上海新世纪英语_高一第一学期全部课文
上海新世纪英语高一第一学期全部课文
1. People from all walks of life
When a person grows up, he will take up different occupations in various work plac es. A society is thus made up of all walks of life. What kind of person do you wan t to be in the future? The following introductions may give you some idea.
TEACHER Teachers are professionals. They work in schools, colleges, universities an d other educational institutions. They try their best to help students gain new knowl edge and become useful people in society. Teachers are involved in many tasks, su ch as explaining lessons, giving homework and correcting papers. At the end of eve ry term, they mark test papers and give grades to their students. Actually teachers do more. Often their impact on students stays all through their lives.
SURGEON Surgeons, like teachers, are also professionals. As a special group of doct ors, surgeons operate on sick people and repair the organs that no longer work pro perly. Hospitals are their work places. After an operation, a surgeon takes care of t he patient?s medical treatment until he gets well. The skills of a surgeon sometimes mean the differences between life and death.
SECRETARY A secretary works in an office. The job of a secretary often involves wr iting letters, answering telephone calls, and receiving people. A secretary stores info rmation on a computer and puts papers in good order in file cabinets. As a link bet ween the boss and the visitors, a secretary also helps the boss work out plans and timetables. Traditionally, more girls than boys work as secretaries.
FASHION MODEL Fashion models wear the latest styles of clothes and show them t o us through television, newspapers and magazines. Fashion show programmes usua lly have a large audience. The clothes and hairstyles of fashion models may seem s trange to the elderly, but a large number of young people enjoy following trends a nd want to be dressed like the models. They collect fashion pictures and admire th ose superstars of the catwalk.
Would you like to be one of the people introduced here? What do you want to do in the future?
2. What to choose?
Today more and more high school graduates go on to college. Most young people decide their courses of study for themselves. They do not wait for their parents to tell them what career to choose.
For example, Jack?s father practices medicine. Even though he wants his son also t o become a doctor, he doesn?t insist that Jack study medicine when he finishes hi g h school.
He believes that Jack must make up his own mind about his courses of study. His wife, on the other hand, disagrees with him. She thinks that Jack should become a doctor, and so he can become a partner with his father.
Jack isn?t sure what he wants to study in college. One day he feels that he?d like t o become an engineer. However, the next day he thinks that perhaps he should st udy business management. Right now he is studying chemistry, biology, and physics. All of them will be useful if he finally chooses to study medicine in college.
Jack likes his father?s attitude, and is grateful that his father isn?t forcing him to be come a doctor.
In some countries parents often decide what careers their children will follow --- es pecially their sons. Tchaikovsky(柴可夫斯基，1840-1893，俄国作曲家), the composer of Swan Lake(芭蕾舞剧《天鹅湖》), was asked to study law. He, however, didn?t tak e an interest in it. Tchaikovsky made a great decision on his own. He gave up his government service later and started to study music.
Some people think the young are probably going to be successful because they are doing the things they most want to do in life. Many people, however, disagree wit
h them.
3. Michelangelo
Michelangelo(米开朗琪罗，1475-1564，意大利文艺复兴时期成就卓著的科学家、艺术家) was an Italian artist about 500 years ago. Today he is still remembered as a great sculptor, painter, and architect.
Michelangelo came from a poor family. He was trained at an early age like any oth er craftsman in Italy. At thirteen, he started to work and learn in a workshop. The workshop belonged to one of the leading masters at that time. In the workshop Mi chelangelo was able to learn all the skills of sculpture. However, he wasn?t satisfied, and went on to study the work of the great masters of the past. Michelangelo wo rked hard and he mastered one problem after another. By the time he was 30, he was generally regarded as one of the outstanding sculptors of the age.
In 1508, Michelangelo was given a task --- to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (位于罗马梵蒂冈的西斯廷教堂). At first, he tried to turn down this job, saying that h e was not really a painter, but a sculptor. Finally, he agreed to do it. He then shut himself up in the chapel, let no one come near him, and got ready to work alone. It took him four years to complete the paintings on the ceiling. Any ordinary person would find it hard to imagine what Michelangelo had gone through in those four y ears of hard and lonely work. Michelangelo, while working, had to lie on his back a nd paint. As a result, he became so used to looking upward that when he received a letter during that period, he had to hold it over his head to read it. Finally, the paintings were completed. The great and huge paintings on the ceiling and walls of
the chapel have ever since become a fascination to people in Italy and all over th e world.
Michelangelo left us with a great number of sculptures and paintings. Today his wor ks are still examples for art students to study and follow. Home and overseas visito rs can?t help but admire these masterpieces.
4. Jim Corrigan
Jim Corrigan, a well-built man in his late 20?s, works in a large hospital. Jim is an X-ray technician. It is his job to develop the many X-ray films that are taken of pe ople?s lungs, stomachs and other body parts.
Jim works in a darkroom, a room that is specially equipped for developing film. Firs t he removes the film from the lead plates(金属片) that are used to hold it. Then h e feeds the film into a developing machine. It takes about 90 seconds for it to dev elop. The film is then ready to be examined by a doctor.
Jim?s work is important, and both doctors and patients eagerly, often worriedly, wait for the results of his work. Jim doesn?t keep them waiting too long. He is quick a nd orderly at his job. This would not be unusual except for the fact that Jim Corrig an is blind.
“In the beginning it was tricky,” Jim explains, “The film comes in five different sizes. And sometimes I would get them mixed up. But I have never let a mistake get o ut of the darkroom.” After some time, Jim learned to measure the fil m by running his fingers over the edges.
“I have a system,” explains Jim, “so that I can find things easily in the darkroom. I t?s a simple system. I just keep my materials in order and put them back in the sa me place after I use them. I don?t have to search for anything.”
“Jim is quite capable and can be trusted,” says his boss, “I wouldn?t have him work ing here if he weren?t. And that brings me to the question of handicapped people. You can?t let yourself get upset about them. They want to be treated just like anyb ody else --- and they should be. They don?t want you to fell sorry for them.”
No one has to feel sorry for Jim Corrigan.
5. Starting a conversation with a foreigner in English
As you rode on the bus one day, a foreigner sat down beside you. Finally, here wa s a perfect opportunity for you to practice speaking English with a foreigner, you th ought to yourself. But no words came into your head. You were tongue-tied! After 15 minutes, the foreigner got off the bus and you didn?t utter a word! “What a s ha me!” you said to yourself.
If you have had such an experience, don?t feel bad. You?re not alone. What you ne ed is a lesson in small talk. Here are some tips that will show you how to get star ted.
