英国文学 笔记整理
【Chapter 1】The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 - 1066)
1.Norman Conquest ，1066
2.Beowulf has 3183 lines, 两个国家：the Danes, the Geats
形式：alliterative verse / head rhyme 头韵
【Chapter 3】The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400)
1.Historical background
Chaucer and William Langland and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.
But he deserves a period of his own.
Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and
Langland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.
The French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.
William Langland and another writer John Wycliff expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.
2.John Wycliff 约翰·威克里夫
One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.
Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.
3.William Langland威廉·兰格伦
作品：Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th century England.
The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.
4.Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟
Died on Oct 25, 1400, buried in the Poet’s Corner in Westminster Abbey.
Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.
(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.
(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio（薄伽丘）, the writer of The Decameron《十日谈》. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.
(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”.（本该有120个故事，只完成了24个）
The Canterbury Tales is written in London dialect
There are 31 people in total （算上乔叟和店主）
The prologue and most of the tales are written in heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）, i.e. ,a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter（五音步抑扬格）lines.
The significance of The Canterbury Tales:
(1)A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. They represent the whole range of 14th century society except the very top and the very bottom. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. It should be noted that each character is not only a typical representative of the class to which he or she belongs, but also has an individual character of his or her own.
(2)The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. This kind of a collection of tales put together was not rare in history. For example, Boccacio’s The Decameron. But in The Decameron stories are loosely connected and there is no relation between the story and the story teller. In The Canterbury Tales, stories are cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers.
(3)Chaucer’s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature. Although he was associated with proud and important personages at court he must always have been conscious of the fact that he did not belong to that society. This explains his gentle satire and mild irony. But his satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner.
(4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language: Ever since the Norman conquest, the French language was the language of the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day, which he handled dexterously. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. In so doing, Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.
【Chapter 4】The Fifteenth Century (1400-1550)
Historical events:
1.The Hundred Year’s War
2.The War of the Roses (1455-1485)
The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne.
The House of Lancaster →red rose The House of York →white rose
3.The discovery of America and the new sea routes
4.Reformation of the Church
Popular Ballads
In the field of literature, folk literature, especially ballads, became an important feature in the 15th century. A ballad is a narration poem that tells a story.
★Basic characteristics:
1.The beginning is often abrupt.
2.There are strong dramatic elements.
3.The story is often told through dialogue and action.
4.The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic ballads.
5.※It contains four-line stanzas. The odd numbered lines have four feet each and the even numbered lines have three feet each. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines. And there is often a refrain at the end of each stanza.
Of special significance are the Robin Hood Ballads.
Sir Thomas Malory
Sir Thomas Malory, the author of The Death of Arthur（亚瑟王之死），was important in the fact that it was he who finally compiled together the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table which were scattered in a number of French romances and made great contribution to the development of English prose.
It is interesting to note that Robin Hood and King Arthur were both revived at a time when the medieval spirit of chivalry was dying fast and the feudal order was rapidly becoming a thing of the past.
Early English Plays
In ancient Greece and Rome, drama was one of the most popular forms of entertainment. But the Roman Catholic Church prohibited dramatic performances. It was not until the 9th and the 10th centuries that the Catholic Church allowed some of dramatic performance to be used as part of religious services. For example, on Christmas the clergymen would put on a liturgy（礼拜仪式）of the birth of Christ. By the 14th century, the liturgy had developed into mystery plays and miracle plays.
mystery plays →based on stories from the Bible
miracle plays →based on the lives of Christian saints
【Chapter 5】The English Renaissance (1550-1642)
Humanism
Renaissance began in the 14th century in Italy and later spread to France, Spain, the Netherlands, and England. It’s ideal was humanism. Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth” in English.
★★★
1.With the spreading of the Greek and Roman culture, there appeared a number of humanist scholars who took great interest in the welfare of human beings.
2.According to them, it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of his life for an after life.
3.They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.
4.In religion, they demanded the reformation of the church.
5.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life.
6.Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.
Edmund Spenser
Spenser’s first important work is The Shephearde’s Calender（牧羊人日记）, a pastoral poem in 12 parts, one for
each month of the year.
