境界给传达出来了,而且文所渲染出的那种荒寒的意境、悲凉的心情,笔者认为较原作有过之而无不及,让人读罢,不禁从心底泛起一股悲怆之情,对那只孤苦伶仃的鸟儿顿生同情之心、怜惜之意。一首好诗,往往是" 意中有境" ,

" 境中寓言" ,读后沁人心脾,耐人寻味。者在时,应该充分发挥想象力和直觉的作用,对原作心领神会,而移情于自身,把原作的艺术美表现出来。

诗词是一种创造性的活动。诗词采用的文学艺术手段,具有鲜明的主体性和创造性。在过程中,者既是原作艺术美的欣赏和接受者,同时又是它的表现者。从欣赏到表现,有一个重要悔,即者的审美再创造,或者叫心灵的再创造,情感形式的再创造。这种再创造的关键是要抓住蕴含在原作中作者的思想感情,在此基础上不妨甩开原文形式,选用最佳的词句结构、表现手法,把原文(不仅仅是内容,而且还包括情感、意境、韵味和风格)重新表达出来。例如英国诗人菲茨杰拉德( dward Fitz Gerald )波斯诗人莪玛( Omar Khayyam )的" 鲁拜集"( Rubaiyat )是传诵诗坛的名作。他不拘泥于原诗的词句,而是吸取灵感再创作,既有英国诗的音韵之美,又传达了原诗的意境,堪称一绝。当然这种例子很多,俯拾皆是,顺手拈来。

e.g.:

Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade

Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap,

ach in his narrow cell for ever laid

The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep

文:

亭亭榆树下,郁郁紫杉荫,

蔓草生荒烟,累累多古坟。

农家祖先辈,埋葬在土墩。

长眠幽室中,千年永不醒。

可见者在时,并没有机械地按照原诗的结构,而是在透彻理解原诗的精神之后,发挥自己的创造性,对原诗进行融合提炼,用精美的TL 将其再现出来。如将原诗的四句为八句,根据turf 与mouldering 这两个字出第三句"蔓草生荒烟",由"for ever" 出"千年永不醒"等等。从我们自身(读者)的感受来看,这种创造非但没有影响我们对原文信息的接收,相反使我们能更加心领神会。

是由于诗词具有以上两个面的特点,它决定了我们诗词时不必受取限于忠实性(形似或意似)的桎梏,者应享受更多的自由发挥空间。西者,尤其是有创作能力的家,总喜欢抛开原作自行其事,去追求文的优美。例如英国十六世纪着名作家德莱登就主张要摆脱原作语言形式的束缚,不必力求忠实。

汉译英口译文字材料

Passage 1 女士们、先生们:很高兴能有机会参加这次“中国日”年会。亚洲是世界上最大的洲,拥有世界60%的人口。它资源丰富,历史悠久。中国式亚洲的一员,同所有亚洲人民一样,中国人民勤劳智慧。中国人民愿与所有亚洲人民一起,共创亚洲的美好明天。 Passage 2 我们非常高兴能和你们在英格兰度过这样一段愉快的时光。在告别英格兰的时候,我觉得自己对它和它的历史有了更多的了解。我们希望在不久的将来能在中国接待诸位,请诸位看看中国的变化。现在,我提议为东道主的健康干杯!希望在不久能看见你们。 Passage 3我非常感谢您热情友好的欢迎辞。印度是最古老的文明摇篮之一,访问印度是我的强烈愿望。我为能成为贵公司的客人而深感荣幸。这次访问给予我一次很好的机会结交新朋友。我公司同印度有着有好的合作关系。我们在许多领域里的合作都取得了重大进展。我们的合作是富有成效的。我们将继续成为和睦共助的伙伴关系。 Passage 4今晚,我们很高兴在北京大学接待格林博士和夫人。我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西兰贵宾表示热烈的欢迎。中新两国教育界人士的互访,增进了相互间的了解和学术交流。我相信格林博士这次对对我校的访问必将为进一步加强两校的友好合作关系做出重要贡献。明天,贵宾们将要赴南京和上海访问,我预祝大家一路旅途愉快。 Passage 5今天各位能出席这个招待会,我们深感荣幸。欢迎到中国来。在发展对外贸易中,我们坚持“互相尊重、平等互利”的原则,这一原则有助于发展我们各国独立的民族经济。我愿借此机会对各位朋友给予我们的合作和支持表示感谢。 Passage 6 在这个满天星斗、举国同庆的夜晚,我谨代表公司的全体同仁,感谢各位来宾从百忙之中拔冗光临我们的春节联欢晚会。春节是我国一年中的良辰佳时,我希望各位中外同事共度一个轻松、欢快的夜晚。我愿外国来宾能尽情品尝中国的传统佳肴和美酒。我希望这次晚会能使我们彼此有机会沟通、增进友谊。最后我再次感谢各位嘉宾的光临,并祝各位新年健康、事业有成。 Passage 7近年来,中国在交通方面的资金投入每年都有所增加,公路建设因此有了很大发展。到去年末,这方面的投资超过了人民币3,200亿元。自从我国实行西部大开发策略后,西部的公路建设也得到了迅速发展。在今后的几年里,西部地区将继续成为公路建设的重点地区。 Passage 8中国加快发展,将给中美关系发展提供新的机遇与动力。例如,中国的旅游业带动航空业的发展,已经给美国企业带来了可观的实惠。中国从美国进口大量的大豆、小麦等农产品,为美国农业提供了广阔的市场。我相信,中国完全有可能在未来的20年乃至更长的时间里,继续保持稳定快速的经济增长。 Passage 9中国是一个发展中国家,人口多,底子薄,农村地区经济不发达。穷

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