“HELLO” --- A STARTER First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” wi th the foreigner, but at the same time, pay close attention and see if he feels like chatting. Watch his facia l expression and body language for cues. Having said his “Hello” or “Hi” in return, does he just stare out of the window or keep reading the book in his hand? That?s the cue for you to stop moving on. Don?t force a conversation on someone who w ants to be left alone.
But what if the person stops whatever he is doing and looks back or smiles at you? These are positive cues, indicating you can keep talking and start a conversation!
SMALL TALK --- THE MAIN COURSE To start a conversation, you should choose a s uitable topic. Then, what are the rules for choosing a suitable topic?
Perhaps the most universal topic of any conversation is the weather. Everyone has an opinion to share about the weather! Don?t immediately launch into serious topics like politics or religion. And don?t talk about personal matters, either. Stick to famili ar subjects of a casual nature such as movies, music, sports, favourite things, or o ne?s likes and dislikes.
Small talk flows naturally. Raise open-ended questions rather than yes-no questions to keep the conversation going. Try to find points of connection between you and t he person you are chatting with. Offer short comments on what the other person s ays, and listen attentively when what you say is being commented on. If you get s uch comments as “That?s interesting.”, “I agree.”, or “Me too.” then you know you?r e on the right track.
You can have a lot of fun chatting in English with foreigners. They will, too. Try it! Making small talk can be one of life?s pleasures.
6. Never too busy for social manners
So you forgot to answer that party invitation you received. Now, the day has come and gone, and you?re feeling guilty because you never told the host you couldn?t a ttend.
“Don?t allow this oversight(疏忽) to ruin your relationship,” says R. Thomas Boone, a US social psychologist. “I would show up with a bottle of wine and say, …I owe (感激，亏欠) you one. I?m really sorry?,” Boone says.
Send an e-mail, make a phone call or reach out to the host another way. Whatever the method, do it as soon as possible.
If guests don?t answer the invitations on time, the host cannot possibly plan for the correct amount of food and drink. This may lead to hundreds or even thousands o f dollars of waste.
“Everybody has a busy schedule now,” Boone says. If you know you are forgetful when it comes to making phone calls, try emailing your RSVPs as soon as the invit ation arrives. RSVP is the short form of the French phrase “répondez s?il vous pla?t”, meaning “Reply, if you please”.
The following are some commonly used terms in invitation letters and their meaning s. Be sure to know these and answer invitations properly.
RSVP, REGRETS ONLY Only guests who can?t attend n eed reply. You need to give a proper reason why you can?t attend.
RSVP BY… Guests should respond with yes or no by the date indicated on the invit ation. Setting a date gives guests a deadline. It is also a deadline for the host to c onnect guests who haven?t reply.
RSVP BY E-MAIL Guests can respond by e-mail. Unlike phone calls, e-mails can be sent without regard to time of day or location.
7. Holidays and festivals in the United Kingdom
There are many national holidays in the United Kingdom. Among them, Easter, and Christmas are two of the most famous.
EASTER The date of Easter varies each year. It usually falls in March or April. Duri ng the Easter holiday, people give each other chocolate Easter eggs. The eggs are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday. On Good Friday (the day before Easter, when Christians observe the day on which Christ died), hot cross buns(复活节前一个星期五吃的十字面包) are sold. They are toasted and eaten with butter. Easter Monday (the day after Easter) is a Bank Holiday. On that day, banks and other major busin esses are closed; people may enjoy a trip to the seaside or watch an exciting sport s game, such as football, or horse-racing.
CHRISTMAS For most British families, Christmas is certainly the most important holid ay of the year. Families decorate their houses in bright colours. Usually a Christmas tree is placed in the front room, shining with coloured lights and interesting decora tions.
On the morning of Christmas Day (December 25), many people go to church to cel ebrate the birth of Christ(耶稣基督). In the afternoon, they stay at home and open the gifts that were gathered around the tree. Later, they may watch the Queen ap pear on television to deliver her traditional Christmas message to the whole country. In the evening, the families sit down to a big goose (sometimes turkey) dinner. T hey round off the meal with pudding, a Christmas specialty.
Many traditions are connected with Christmas. For children, the most important one is that of receiving gifts. On Christmas Eve (December 24), they usually leave a lo ng stocking hanging by the bed or by the fireplace. They hope that Father Christm
as will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents. Th ey are usually not disappointed!
December 26, Boxing Day, is also a public holiday. This is the time to visit friends or watch football. Students have several weeks off school for Christmas.
8. How do different cultures around the world celebrate the New Year?
Get ready to say good-bye to the old, hello to the new! What?s the occasion? The coming of the New Year.
Many Western cultures measure their days with the solar calendar. Therefore, they observe the coming of New Year on January 1. Cultures in Asia and Middle East us e other calendars, such as the more ancient lunar calendar. They celebrate the New Year at other times.
Events and ceremonies vary from country to country. But in each places, New Year celebrations are a big meal.
Most world cultures have been celebrating the New Year for centuries. The earliest New Year celebrations took place during spring or harvest time. With better weather ahead, or plenty of food to eat in winter, people naturally felt like having a party!
As the days became longer and as nature renewed itself, people also felt like they could have a new start. Past disappointments could be forgotten. The New Year co uld bring better fortune, more opportunities and new challenges. Such universal the mes remain the same today.
Some cultures have unusual New Year traditions. Italians throw old things out of th eir windows at midnight, symbolizing the departure of the old. Mexicans fire guns in to the air to keep away misfortunes.
New Year celebrations also involve having fun. Some cultures view the New Year as an opportunity to let off fireworks. In New York City?s Times Square, thous ands ga ther on December 31 to count down the last seconds of the year. A giant silver bal l is lowered at the stroke of midnight.
London, England, hosts an annual New Year?s Day parade that draws nearly a millio n spectators. The largest parade in Europe, it features bands and enormous balloon s. These balloons are so huge that they tower over nearby buildings!
How will you celebrate the New Year? Think about the themes you find meaningful during this season. Do you hope for a new start or a chance to turn over a new l eaf? whatever the case, we wish you well. Happy New Year!
9. Man’s four-legged friend
The sun was shining and it was warm. Robin, a shepherd, was lying on the grass, enjoying the beautiful sunshine. His guard, a sheepdog, was standing next to him, l ooking at the flock of sheep.
This is only a scene in a movie, but it does give us a real picture showing man?s r elationship with dogs. For a long time in history, dogs were not only being raised t o work as man?s guards, but they were also being trained to do many other jobs. Some were made to pull carts; others were bred to smell out enemies or track the scent of big animals. In addition to these hunting and working dogs, other breeds came to be used in sports, police work and as pets as well. In a way dogs have b ecome man?s friends and working partners.