His major achievement, The Faerie Queen, is an unfinished allegorical romance. According to Spenser’s original plan there should be 12 books, each telling the adventures of one of the 12 knights despatched by the Faerie Queen, Gloria, who represents Glory and Queen Elizabeth in particular. However, Spenser only completed 6 of the books, in which the six virtues of Truth, Temperance, Friendship, Justice, Chastity, and Coutesy are presented.
Spenserian stanza:九行一节，前八行均为五音步抑扬格，第九行为六个音节
The seven deadly sins: Pride（傲慢）,Wrath（暴怒）,Sloth（懒惰）,Greed（贪婪）,Envy（嫉妒）,Gluttony（暴食）, Lust（淫欲）
Christopher Marlowe
Christopher Marlowe was the most prominent of the University Wits.
His first play Tamburlaine the Great (1587)（帖木儿大帝）is about the story of Timur the Tartar(1336-1405). The central figure Tamburlaine represents the Renaissance desire for infinite power and authority. He is not only ruthlessly cruel and brutal in punishing his enemies, but also violently passionate in love.
The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1592)（浮士德博士的悲剧）,adapted from a popular old German legend, is sort of companion to Tamburlaine in reflecting the Renaissance desire for infinite knowledge. Tired with the scholastic study of the four subjects of Medieval knowledge, that is , Theology, Philosophy, Medicine, and Law, Dr.Faustus turns to magic book and signs a contract with the devil Mephistopheles. He sells his soul to the devil on the condition that the latter will satisfy every demand of his for a period of 24 years.
As a dramatist, Marlowe has limitations. His plot construction is loose and his characters are merely embodiments （具体化）of ideas. But Marlowe is the only dramatist of the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare.
Ben Jonson coined the phrase “Marlowe’s magic lines”. The blank verse（无韵诗）, i.e. , unrhymed iambic pentameter, used in his dramas, was the chief verse form used by Shakespeare.
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays in all during his life.
Shakespeare’s writing career may be roughly divided into four stages.
1.The early years were years of his apprenticeship, dating from 1592 to 1594.
2.The second period is a period of rapid growth and development, dating from 1595 to 1600.
3.The third period is a period of gloom and depression, dating from 1601 to 1608.
4.The fourth period is a period of restored serenity, from 1608 to 1612.
★★★
Shakespeare’s achievements:
1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.
2.Shakespeare’s humanism: More important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age.
3.Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays, he described a great number of characters, ranging from kings to crowns, rascals, and grave-diggers; from lunatics to ghosts; from lovers to man-haters.
4.Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audience. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays.
5.Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry.
6.Shakespeare as a master of the English language: It is estimated that he had a command of about 15,000 words. He was especially successful in handling the different meanings of the same word, or words having the same sound but different meanings.
A sonnet （十四行诗）is a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets altogether in number. The 154 sonnets fall into two groups, divided at sonnet 126. The first group was addressed to a Mr. W. H.. The second group was addressed to a dark lady.
The metrical form（韵律形式）of Shakespeare’s sonnets is different from that of Petrarach’s（彼特拉克）. Italian Sonnet British Sonnet
Octave前八行abba abba （提出问题） 3 quatrains（四行诗）abab cdcd efef
Sestet 后六行cde cde （作出回答） a couplet（双行诗）gg
【Chapter 6】The Seventeenth Century (1603-1688)
Francis Bacon
Though Bacon was Shakespeare’s contemporary, he is generally regarded as the chief figure in English prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.
As a philosopher, Bacon is praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English materialism”（英国唯物主义的始祖）. because he stressed the importance of experience, or experiment, which is in direct opposition to the superstitution and scholasticism of the Middle Ages.
Bacon’s 58 essays were publisher in 1625. They are the author’s reflections an comments, mostly on rather abstract subjects, such as “Of Truth”, “Of Friendship”, and “Of Riches”. They are known for their conciseness, brevity, simplicity, and forcefulness.
Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets
During the reign of Charles I, there were two schools of poets, metaphysical poets（玄学派诗人）and cavalier poets （骑士派诗人）.
