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2017年考研英语翻译复习知识点

2017年考研英语翻译复习知识点
2017年考研英语翻译复习知识点

2017年考研英语翻译复习知识点

一、理解英语原文,拆分语法结构

由于英语语言具有"形合"的特点,也就是说,英语句子无论多么复杂,都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的"像葡萄藤一样"的结构。如果搞不清楚句子的语法结构,考生是很难做出正确的翻译的。因此在翻译句子之前,必须先通读全句,一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构,这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。

怎么拆分呢?具体来讲,考生可以寻找下面一些"信号词"来对英语句子进行拆分,进而更加有效地理解英语原文。

1.基本原则:

把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。

2.连词:

如and, or, but, yet, for等并列连词连接着并列句;还有连接状语从句的连接词,如:when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, thought, although, so that, ......等等;它们是考生要寻找的第一大拆分点。

3.关系词:

如连接名词性从句的who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等关系代词和when, where, how, why等关系副词;还有连接定语从句的关系代词,如who, which, that, whom, whose等等;它们是第二大拆分点。

4.标点符号:

标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰部分,也是一个明显的拆分点。

5. 除此之外,介词on, in, with, at, of, to等引导的介词短语,不定式符号to,分词结构也可以作为拆分点。

例如:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(35词,2003年62题)

拆分本句的信号词有:which, in, that。注意本句出现的两个and连接的是几个词汇,并非句子,所以不用作为拆分点。因此这个句子可以拆分成四个片段。拆分后句子的总结构是:

(1)主干Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;

(2)定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors;

(3)方式状语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner;

(4)定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena。

二、运用翻译策略,组合汉语译文

正确理解原文后,接下来就是翻译。翻译时,关键是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意忠实地表达出来。主要有如下翻译技巧。

1.词汇的增减转

由于英汉两种语言的差异,在英文看上去比较正常的句子,译成汉语时,如果不或增或减一些词可能无法把英文的原意表达出来,这样就需要适当地运用添减词法。词本无意,意由境生,翻译时考生需要注意词性的转化,经常碰到将名词转化成动词翻译,将具体名词转化成抽象名词进行翻译的情况。

2.代词的译法

代词一般需要转译成名词,即把其所指代的意义译出。

3.人名地名的译法,知道的可以译出来,不知道可以音译,再将英语原词抄写一遍,用括号括起来,比如Whorf可以处理为:沃尔夫(Whorf)

4.很多被动语态如果机械的翻成被动语态,可能会让人看了觉得别扭,因此需要转为主动语态。可以增加万能逻辑主语人们,可以选取中文特有的表示被动的词汇,比如"得以","使得","将"等,英文中出现by,可将by后面的名词作为主语翻译。

5.定语从句的译法

第一种译法,当从句结构和意义比较简单,不会对主句部分造成理解上的困难,此时可以前置法,把它翻译成"…的"的定语词组,并放在被修饰词的前面。将英语的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。第二种译法,当从句结构较为复杂,意义

较为繁琐,意思表达不清时,选择用后置法,此时把定语从句单独翻译成一个句子,放在原来它所修饰的词的后面,关系代词可以翻译为先行词,或者与先行词相对应的代词。第三种译法,一些定语从句,不仅只是起到一个定语的修饰作用,而且在逻辑上与主句有状语关系,用来解释原因、条件、结果、让步等。此时,我们尽量从意义上发现这些逻辑上的关系,然后翻译成汉语中相对应的逻辑关系,把定语从句翻译为状语从句。

6.状语从句的译法

状语从句较为简单,考生需重点关注如下引导词:since, howerve, while, for, as,根据具体的句际逻辑关系来确定其语境意义。

7.对于特殊结构,比如倒装结构,分隔结构,应对策略在于调整原文的顺序,找到成分搭配关系。

三、校核,调整,成文

组合成中文之后,考生一定要再检查一遍,做出相应的调整,最终成文。校核主要有三个方面:一是检查译文是否忠实于原文。通过把译文和原文对照比较往往能发现问题;二是检查译文本身是否通顺或表达清楚。把译文通读一遍,如果觉得读起来很别扭或者有歧义,那很有可能是翻译不通或表达不清楚,适当增减词或调整语序通常能解决这一问题;三是检查译文是否有笔误,是否有漏洞,是否有代词未转译,时态是否译出,数字、日期是否译错,标点符号是否用错等。

以2016考研英语真题为例:

46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.

【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句,第一个并列句主干是We don’t have to learn ,how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语,第二个并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way,that引导定语从句修饰先行词way,that定语从句中主干是our bodies know,how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。

【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康,它正如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样,是根植于我们体内的/是我们与生俱来的能力。

47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.

【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构,很简单,第二个并列句中,like the sun behind a cloud是状语,but连接两个并列分句,包括短语be hidden from和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。

【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见,就像云朵背后的太阳,它也许暂时被遮挡,但是它也可以在瞬间重焕光芒。

48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.

【句子结构】句子主干是Mental health allows us to view others,三个并列with 引导的介词短语做状语,前两个with引导的状语中各包含一个if引导的条件状从,最后一个with状语中包含一个no matter引导的让步状语。

【参考译文】心理健康使我们在他人遇到麻烦时给予同情,在他人痛苦时心存善意,而且无论对方是谁都会给予无条件的关爱。

49、Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it it perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.

【参考译文】尽管拥有健康的心智是我们生活中的万能药,但它并不稀奇,你会发现在你难以做决定时,它一直在指引着你。

【解析】本题有一个由although引导的让步状语从句,as引导的时间状语从句,以及that引导的宾语从句构成。此处“mental health”若是翻译成心理健康与下文连接,则不符合中文表达习惯,又因mental本身与智力相关,所以将其翻译成“健康的心智”;此外“perfectly ordinary”可以正译,译为“非常普遍”,本译文采取正话反说的方式,译为“并不稀奇”。再次,“difficult decisions”若翻译为困难的决定,不符合中文的表达方式,所以将decision,名词译为动词“做决定”。

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