If you have a dog you love as a pet, you share some of your life with it. The dog lives in your home, keeps you company and goes on trips with you. Dogs rely on their excellent sense of smell to tell things apart. This sharp sense helps man and dogs themselves get over a lot of difficulties.
A detective once trained a dog---Sauer. In 1925 while he was thinking hard about how to catch a thief. Sauer worked alone and tracked the thief after covering a dis tance of 160 kilometres. Sauer did this by scent alone. In 1923 a couple lost their dog Bobbie while they were travelling. Six months later Bobbie turned up at the fa mily house. He had covered a distance of some 3,200 kilometres. The dog had trav elled back through the Rocky Mountains in the depths of winter.
Dogs are indeed man?s best friends. Yet sometimes even the friendliest dog can bri ng death with its bite! This is not because it has changed in character, but because it has been infected with a terrible disease---rabies(狂犬病). The disease is passed on by a bite from an infected dog at any stage. When an infected person shows sy mptoms, death is certain to follow shortly after. So, in order to prevent the disease, a person should go to a doctor at once if he has been bitten by a dog. Dogs rem ain man?s best friends, but we should also try our best to guard against the horribl
e disease that can be carried by these friends.
10. Well done, Spotty!
We were walking alone when we saw the Wilkins? children playing in their yard. Th e three girls were taking turns pushing a cart. Their one-year-old twin brothers and a big doll were in it. Just as we walked by them, a wheel came off. Freckles, my friend, fixed it for them. Then they all went upstairs to play some games. After a while Mrs Wilkins went out, and left the twins with the girls.
Well, it wasn?t much fun for me, and soon I went to sleep.
I must have slept pretty hard and pretty long. All of a sudden I woke up and coul d hardly breathe. Everybody was gone. The room was full of smoke! The house wa s on fire!
I started down the stairs and stumbled over a gray bunch. “That belongs to Freckle s,” I thought. “It?s the gray sweater that he likes so much. I might as well take it down to him.”
I took the sweater in my mouth and started down again. It weighed so much. So I dropped it on one of the stairs. Then I went back up to look out of a window. I wanted to see why there was so much noise.
The whole town was in the front yard and in the street! In the middle of the crow d was Mrs Wilkins, who was carrying on like a mad woman. Mr. Wilkins was jumpi ng up and down and shouting loudly, “I?ve got the babies! I?ve got the babies!” He had a real baby in one arm and the big doll in the other. He was so excited that ha thought he had both babies.
Later I heard what had happened. The kids had thought they were escaping with b oth twins. But one of them had saved the doll and left a twin behind.
“Well,” I decided, “I?d better get out of here fast. This place is really beginning to burn!” As I ran down the stairs, I knocked into the gray bunch again. So I picked i t up.
I got out the back way with that package swinging from my mouth. I walked roun d to the front yard and set it down very quickly. It let out a cry!
“My baby!” shouted Mrs Wilki ns. And she started to kiss me and the babies.
“Three cheers for Spotty!” everyone shouted at the top of their voices.
The butcher made his way through the crowd and gave me a large piece of hambu rger and said, “It?s got chicken livers mixed in it.”
I liked the way things were, so I wagged my tail.
11. Cartoons and comic strips
People often find it hard to put their feelings into words. So they keep hunting for new means of expressing their feelings other than words. Cartoons, as such a mea ns, were thus born. Old cartoons, however, did not attract many people until cartoo nists had expanded their topics by the end of the 19th century. At around the same time, comic strips came into being.
A cartoon is an amusing drawing that deals with something of interest in the news. Comic strips are a set of humorous drawings that tell a funny story. They make a story appear as a picture in the reader?s mind by showing one or two aspects of an event.
There is a cartoon that shows a father and his son. The boy is showing his father his school report, which, unfortunately, gives a very poor grade---2 out of 5. So he does it in a quite unusual way: the report is fastened to one end of a pole while
the boy is holding the other and. With the long pole between them, any punishmen t from the father is out of the question. For the moment, at least, the son is safe.
Readers can?t help laughing at the cartoon. But they may also find some food for t hought in addition to being amused.
Reading cartoons and comic strips had long been a favourite pastime for adults unti l the beginning of the 20th century. Then some business-minded people found that t here might be a good market for children, too. With the improvement of printing a nd drawing techniques, modern cartoons and comic strips had bec ome children?s fav ourites by the early 20th (around the 1920s). Since then they have become popular reading materials for people of all ages.
Today the characters in cartoons and comic strips range from children to adults, pe ts to fancy animals, and ordinary people to superheroes. Micky Mouse and Garfield the Cat make children think and imagine actively. Superman and Batman bring villai ns of all sorts to justice. Father and Son expresses human love and sympathy in liv ely comic strips. Their names have become household words. They are only a few outstanding products in the field.
Today the digital revolution has brought new life to the making of cartoons and co mic strips. Therefore many people think that computer-made comics will in the end replace hand-drawn ones. However, just as the human mind will never give way co mpletely to the computer, hand-drawn comics will never die, but will remain a speci al means of expressing human feelings.
12. Rockwell and his works
Norman Rockwell was a famous American illustrator and cover artist. Many of his w orks had become well-known by the middle of the 20th century. Critics spoke highly of his works. For example, according to one critic, “Most artists affect us by surpri sing us. Rockwell affects us by giving us exactly wha t we expect.” The following ar e just a few examples of his magazine covers.
Cover one One of the best-known of all Rockwell?s covers! This painting is made up of two parts: the upper and the lower. Each detail in the lower picture is carefully matched with something in the upper part, so the result is kind of humorous. In t his way, the painting presents the children?s moods in a sharp contrast: very happy when setting out and very tired and bored when coming back.
Cover two This painting shows Rockwell?s sk ills as a story teller. It tells an ordinary story about a school boy. The boy is busy with his studies. Outside the window a fishing pole is ready, and the boy?s dog is waiting impatiently. To the boy, these la st days of schoolwork before the summer vacation seem the longest. They appear more so as the final examination is drawing near. This is an old story of school chil dren, but Rockwell tells it vividly in a simple way.
Cover three In this painting, a young mother is trying hard to make up her mind: t o spank or to spare her naughty child. The broken clock on the floor suggests that the child has behaved in an entirely natural manner. When a hammer is within his reach, he breaks something with the hammer! At the time the painting was compl eted, the Rockwells were already parents. So the cover story perhaps describes the artist?s own life experience. With this experience, Rockwell could make every detail come alive in this painting.
13. A brief look at two metropolises
NEW YORK In the 19th century, a businessman predicated that New York was going to become the centre of the world. His prediction has partly come true. Today, Ne w York is often regarded as one of the financial and cultural capitals of the Wester n World. The United Nations has its headquarters in the city as well.