The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death, and religion. The chief representative of this school was John Donne.
The cavaliers were royalists, whose poetry was marked by courtliness, urbanity, and polish. The chief representative of the cavaliers was Ben Jonson, who besides being a poet, was also a playwright.
John Donne
作品：Songs and Sonnets, a collection of his 55 love lyrics, was published after his death in 1633.
Donne’s love lyrics may be classified into two groups. The poems of one group takes a negative attitude towards love, and those of the other group take a positive attitude towards love.
John Milton
The revolutionary enthusiasm of the bourgeois revolution（资产阶级革命）and the bitter hatred for the despotic ruler is best known in the works of John Milton.
In 1665, after seven years’arduous labour in darkness, he finished Paradise Lost, which gave vent to his indignation against Charles II. The story of the epic is based on Genesis. The central theme of the poem deals with the Christian story of “ the fall of man ”. Evidently, the poet intended to write it as a epic and imitated the style of Homer’s epic.
Milton’s purpose for writing Paradise Lost, as he puts it very clearly at the beginning of the poem, is to “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.”
There can hardly be any doubt that Milton’s own sentiments in the days of the Restoration are expressed in the powerful first speech made by Satan excerpted here. But it should be made clear that Milton as a Puritan did not have the least intention of making God a real tyrant to be hated and revenged upon. The rebellions speech by Satan was an outpouring of the poet’s personal hatred for the restored monarch at the time. On the whole, the characters o Satan and his followers are condemned in the epic.
In the love between Adam and Eve, Milton voices his enthusiasm for humanistic elements.
Characteristics of Milton’s style:
1.The blank verse, i.e. , the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect. This richness of poetical style has frequently been called “Miltonic Style”.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/955668172.html,ton’s style is also commonly said to be Latinate. Milton uses more elaborate patterns drawn from Latin. He is very fond of using inversion.
3.Another characteristic of his style is the use of allusions to other works, especially the classic works.
John Bunyan
As Milton was the chief Puritan poet, so Bunyan was the chief puritan writer of prose.
The Pilgrim’s Progress is written in the old fashioned medieval form of allegory and drama. The book opens with the author’s dream in which he sees a man “ with a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back”. The man is Christian the Pilgrim, the book is the Bible, and the burden on his back is the weight of worldly cares and concerns. It tells how Christian starts his pilgrimage from his home to the Kingdom of Heaven, and of his experiences and adventures on his journey.
The book’s most significant aspect is its satire, which without doubt is directed at the ruling classes. Especially well known is the description of the Vanity Fair. The punishment of Christian and Faithful for disdaining things in the Vanity Fair may have its significance in alluding to Bunyan’s repeated arrests and imprisonment for preaching. After all, like Milton, Bunyan in his book is preaching his religious views. He satirizes his society which is full of vices that violate the teaching of the Christian religion. However, his Puritanism weakens the effect of his social satire by exhorting his readers to endure poverty with patience in order to seek the “ Celestial City ”. Besides, the use of allegory in most of his works makes his satirical pictures less direct and more difficult to see. His books are more often read as religions books than as piercing exposures of social evils.
Bunyan is known for his simple and lively prose style. Everyday idiomatic expressions and biblical language enables him to narrate his story and reveal his ideas directly and in a straightforward way.
【Chapter 7】The Eighteenth Century (1688-1798)
Neo-classicism
★★★
The characteristics of neo-classicism:
1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.
2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic and satirical.
3.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred, the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.
4.It is almost exclusively a “ town ” poetry, catering to the interests of the “ society ” in great cities.
5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “ romantic ”.
Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe is known as a pioneer novelist of England, and also a prolific writer of books and pamphlets on a great variety of subjects.
He never stopped his creative activities until at the age of 60, with the publication of Robinson Crusoe, a long imaginative literary masterpiece, he was finally recognized as a major English novelist. Robinson Crusoe is based on a real accident.
In Moll Flanders, Defoe introduces, for the first time, a lowly woman as the subject of literature.
Jonathan Swift
The Battle of Books is a satire on the controversy among literary people concerning the values of the ancients and moderns.
A Tale of the Tab is a satire on the various churches of his time.
A Modest Proposal is a more bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people.
Swift’s masterpiece is Gulliver’s Travels. The book contains four parts that deal with the four voyages of its hero to strange places. The form of travel literature was popular in his time as there were many books of voyage and travel. Among them were Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe.
Alexander Pope
大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
法国文学史笔记整理
法国文学史 一、十六世纪法国文学—文艺复兴时期15-16 La renaissance 七星诗社Le pléiade 修辞学派les Grandes Rhétoriques ●弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷 Francois Rebelais 《巨人传》Gargantua et Pantagruel长篇小说 ●杜贝莱Joachim du Bellay 《橄榄集》Olive ●龙沙Pierre de Ronsard（十四行诗） ●蒙田Michel Eyquem Montaigne 《随笔集》Les Essais 二、十七世纪的法国文学—古典主义17 Classicisme ●笛卡尔René Descartes 古典主义哲学自然与理性 《方法论》 Discours De La Méthode ●高乃依 Pierre Corneille 古典主义悲剧 《熙德》 Le cid ●莫里哀Molière 古典主义喜剧 《伪君子》Tartuffe ou l’imposteur ●拉封丹 Jean de La Fontaine 寓言《寓言诗》 Les fables ●拉辛 Jean Racine 《费德尔》Phèdre古典主义悲剧 《安德洛玛克》Andromaque ●布瓦洛 Nicolas Boileau 《诗的艺术》L’art poétique 三、十八世纪的法国文学（启蒙时代 Le siècle des Lumières） ●勒萨日 Le sage 《杜卡雷》Turcaret 《瘸腿魔鬼》Le diable
●马里沃 Pierre Carlet de Marivaux 《爱情与偶然游戏》Le jeu de l’amour et du hasard ..... ●孟德斯鸠 Montesquieu 《波斯人信札》Les lettres persanes 《论法精神》l'esprit des lois三权分立 ●伏尔泰 Voltaire 《哲学通信》Les lettres philosophiques 《中国孤儿》l’orphelin de la Chine 《老实人》Candide ●狄德罗 Denis Diderot 《百科全书》Encyclopédie ●卢梭 JeanJacques Rousseau 《忏悔录》Les Confessions 《新爱洛依丝》La nouvelle Hélo?se ●博马舍 Beaumarchais 《回忆录》Mémoires 《费加罗的婚礼》Le mariage de Figaro ●布封Buffon 《博物史》Histoire naturelle ●尼埃AndréChénier 《颂歌集》odes ●拉克洛 Laclos 《危险关系》les liaisons dangereuses ....... 五、十九世纪法国浪漫主义文学 Le Romantisme ●斯塔尔夫人 Madame de Sta?l
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
外国文学史笔记整理
艾略特非人格理论P128 卡夫卡《城堡》主题 “城堡”既非具体的城市，又非国家，它只是一种象征。因而有无穷的寓意： （ 1 ）“城堡”象征与普通人疏远、敌对的冷漠无情的国家机器。 （ 2 ）上帝 （ 3 ）象征可望而不可即的人生目标 （ 4 ）象征犹太人苦苦追求的国家、故乡、精神归宿。 （ 5 ）象征“代沟”，K至死未能进入城堡，象征卡夫卡争取与父亲沟通的失败。 卡夫卡《城堡》的艺术贡献 （1）独特的叙述角度和叙述手法 卡夫卡叙述手法的特点，是将叙述者与主人公合而为一。《城堡》中的K既是主人公又是叙述者，读者在阅读过程中只能通过主人公的感官（所见、所听、所想、所思）才能获得信息，再没有旁观者清的叙述者出场来向读者解释情节发展的前因后果。 （2）象征寓意的意象构筑。《城堡》中的K半夜被摇醒，要求出示居留许可证，其实也就象征着无所归依的现代人被摇醒说明自己的人生由来，解释自己的生存依据。 （3）精确、细致、严密的语言风格 《城堡》作为卡夫卡后期创作的代表作品，表现了炉火纯青的语言艺术造诣。整个小说像日常生活用语，简单而生动；又像法律用语，严密而精确，娓娓道来。尽管小说的主要情节是荒诞的，但卡夫卡对事物过程的描述完全是现实主义的，冷静而细致。解释事物的因果关系逻辑严谨，推理缜密，无懈可击，使读者难以摆脱作者的叙述逻辑。 约克纳帕塔法:译为河水静静流过平原。表现的就是约克纳帕塔法颓败的命运，旧的制度、旧的秩序不断瓦解、慢慢消亡的命运。