New York, where the world-famous twin towers of the World Trade Center were on ce located, is known as a city of skyscrapers. There are parks, great museums, art galleries, grand theatres and cinemas for visitors as well. However, like many other cities in the world, New York also has its own problems---noise, air pollution, crimes, traffic jams, and slums. Still, the fast, exciting pace of life in New York City is fasc inating and this may be a reason why the city continues to fascinate more and mor e people.
LONDON London was once known as a city of fog. At that time, many Londoners d id not expect that their city would change for the better. However, heavy fog is no w rarely seen in London.
As a city with a long history, London has also gone through many changes. The da ys are gone when horse-drawn carriages were a common sight in the street. Now L ondon is famous for its excellent underground service and the red double-deckers h ave become a symbol of the city. The second half of the 20th century saw great ch anges in the city. Skyscrapers have sprung up; business centres for the 21st century are also growing fast.
However, London has kept its heart. People can still enjoy themselves with a cup o f tea in Convent Garden(科文特加登广场). Some of the narrow roads that lead to c hurches are still there, taking people back to London?s old days. Although there are such concerns as heavy traffic, crowded shops and dirty streets in some areas, to many people, London remains the most interesting and wonderful city in the world.
14. The time capsule of Colorado Springs
In 1901, the citizens of Colorado Springs(科罗拉多泉市) in the USA decided to colle ct everyday items and to seal them in a steel box. The box was marked “To be op ened after midnight, December 31st, AD 2000”, and was stored in the Colorado Coll ege Library.
One hundred years later, on the appointed day, 300 people gathered to watch the opening of the box. Many in the crowd were in very good condition. There were ne wspapers, photographs, diaries, name cards, family trees, books and dozens of lette rs, including one written by Theodore Roosevelt(西奥多·罗斯福，美国第26任总统), w ho became the President of the USA later that year. One of Roosevelt?s friends live d in Colorado Springs at that time.
Many of the letters were addressed to their descendants. They describe the hopes t hat the people of 1901 had for the people of the next century. At that time, Colora do Springs had just a few thousand residents. Now nearly half a million people live there.
Colorado College Library has scanned the materials and put them on a website. Cec il Muller, whose grandfather had placed a collection of postcards in the box, said th at the time capsule was a great treasure. “This is a wonderful educational resource. We can learn so much about our histo ry,” he said. “I never knew my grandfather, but now I feel close to him.”
In April 2001, a committee filled the time capsule with items from modern Colorado Springs and resealed it for another hundred years.
15. The growth of the Internet
The Internet began as a tool to connect universities and government research centr es through a nationwide network. It would allow a large number of computers to e xchange information and share resources. Its development was pushed forward by ARPA---the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which was established in the United States in 1958. In 1969 ARPA began to focus on communications technology. Then in the early 1970s, the ARPA net came into being. This network laid the foundatio n for the Internet. In 1972, electronic mail was introduced.
At the same time in Europe, researchers were struggling with their own computer n etworking problems. In 1989, a scientist proposed the World Wide Web project. Ov er the next year or two, the proposal was discussed and revised, which resulted in the programme called the World Wide Web. In 1992, its browser software was intro duced to the public.
The early browsers functioned well but were not “user-friendly”. In 1993, a group o f graduated students in the USA created Mosaic---a “browser” programm e. Mosaic w as pleasing to the eye and easy to use---just point and click. Netscape(美国网景公司) and then Microsoft followed with browsers that greatly simplified the process of surfing the Internet in search of information.
Today, the Internet is changing our life style, cultural patterns, business practices, a nd ways of learning and doing research. It helps people keep up to date on world events, find a cheap flight, play games, and discuss everything from apples to spac e technology. An increasing number of people shop and bank on the Internet; man
y do business online. It enables people to browse online hundreds of thousands of magazines and books in libraries worldwide.
The Internet is not owned or controlled by any company or nation. People can use the Net at home, in offices, at schools and universities, in public libraries or “cyber cafes”. It connects people in different countries instantly through computers, satellit es, and phone lines. It is making our life easier and more efficient.
“The Global Village” w as coined to describe how radio and television had changed t he world in the 20th century. In the 21st century, it seems the Internet is sure to h ave an even greater influence.
16. Hacking
By the end of 1946, technology had advanced so greatly as to make the electronic computer a part of life. The year 1976 saw the appearance of a more advanced ty pe of computer, which was performing 100 million calculations a second. This recor d, however, was quickly rewritten. The fast development of computer speed brings endless benefits to human life. There are always two sides to a thing, though.
There are problems with using computers and storing useful data in them. In 1988, a US official said that a German student had been regularly reading their top secr et papers. That student had been able to carry out his break-ins without leaving ho me. That was a typical example of “hacking”. A “hacker” is a highly skilled compute r user who spends his free time reading the secret files of others.
A hacker needs only to discover the password that gives entry to a network. With clever guesswork, this can be done simply by trying again and again.
A lot of hackers are only in it for fun---like Robert Schifreen and Steve Gold, who had read all the data in Prince Philip?s electronic mailbo x before the police discovere d the hacking.
The possibility for hackers to commit crimes is great. In the 1980s some experts po inted out that American banks were losing up to $5,000 million a year to computer crimes. Once a hacker gained entry to a bank?s system, he could order it to move large sums of money to another bank in a foreign country---just what a traditional robber would do.
Today computers are making life easier and far more comfortable. The evils, howev er, are also growing with the development of computer knowledge and techniques. It seems that the struggle against computer crimes will continue into the future.
高一第二学期
17. Travelling around China
Travelling around China can be tiring but fun as well. However, how you travel ofte n determines whether your travel will be a success or a failure. Here is some infor mation about how it can be done.
BY TRAIN Most parts of China can now be reached by rail. Generally speaking, the train service is efficient. However, the trains are sometimes overcrowded, especially on national holidays. The kind of ticket you need depends on the distance of your j ourney. A hard or soft seat is fine for a short journey. For long journeys, a sleeper ticket is a better choice.
BY SHIP A number of sea routes exist that can take you from one seaport to anot her along the coast of China. There are also a few inland waterways. The most att ractive one is that from Chongqing to Shanghai. Along this route ships pass through the famous Three Gorges(长江三峡) and stop at many beautiful towns and historic sites.
BY AIR This is often the first choice for those who have limited time to spend on a journey. But, of course, this time-saving advantage has to be paid for---tickets are more expensive. While CAAC(中国民用航空总局) used to be the only airline service in the country, there are now a number of regional airlines. The safety record has also improved much over the past decades. Air tickets are available through CITS (中国国际旅行社), at hotel travel desks or in air ticket offices. Most large cities and many popular tourist destinations have their own airports.
BY BUS Highway networks in China are developing very fast. There are both inner- and inter-city bus services, they are well managed and cheap. State-owned long-dist ance bus services operate on schedule and are inexpensive. There are also private buses. They run mainly on local routes, and often will not depart until they are co mpletely filled up.
BY BICYCLE Besides what is mentioned above, cycling is also one of the best ways for traveling around town, unless you are in Chongqing---the only city with very fe w bicycles because of its steep streets. If you plan to stay in China for sometime, buy one as the natives do.
Hope you will find this information helpful during your stay in China.
18. The Ocean Park---A page from a travel brochure of Hong Kong, China
Duration: Approx. (approximately的缩写形式) 4 hours or 7 hours (daily morning dep arture)
Not only is it the largest in Asia, but it is also rated as one of the most spectacula r oceanariums(海洋水族馆) in the world. It offers the best family outing place to ob serve marine life as well as to experience a fun ride on a roller coaster(过山车).
PANDA HABITAT Loved by many for their unusually cute look, the two darling pand as, An An and Jia Jia, can now be sighted at their permanent habitat in Ocean Par k.
SHARK AQUARIUM Through the underwater viewing tunnel, you seem to enter the mysterious deep ocean, surrounded by countless sharks and rays(鳐鱼) of over 30 s pecies, all swimming within arm?s reach.
OCEAN THEATRE With a panoramic(全景的) background and hosted by a marvelous master of ceremonies(节目主持人), the Ocean Theatre stages entertaining performa nces by its great and small marine stars.
When time permits, visit a jewelry factory workshop to observe the art of handicraft (手工艺).
NOTE This is a half day guided tour. However, passengers may stay behind to expl ore more features in the Ocean Park. Return trips on our afternoon coach can be a rranged with your tour guide.
19. The Sydney Harbour Bridge
There?s no feeling quite like seeing Sydney from the top of the Harbour Bridge.
There I stood, looking up at Sydney?s Harbour Bridge---one of the most famous bri dges in the world. Located near the magnificent Sydney Opera House, the 40-storey bridge towers over Australia?s largest city. The b ridge was certainly beautiful to loo k at. But who in their right mind would want to climb it?
Me, of course! Climbing the bridge is not such a crazy thing to do, in fact. Tourists started climbing the bridge in 1998. Now it?s one of Sydney?s most popular a ttracti ons.
To prepare for the climb, our group of 12 climbers had to take a special class. Firs t, we stored all our personal belongings and changed into special bridge climbing cl othes. Then, the climb organizers showed us how to use the safety belts and climb the steep ladders.
We were even given little personal radios to receive instructions from our guide duri ng the climb!
Our expectations began to build and our group became excited. One hour later, we were ready to go!
We first crossed some catwalks below the road part of the bridge. I was glad I wa sn?t afraid of heights. Looking down through the catwalk I could see the ground 50 meters (164 feet) below!
Next we climbed the ladders leading up, up, up to the bridge?s arch. Cars sped by on the road below. The wind blew more fiercely the higher we climbed. More and
more of the city slowly came into view. Soon we were approaching the very top of the bridge!
What a scene it was at the top! Clear, bird?s eye views of the city extended in all directions. Looking south we saw the city skyline, the famous Opera House and the ocean. It was just like looking at a postcard, except that we were really part of th e picture! Everyone felt proud of having reached this spot in the city.
No one was ready to leave when it was time to go down. The two hours we had spent on the bridge seemed to pass in an instant. But the memory of having seen such a unique scene will stay with us for a lifetime.
20. Travelling in the land of smiles
Thailand uses the phrase “Land of Smiles” to describe itself in tourist brochures and advertising campaigns---and rightly so. Visitors to Thailand can expect to be greete d with a smile when they leave the airport, get into a taxi or rental car and again when they enter a hotel. What makes it so easy for the Thai people to smile at th eir visitors? The head of Thailand?s tourist bureau says that it is “in the nature of t he people.” The Thais are naturally happy, he says with a smile, and they are glad to share that happiness with others.
This attitude seems to be very much appreciated by the more than five million tour ists who visit Thailand each year. The country ranks high on the list of places to w hich visitors want to return. The reason most often stated is that the people are fri endly and polite. Some other Asian destinations are not as well received. Bali in Ind onesia ranks high on the list, with Japan somewhere in the middle.
These reports raise the question of whether certain nationalities are naturally more courteous than others. People may experience more friendliness in Thailand than in other countries. This may have more to do with the place than the people. Travel writers point out that cities are always stressful, hurried places, with little to offer i n the way of smiles and welcome. Bangkok is not as friendly as other places in the surrounding Thai countryside. Remote towns and villages in China, for example, off er visitors a warm welcome, with smiles(and giggles) from children. Perhaps it shoul d also be pointed out that polite, patient, smiling visitors will most often be greeted similarly, no matter which country they are in.
21. Using English properly
If you don?t want to offend someone, you?d better know which English words to us e---and which to avoid.
Imagine that you?re in a restaurant in America. You want some water, so you calle d out “Waitress!” A waitress comes to your table, but she?s clearly unhappy. What did you do wrong? You may have offended her by calling her a “waitress.” Today, many people prefer the word “server” to “waitress.”
Why? As society changes, so does our language. Today the word “server” is more appropriate. It gives the person a sense of being respected. Using English properly i s an attempt to make language more respectful to all people.
Words that put too much emphasis on gender are carefully avoided. These include words that end in “-ess” or “-man.” For example, people who serve passengers on airlines are now called “flight attendants,” not “stewardesses.” In the past, only wo men could be flight attendants; today, many men have entered the profession. “Flig ht attendant” is a better expression because it includes both men and women. Man y women are entering jobs that were once only occupied by men, so words like “p oliceman” and “chairman” are being replaced. Now “police officer” and “chairperson”are the preferred terms.
Unfortunately, English has no singular pronoun that can be used to replace either “he” or “she.” This creates some problems. How do we treat both genders fairly wit hout such a pronoun? One way is to use the plural structure. So instead of saying “If a person wants to learn English, he should study every day,” many people woul d prefer “If people want to learn English, they should study every day.”
Using English properly extends further than gender. It also includes issues of race a nd disability. For example, some people prefer the term “people with a disability” to “handicapped.” The word “handicapped” can be considered disrespectful because it implies that a person is helpless.
However, there are people who don?t like being told what words they have to use. And they insist on not changing their way of talking---they don?t think they are obli ged to make others feel better. But most people agree that making language respe ctful to all is fair. So people do change with the times.