也是《喧哗与骚动》的主题之一。 《喧哗与骚动》思想内容 小说写的是杰弗逊镇上康普生家族的没落，以及在没落过程中各个家族成员之间的遭遇和精神状态。 这个曾经出过将军和州议员、拥有大量田产和黑奴的庄园世家现在败落了。 《喧哗与骚动》叙述人意义 （1）白痴班吉 作者在第一部分选择白痴班吉来叙述故事，是有其深刻用意的。因为人生，尤其事美国南方社会中的人生，浑浑噩噩，就“像一个白痴所讲的故事”，这正好点明了作品的主题。作品的标题来自莎剧《麦克白》的一段台词：人生像一个白痴所讲的故事，充满着喧哗和骚动，却无丝毫意义。 人生的毫无意义由于是通过班吉的混乱意识表现出来的，就更具有发人深省的象征意义。班吉33岁，只有3岁孩子的智力，没有时间概念，过去和现在之间没有任何界限，都汇入一种混乱的意识流动中。但是，读者从班吉混乱的意识中，仍然可以感受到他因为失去姐姐对他的关怀而感到的痛苦。 叙事结构：小说由四个部分组成，每个部分都由不同的叙事者讲述。尤其有特点的是第一部分的叙事者——白痴班吉的叙事风格。 班吉的叙事突出地反映了福克纳对意识流小说技巧的精心营造，白痴的形象也寄托了福克纳的刻意追求：
英国文学笔记
Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.For three centuries after Norman conquest , two languages were were used side by side in England , Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, used in official and formal conditions.however the inflectional system of old English was weakened and a large number of French words had been absorbed.and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified. Romance Romance is a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.Romance , in the original sense of the word , means the native language,as opposed to Latin,and later it means a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. John wycliff He was one of the first man who demand to reform the church in order to do away with the corruption and rottenness, he was the one who translate the bible into standard english. His translation for bible is a great contribution to english literature ,as well as english lanuage. For he fixed a national standard for englsih prose to replace various dialects. His work owned him the title of father of english prose. William langland He is the author of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯》or the vision of piers plowman.The story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realsitic picture of 14th century England, (an allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning,and serve to spread moral teaching)in his work , within the scope of allegorical characters, the lives of the religious people and the laymen are vividly portrayed.the corruption and the rottenness of the church people are truthfully exposed. Chaucer （The Canterbury Tales） Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, father of English literature.was born, about 1340, in London. Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced the "heroic couplet"into English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Though drawing influences from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.