22. Tips for English learning
Language letter-boxes in quite a few English newspapers are often filled with letters complaining about such problems as “I don?t know to improve my pronunciation an d intonation. The English vocabulary is too large to handle.” Or “I find my spoken English most worrying. Please tell me how to improve my communication skills!”
At the same time, in some newspapers, there are ads for “Shortcuts in Mastering E nglish,” “A 24-hour Programme of Success in Spoken E nglish” or “Recipe for English Fluency,” and so on.
A lot of teachers of English try to help fight learners? worries by saying that the ro ad to successful communication is clearly signposted---practise, practice and practice.
If there are few such opportunities in your day-to-day life, make them up: form clu bs or learning groups, and practise talking to each other.
Expose yourselves to an English radio broadcast, a tape recording, a film or a video: let it be a topic or a context for discussion. Even when you are alone, try to have
some practice. You can never lay too much emphasis on the importance of “input”for language learning, so reading newspapers and listening to the radio are good habits to cultivate. One thing, however, is very important: the “input” must be appr opriate for your level. Something too difficult is useless, while spending time on so mething too easy will be pointless.
And remember this: there isn?t a cure-all for all of you. One shortcut may work for some of you, and another probably has a positive effect on others. Only one meth od works for everybody---and that is, to use English!
23. Eye contact
Lunch was now over, and I offered to drive James back to his hotel. He said he h ad walked over to my place but politely accepted the lift. We drove the few blocks back to his hotel and pulled into the driveway. I got out, went quickly to his side of the car, opened the door, and started to lean forward with one hand reaching o ut. Then my eyes met his. Not a word was spoken, but the message I got was cle ar, “Don?t you dare try to help me out of this car!”
I backed off. James got out and then gave me a big smile---his way of saying, “No harm done. All is well.”
If we pay enough attention, we?ll see our audience is often communicating with us withou t words. It is important to read these silent signals in one?s eyes. If you intr oduce a subject that causes much movement in the audience, you know that you h ave aroused their attention. They are shifting in their seats or exchanging looks wit h their neighbours. The reaction from your audience should be your guide. When y ou continue your talk, you know that to drop, what to revise and what to add, all based on your reading of the eyes of the audience.
If you?ve told a joke or story that hasn?t gone down well, the audience may be telli ng you that they want to hear or what they don?t want to hear. Such information c an and should lead to some change in the content, humour and style of what you still have to say.
The most obvious display of an audience?s silent communication is their lack of atte ntion. Yawning, programme studying, chatting in very low voices or dozing, to ment ion the worst, are warnings. Through eye contact you will be the first to know if y ou have lost them. An immediate change of attitude is called for. No speaker is ev er honoured for going down with the ship.
Silent clues, however, may also communicate good news. Smiling, leaning forward, watching attentively---all tell you that the track is clear of obstacles; the signals are green---so go ahead.
24. Understanding body language
Have you ever met someone and found that you instantly liked them? You just coul dn?t put your finger on it as to why. Deep down inside yourself they gave you a st range feeling. I?m not going to call myself a body languag e expert, but I think I ca n hive you my advice on how to read the most complicated language of all: body l anguage.
YOUR MOVES SELL YOU OUT. So for starters, think about yourself. Have you ever stopped for a moment to watch the way that you move your body? Well, believe it or not, the people you are talking to are watching your every move. They watch y our eyes, your facial expressions, the way you hold your posture. In fact, the way you move can tell a lot about what kind of person you are … or what kind of pers on you appear to be.
WHAT CAN BODY LANGUAGE TELL? In most Western countries, making eye contact with anyone you talk to is very important. If you don?t make eye contact, you mig ht be judged as dishonest or even rude. Then there?s posture. If your actio ns are v ery confident, you will appear to be confident to others. And, the rate that you spe ak can also tell others something. If you talk too fast, you?re nervous, while too slo w probably indicates that you are unsure of yourself, and that maybe you are shy.
I?M CONFUSED WITH “SPACE” IN CHINA. As a traveler, I have been confused time and time again with every place I visit. This is mainly because I misunderstood the body language of the people. In China, I have had many issues with the concept of “space.” As an American I need “personal space.” So, the first time I came to S hanghai I was constantly apologizing to strangers who I bumped into on the streets or even on the bus, but they just looked at me as if I were strange. Understandin g body language is dif ficult, but it?s important to become aware of it, and I make a n effort to understand it. So my advice, watch your own actions, for they can send a message to someone that you may not even know! And when in doubt, smile!
25. Arturo Toscanini
Arturo Toscanini, who conducted the first public performance of many world-famous operas (such as Othello and La Boheme), is regarded as the greatest conductor of the first part of the twentieth century.
Toscanini was born in Italy on March 25, 1867. He entered a music school when h e was nine and graduated in 1885 with the highest honours in cello and compositio n.
At the age of nineteen, he joined an Italian orchestra on a tour in Brazil. During th at tour, the conductor of the orchestra suddenly quit his job. Toscanini was thus ca lled in to fill in as conductor at very short notice. It was not surprising that the au dience laughed at him as he leapt onto the stage. His passionate interpretation of Aida was, however, greeted with loud cheers.
What was most special about Toscanini was that he did his job without the help of a score. Having read through a score, he could recall every note many years later. However, the fact that he had a marvelous memory alone did not make him a gre at conductor. It was his energy, strict attitude towards performance, and loyalty to the composer?s intention that made him outstanding.
During rehearsals, to get what he wanted from his orchestra, he would sometimes stamp his feet, snap his baton and tear his store to pieces. He tried to make use of every means to interpret music. Once he found himself at a loss when trying to describe to an American orchestra a very light effect in a passage (his English was poor). After thinking hard for a while, he drew a white silk handkerchief from his p ocket and threw it into the air, watching with the orchestra as it floated to the floo r. “There!” he said. “Play like that!”
Toscanini drove himself as hard as he did his orchestra. If the orchestra met his de mands, he would weep for joy. Otherwise, he would not spare them from punishme nt. If he himself made a rare mistake, he would slap his own face in front of the orchestra. He would not spare even himself from punishment.
Toscanini would shout at anyone who dared talk during the performance or, even worse, arrived late.
All through his life, Toscanini was anti-fascist. In1931, he was physically attacked fo r refusing to play the fascist anthem and for protesting against Hitler?s ban on Jewi sh musicians.
He dropped his baton in 1954, and died in 1957 at the age of 90.
26. An interview with a pop pianist
Robin Gordon (RG), a journalist, interviews a very rich and famous pianist, James N ewman (JN), who has a way of playing classical music in a wildly romantic manner. He is well known for his strange clothes as well.