郑克鲁《外国文学史》笔记整理
郑克鲁《外国文学史》笔记 第一章古代文学 西方古代文学包括：古希腊罗马文学和早期基督教文学。(它们是氏族社会向奴隶制过渡时期的产物)。古希腊罗马文学和早期基督教文学中分别体现出来的世俗与人本色彩和神圣与超越色彩共同构成西方文学(和文化)的两个源头。恩格斯说："没有希腊文化和罗马帝国的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲"。 第一节古代文学 一古代希腊文学 (一)主要成就：神话、史诗和戏剧，此外还有寓言、抒情诗和文艺理论等 (二)主要特征： 1 鲜明的人本色彩，命运观念.从诸神的恣情纵欲，到盗火者的狂热殉情；从阿喀琉斯的冲天怒火，到美狄亚的残忍复仇。一切都是世俗，活生生的。绝无宗教恐怖的压抑和彼岸天国的诱惑 2 现实主义和浪漫主义并存。古希腊文学的许多篇章从不同程度，不同侧面反映了当时社会。为后人提供了第一手资料，也有相当一部分作品充满了神奇的想象、怪诞色彩、表现出浓厚的浪漫主义色彩 3 种类繁多，且具有开创性除神话，史诗外还有悲剧，喜剧、寓言、故事、教谕诗、抒情诗、散文、小说 (三)古希腊文学的发展状况分为三个时期： 第一时期公元前12世纪到公元前8世纪(由氏族社会向奴隶社会过渡时期)史称"荷马时代"(英雄时代)： 主要成就：神话、史诗代表作家赫西俄德 教谕诗《工作与时日》：现存最早一部以现实生活为题材的诗作。 叙事诗《神谱》：最早一部比较系统地叙述宇宙起源和神的谱系的作品。 第二时期公元前8世纪到公元前4世纪中叶(奴隶制社会形成至全盛时期)史称"古典时期"：主要成就：戏剧成就最大，另外还有抒情诗、散文、寓言、悲剧、喜剧、文艺理论。萨福：柏拉图称她为"第十位文艺女神"。寓言：《伊索寓言》(散文体主要反映奴隶制社会劳动人民的思想感情，是劳动人民生活教训和斗争经验的总结(《农夫和蛇》《乌龟和兔子》等。全盛时期欧洲文学史上著名的三大悲剧诗人：埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯.喜剧诗人：阿里斯托芬"喜剧之父"：希罗多德《希腊波斯战争史》雄辩家：苏克拉底和狄摩西尼。文艺理论家：柏拉图(西方客观唯心主义的始祖)反对民主制，创立"理念论"。代表作《对话录》。亚里斯多德：代表作《诗学》 第三时期从公元前4世纪末到公元前2世纪中叶(奴隶制衰亡时期)史称"希腊化"时期主要成就：新喜剧：不谈政治，以描写爱情故事和家庭关系为主要内容。又称"世态喜剧" 最著名的新喜剧作家：米南德(雅典人)田园诗(牧歌)：主要作家：忒俄克里托斯二古罗马文学(连接古希腊文学和欧洲近代文学的桥梁) 恩格斯说"没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲"。
外国文学史复习上(笔记整理)
第一章古代文学 欧洲古代文学包括古希腊文学和古罗马文学，古希腊文学是欧洲文学的源头。古罗马文学是继承古希腊文学的基础上发展起来的，但具有自己的民族特色，它是沟通古希腊文学与欧洲近代文学之间的桥梁。古罗马文学为欧洲近代文学的发展奠定了基础。 一、古希腊神话的基本内容和特征是什么？ 基本内容：神的故事和英雄传说。 ①在神话的故事中，讲到天地的开辟，神的产生，神的谱系，人类的起源，神的日常生活等。 ②英雄传说是古希腊人在幻想中追忆远古社会生活和部落中杰出人物时创造出来的。英雄实是部落中集体智慧和力量的化身，因受人们的崇拜而被神化，如伊阿宋取金羊毛、普罗米修斯、赫拉克勒斯、奥德修斯等。 艺术特征主要有三点： （1）、想象力极强。把自然界、人类社会、精神领域的一切现象都拟人化、神话化，入情入理，创造出令人难忘的意境和鲜明的形象。eg：阿波罗的爱情故事、法厄同驾太阳马车的故事、潘多拉盒子的故事 （2）、故事性极强。情节曲折，起伏跌宕，有头有尾，娓娓道来，动听感人。eg：宙斯和伊俄的故事、哈得斯的婚姻故事、普罗米修斯的故事 （3）、哲理性强。希腊神话既富情趣，又极深刻，是早期人类经验和智慧的结晶，许多故事寓意丰富，发人深思。如：不和的金苹果的故事、希绪弗斯的故事、安泰俄斯的故事等。 古希腊神话的价值和影响。（是希腊艺术的“武库”和土壤，是后世创作的源泉。） （1）它是古希腊文学艺术的宝库和土壤。荷马、赫西俄德、绝大部分悲剧、大量美术和雕塑作品都以它为素材。（2）它对古罗马文学艺术产生了巨大影响。维吉尔《埃涅阿斯记》大量取材，奥维德《变形记》则或全面转述。（3）、它是文艺复兴直至现当代一些著名作家艺术家创作的灵感和原型。莎士比亚、高乃依、拉辛、达芬奇、普桑、米开朗琪罗、贝尔尼尼等直至当代。 二、古希腊文学可以分为几个时期?各时期有什么特点？ （1）第一时期：公元前12世纪~公元前8世纪是古希腊氏族社会向封建社会过渡，史称“英雄时代”或“荷马时代”主要成就是神话和史诗 （2）第二时期：公元前8世纪~前6世纪氏族社会进一步解体，奴隶主城邦逐渐形成时期，史称“大移民时代”，主要成就是抒情诗和寓言 （3）第三时期：公元前6世纪~公元前4世纪希腊奴隶制发展全盛期，史称“古典时期”，主要成就：戏剧、散文和文学理论 （4）第四时期：公元前4世纪末~公元前2世纪史称“希腊化时期”，主要成就是新喜剧和田园诗 三、古罗马古罗马文学的地位、特点以及不同时期的主要成就？ 地位：古罗马文学是在古希腊文学的基础上发展起来的，继承发展了古希腊文学的内容和形式，在戏剧和散文方面有长足的发展，是希腊文学与欧洲近代文学的中介和桥梁，在西方文学史上占有重要的地位。 特点:具有理性精神、集体意识和庄严崇高的气质，精神与情感世界相对贫乏，在艺术上强调均衡、严整、和谐，重视修辞与句法、技巧上偏于雕琢与矫饰。 成就：（1）共和时期：（公元前240~公元前30年）埃纽斯“罗马文学之父” 喜剧首先繁荣，代表作家普劳图斯《双生子》、《一坛黄金》，喜剧诗人有泰伦斯《婆母》 （2）黄金时期：（公元前100~公元17年）西塞罗卢克来修《论自然》， “三大诗人”：维吉尔古罗马最伟大的诗人，代表作《埃涅阿斯纪》是欧洲文学史上第一部文人史诗奥维德《变形记》贺拉斯《诗艺》（文学批评的代表作寓教于乐） （3）白银时期：（公元17~130年）长篇小说有阿普列尤斯的《金驴记》是欧洲文学史上最早长篇小说；普鲁塔克的散文《希腊罗马名人传》；卢肯的史诗《法萨利亚》 《埃涅阿斯纪》是古罗马诗人维吉尔最重要的作品，也是整个罗马文学的顶峰之作。史诗的主题是描述罗马祖先建国的功绩，歌颂罗马的光荣。《埃涅阿斯纪》以荷马史诗为范本，前半部分写漂泊，与《奥德赛》相似；后半部分写战争，与《伊利亚特》雷同。但它又不是对荷马史诗的简单仿作，而是有着鲜
法国文学史笔记整理
法国文学史 一、中世纪11-15C 1.英雄史诗《罗兰之歌》La Chanson de Roland （英雄驰骋战场） 2.骑士文学《Tristan et Iseult》（特里斯坦与伊瑟，骑士与贵妇之间的爱情） 《玫瑰传奇》 十字军东征，宗教信徒的虔敬和狂热，武士精神的勇猛和野蛮，封建势力，基督教，商业扩张都在此达到顶峰。（骑士文学中爱情是纯粹精神性的，不参杂任何其他因素的神圣情感） 3.诗歌Francois Villon 4.市民文学《列那狐的故事》 讽刺叙事诗，形形色色的动物代表了社会各个阶层的人的各种性格，狼代表贵族，暴虐又愚蠢；狮子代表国王，象征权力和正义；兔代表下层群众，软弱可欺… 5.市民戏剧《巴特兰律师》 6.市民故事 二、十六世纪法国文学—文艺复兴时期 背景：文艺复兴，新兴资产阶级反封建，反教会，人文主义精神，以人权反对神权 1.弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷Francois Rebelais 1494-1553，作家，医生（医学博士，语言天才）·《巨人传》Gargantua et Pantagruel用了13种语言： ·巨人的故事本是民间流传的某些巨大无比，豪饮豪食的巨人的事迹，与中世纪苍白的骑士形象不同，拉伯雷看到了这些巨人形象所体现出的一种肉体精神，与教会的禁欲主义形成尖锐的对立。高扬人性，讴歌人性，鞭挞了法国16世纪封建社会，是新兴资产阶级对封建教会统治发出的呐喊。
三、十七世纪的法国文学—古典主义 1.诗歌与戏剧 Boileau 布瓦洛《诗艺》 Corneille 高乃依《熙德》 Racine 拉辛《安德洛玛克》Andromaque Moliere 莫里哀 2.散文与祭奠 拉法叶特夫人代表作（心理小说）La Princesse de Cleves 克莱夫王妃 塞维利夫人代表作（书信）Correspendance 《书简集》 拉封丹La Fontaire 寓言集 ·法国古典文学的代表作家之一，著名的寓言诗人。他的作品经后人整理为《拉·封丹寓言》，与古希腊著名寓言诗人伊索的《伊索寓言》及俄国著名作家克雷洛夫所著的《克雷洛夫寓言》并称为世界三大寓言。主要著作有《寓言诗》《故事诗》《普叙赫和库比德的爱情》等。他被19世纪法国著名文学评论家泰纳誉为“法国的荷马”。雨果的《巴黎圣母院》以及莫泊桑的《一生》都提到他是法国古典文学作家中著名的诗人。 佩罗童话故事 La Rochefoucault 《道德箴言录》 笛卡尔，帕斯卡：既是文学家也是物理学家 四、十八世纪的法国文学（启蒙时代Le siecle des Lumieres） 1.孟德斯鸠Montesquieu 《论法的精神》三权分立《波斯人礼札》 2.伏尔泰Voltaine 富裕的资产阶级家庭出身，经商天赋 《哲学通讯》《老实人》candide 《查第格》Zadig 《天真汉》Ingenu 3.狄德罗Diderot，百科全书派，美学，真善美统一 《百科全书》花了21年，共28卷《修女》la religieuse
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
英国文学史上笔记-The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages The Anglo-Saxon Period (449~1066) Reference: 1) The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions, Pagan and Christian.(异教徒文学和基督徒文学) Pagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas (口头诗歌), the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil; Christian represents the writings developed under the teaching of the monks.