RG: Actually, you don?t let the chance slip through your fingers when you chose m usic as your career.
JN: No, the entertainment world is full of opportunities. When any of them turns u p and comes to you, you must be prepared.
RG: You started playing the pian o as a child, didn?t you?
JN: Yes. I?m very competitive---that?s the way I was brought up. I was raised in a strict traditional family. I was the oldest of us kids. In a family that size, you had t o be hardworking to get noticed. My father wanted us to be aggressive, competitive and career-oriented. So, it became very important for me to be number one all th e time and I did get straight A?s at school.
RG: Well, when you began as a pianist, you wore traditional clothes, didn?t you?
JN: I did wear a black suit and a bow tie that made me look like a headwaiter, an d I looked serious and miserable when I played! But not for long, I soon develope d my own style.
RG: Just where…and how did you begin your own style?
JN: Well…I learned the piano at an early age, and a fter I left music school, I start ed giving piano performances. Well, anyway, one evening when I was in Wisconsin (威斯康星州), something happened. My audience that evening consisted mostly of ri ch farmers. They were all sitting like sleeping dummies(模型)…it was r eally a very h ot evening…I was all sweaty. They just weren?t enjoying Bach(巴赫，1685-1750，德国作曲家) or Chopin(肖邦，1810-1849，波兰作曲家、钢琴家). They were ready to fall off their chairs with boredom. So I stopped playing and stood up.
RG: You mean, you stopped in the middle of a performance?
JN: Exactly. And I shouted, “Come on, folks. What would you really like to hear?” At first they looked at me as if I had gone mad, then they became all wide awake. They agreed that they wanted a change. So I played something in a kind of wild Bach style.
RG: And soon after that you started your new style.
JN: Yes. I decided to play Bach and Chopin in a very unusual style. Meanwhile I st arted wearing fancy clothes.
RG: I guess your father didn?t approve of all this.
JN: Right. Dad?s a bit old. He wanted to make a classical musician of me! He didn?t understand me.
RG: Even though you are so successful?
JN: No. Many people don?t.
RG: Perhaps it takes time. Thank you, Mr. Newman.
27. Stunts in movies
On the screen, the US actor Tom Cruise is throwing himself through a glass windo w as a large car explodes behind him; the actress Helen Hunt is running from hurri canes as homes and cows are swept up.
And, of course, there is Stallone doing…everything.
It seems to be popular these days for actors and actresses to do their own stunts i n action movies, and the fact is that the big names are indeed doing more stunts. According to a director, some actors do as much as ninety per cent of their own st unts, while the last ten per sent are generally left to stunt professionals. These are
上海市高一第一学期期末考试物理试卷含答案
上海市2018—2019学年度第一学期 高一物理期末试卷 一、单选题 1.伽利略研究变速运动规律时做了著名的“斜面实验”：他测量了铜球在较小倾角斜面上运动的位移和时间，发现位移与时间的平方成正比，增大斜面倾角，该规律仍然成立．于是，他外推到倾角为90°的情况，得出结论() A.自由落体运动是一种匀变速直线运动 B.力是使物体产生加速度的原因 C.力不是维持物体运动的原因 D.物体具有保持原来运动状态的惯性 2.从牛顿第一定律可直接演绎得出（） A.质量是物体惯性的量度 B.质量一定的物体加速度与合外力成正比 C.物体的运动需要力来维持 D.物体有保持原有运动状态的特性 3.如图所示，一人站在电梯中的体重计上，随电梯一起运动。下列各种情况中，体重计 的示数最大的（） A.电梯匀减速上升，加速度的大小为1.0m/s2 B.电梯匀加速上升，加速度的大小为1.0m/s2 C.电梯匀减速下降，加速度的大小为0.5m/s2 D.电梯匀加速下降，加速度的大小为0.5m/s 2 4.用两条细绳把一个镜框悬挂在墙上，在如图所示的四种挂法中，细绳对镜框拉力最小的是（） A. B. C. D.
5.某人自河面竖直向上抛出一石子，石子上升到最高点后自由下落经过河水，并陷入河床底部的淤泥中的一段深度。设每一段运动过程受的力都是恒力，表示运动过程的图象中可能正确的是（） A. B. C. D. 6.质量均为m的滑块A.斜面体C和滑块B如图所示放置，用力F推滑块A使三者无相对运动地向前加速运动，则各物体所受的合力（） A.同样大 C.B最大 7.下图中按力的作用效果分解正确的是（） B.A最大 D.C最大 A. B. C. D.
上海新世纪版高一上册英语unit1 occupations教学素材S1A
Unit1 Occupations教学素材Vocabulary 1.introduction n. 介绍，入门指导 a letter of introduction 介绍信 make an introduction of sth./sb. to sb. 向某人介绍某事/人 eg. She made the introductions at the party. 她在聚会上介绍大家认识。 eg. He was shaking her hand before I could finish the introduction. 未等我介绍完,他就在握她的手了。 introduce vt. （与to连用）介绍；（与into / to连用）采用，引进 introduce oneself自我介绍 introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 eg. He introduced his friend to me. 他把朋友介绍给我。 eg. Let me introduce myself; my name is Simpson. 让我作自我介绍吧,我名叫辛普森。 introduce … into / to … 把…引入/插入… eg. Coffee was introduced into England from Europe. 咖啡是从欧洲大陆传入英国的。 eg. New Paris fashions are introduced into Shanghai every year. 巴黎的新流行式样每年都被引进上海。 2.professional n. 专业人员adj. 专业的，职业的 opp. Amateur n. 业余爱好者，业余艺术家，外行adj. 业余的，非职业的 a golf professional 高尔夫球职业运动员 eg. Nurses, doctors and social workers are all professionals. 护士、医生和社会工作者都是专业人士。 professional knowledge专业知识 a professional baseball player 职业棒球选手eg. I’d like some professional advice. 我想要听听一些专业意见。 profession n. 专业，职业（尤指受过专门训练的，如律师、教师、建筑师等）eg. Teaching is a profession. 教书是一种职业。 eg. He is a lawyer by profession. 他的职业是律师。
上海新世纪英语高二全部课文及重点词组
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exited abut ding hat is expeted f hi Suppse, fr exaple, that a teaher tells his students the eah ust slve ne hundred ath prbles befre ing t shl the next da The hildren plain abut s uh her But ne student des nt prtest at all That student is an eager beaver He lves t d ath prbles, and des nt ind all the her The expressin is said t have e fr the nae f a hard-ring anial---the beaver Beavers are strange-ling reatures The spend a lt f tie in the ater, building das t reate little laes r pnds The use their huge teeth and r hard t ut dn trees, reve branhes and put the arss streas The use their tails t pa ud n the branhes t ae the das slid Fe ther anials r s hard Histrians sa the beaver had an iprtant part in the settleent f Nrth Aeria There ere hundreds f illins f beavers hen Eurpean settlers first arrived The settlers put great value n the fur f beavers In fat, fr t hundred ears r re, beavers prvided the st valuable fur in Nrth Aeria Beaver sins ften used as ne ung en ling fr adventure headed est arss the untr t searh fr beavers In their searh, the explred uh f the estern territries The trading psts, here the exhanged beaver sins fr the gds the needed, beae villages, and later tns and ities IT’S IN THE BAG The bag---ne f the siplest and st useful things in ever an r an’s life---has given the rld an strange expressins that are nt ver siple A nuber f these expressins are idel used in the United States tda Se ere
(word完整版)上海市高一上学期期末考试地理试卷
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上海高中一年级第一学期物理知识点整理 第一章·直线运动 1. 质点：不考虑物体的形状和大小，把物体看作是一个有质量的点。它是运动物体的理 想化模型。注意：质量不可忽略。哪些情况可以看做质点： 1)运动物体上各点的运动情况都相同，那么它任何一点的运动都可以代表整个物体的运动。 2)物体之间的距离远远大于物体本身的大小，即可忽略形状和大小，而看做质点。(比如：研究地球绕太阳公转时即可看成质点，而研究地球自转时就不能看成质点) 2. 位移和路程:从初位置指向末位置的有向线段，矢量.路程是物体运动轨迹的长度，是 标量。 路程和位移是完全不同的概念，仅就大小而言，一般情况下位移的大小小于路程，只有在单方向的直线运动中，位移的大小才等于路程. 3. 速度和速率 ①平均速度:位移与时间之比，是对变速运动的粗略描述。而平均速率:路程和所用时间的比值。v=s/t 。在一般变速运动中平均速度的大小不一定等于平均速率，只有在单方向的直线运动，二者才相等. ②瞬时速度:运动物体在某一时刻（或某一位置）的速度，方向沿轨迹上质点所在点的切线方向指向前进的一侧，瞬时速度是对变速运动的精确描述. 4. 加速度 （1）加速度是描述速度变化快慢的物理量，矢量。加速度又叫速度变化率. （2）定义:速度的变化Δv 跟所用时间Δt 的比值， t v v t v a t 0 -= ??=，比值定义法。 （3）方向:与速度变化Δv 的方向一致.但不一定与v 的方向一致. ［注意］加速度与速度无关.只要速度在变化，无论速度大小，都有加速度;只要速度不变化（匀速），无论速度多大，加速度总是零;只要速度变化快，无论速度是大、是小或是零，物体加速度就大. 5. 匀速直线运动 （1）定义:在任意相等的时间内位移相等的直线运动叫做匀速直线运动. （2）特点:a=0，v=恒量. （3）位移公式:s=vt. 6. 匀变速直线运动 （1）定义:在任意相等的时间内速度的变化相等的直线运动叫匀变速 直线运动. （2）特点:a=恒量 （3）★公式： 速度公式：v=v 0+at 位移公式：s=v 0t+2 1 at 2 速度位移公式：v t 2-v 02=2as 平均速度20t v v v += 以上各式均为矢量式，应用时应规定正方向，然后把矢量化为代数量求解，通常选初速 度方向为正方向，凡是跟正方向一致的取“+”值，跟正方向相反的取“-”值. 7. 初速度为0的匀加速直线运动的几个比例关系的应用： （一）时间连续等分 1) 在T 、2T 、3T …nT 内的位移之比为12：22：32：……：n 2； 2) 在第1个T 内、第 2个T 内、第3个T 内……第N 个T 内的位移之比为1：3：5：……： (2N-1)； 3) 在T 末 、2T 末、3T 末……nT 末的速度之比为1：2：3：……：n ； （二）位移连续等分 1) 在第1个S 内、第2个S 内、第3个S 内……第n 个S 内的时间之比为1： ()21-： （ 32-)：……：)1(--N N ； t 2v v s t 0+=
上海八年级英语上册新世纪版知识点汇总
上海八年级英语上册新世纪版知识点汇总 The document was prepared on January 2, 2021
U n i t O n e M o d e r n T e c h n o l o g y LessonOneComputers 【词形变换】mouse---mice（复数）main---mainly electronic---electrical---electricityrelax---relaxedable---enable invent（发明V）---inventor（发明家）---invention（发明物）【重要短语】typein输入，键入 ought（not）to=should（not）应该get/befamiliarwith熟悉andsoon等等 What’stheuseof………的用途是什么attheageof在……岁时learnfrom…向……学习 beworriedabout=worryabout担心…….允许某人做某事Wouldyouplease+V.原形 stop/prevent/.阻止某人做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事stoptodosth.停下来做某事payattentionto（介词）注意agreewithsb.同意某人的意见 .=helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事spend…onsth.=spend…(in)doingsth.花费……做某事keepintouchwith与……保持联系millionsof数百万的use…todosth.用…...做某事 all/different/manykindsof各种各样的inbrief简言之 neither…nor…既不……,也不…… beconnectedto与……连接在一起 beableto的用法：（可用于各种时态，而can不能）现在：am/is/are(not)ableto过去：was/were(not)ableto将来：will(not)beableto LessonTwoRobots 【词形变换】 different（形）---difference（名）---differently（副）danger---dangerousoperate---operationmemory---memorizeindustry---industrialmedicine---medical please---pleasure（名）---pleased（形人）---pleasant（形物）【重要短语】tidyup整理，收拾makethebed铺床 perform/doanoperationonsb.给某人做手术 perform/dooperationsonsb.=operateonsb. bedifferentfrom与……不同bethesameas与……相同knownothingabout对……一无所知withpleasure高兴地，快乐地；乐意地 whatelse=whatotherthings（else常放在不定代词和疑问词的后面）decidetodosth.决定做某事practisedoingsth.练习做某事 notonly…butalso…不但……而且……not…anymore/longer=nomore/longer不再keepdoingsth.一直不停地做某事 beafraidofsth./doingsth.害怕某物/做某事beafraidtodosth.害怕做某事 with/withoutthehelpof在……的帮助下/没有……的帮助 不定代词的用法： something常用于肯定句中，也可用于希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中anything常用于否定句或疑问句中nothing常用于否定句中（what）everything 上述不定代词都指物，不能和of连用，都是单数。 someone=somebody常用于肯定句中anyone=anybody常用于否定或疑问句中 noone=nobody常用于否定句中（who）everyone=everybody
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