(僧侣) 2) Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention Caedmon(开德蒙the first important religious poet in English literature) who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and wrote a poetic paraphrase of the Bible; Cynewulf(琴涅武甫), the author of poems on religious subjects. Beowulf:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons, represents the spirit of pagan Artistic features: 1) Using alliteration押头韵（Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound） 2) Using metaphor and understatement (Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way. Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas. 保守的陈述) Things and Figures mentioned: Beowulf (the Teutonic hero) Hrothgar (the King of the Danes) Heorot 鹿厅Grendel (the half-human monster) Beacon (Beowulf墓上所建) Scyld 赛亚德 Definitions of important literary terms: 1．1)Epic (heroic poetry): An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Most epics deal with the exploits(功勋)of a single individual and also interlace(交织、交错)the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite（复合的）effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。大部分的史诗歌颂个人的英雄事迹，同时也在叙述中插入神话、传说、民间故事以及历史事件；一个民族的整体文化与全诗所讲的经历紧密联系，造成一种复合的效果。史诗不仅仅是愉悦人的传奇故事或者历史英雄事迹，它们总结以及表达了一个民族在其历史上一个重要或者关键时期的本质或者理想。(简要地说就是：a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.) 2)Alliteration (head rhyme or initial rhyme): the repetition of the same sounds—usually initial consonants(辅音) of words or stressed syllables(音节)—in any sequence of neighbouring words. Now an optional and incidental(附带的) decorative effect in verse(诗) or prose(散文), it was once a required element in the poetry of Germanic languages (including old English and old Norse挪威语) and in Celtic verse (where alliterated sounds could regularly be placed in positions other than除了the beginning of a word or syllable). Such poetry, in which alliteration rather than rhyme is the chief principle of repetition, is known as alliterative verse; its rules also allow a vowel sound to alliterate with any other vowel. Other works: 1)Bede比德(excellent writer in Anglo-Saxon period)-
英美文学考试复习点重点整理
1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年
1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social