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现代大学英语基础写作(下)笔记

现代大学英语基础写作(下)笔记
现代大学英语基础写作(下)笔记

Writing

Unit 1 (1)

1. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2) (1)

2. Coordination & Subordination (P12) (1)

Coordination (1)

Subordination (2)

Unit 2 (2)

1. Decription (Places)(P21-22) (2)

2. Parallelism (P31-32) (3)

Unit 3 (3)

1. Narration (Objective Reports) (P42) (3)

2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52) (3)

Circumstances of using passive voice (3)

Unit 4 (4)

1. Description: objects (P64) (4)

2. Variety(多样性 )(P76) (4)

Unit 5 (5)

1. Narration: chain of action (P82) (5)

Showing &telling in narration (5)

2.Task 未教( P93) (6)

Unit 6 (6)

1. Description: People (P102) (6)

2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明,简洁(打印 ) (6)

Unit 7 (7)

1. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126) (7)

Unit 8 (8)

1. Personal Letters (P150) (8)

Unit 1

1.Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2)

1)Types :personal experience/imaginative fiction/historical narrative

2)How to write :

①A topic sentence

②F irst person point of view

③I n chronological order

④Using transitions

⑤V ivid details

2.Coordination & Subordination (P12)

Coordination

1)Definition :combine ideas/create equal emphasis

2)How to coordinate

Words &phases :

①A coordinating conjunction

②A pair of correlative conjunction

③I n the same kind of grammatical construction

Clauses ①“,”+”fan boys ”

②“;”+”conjunctive adverbs ”(however)

3)Coordination

Subordination

1)Definition :combine ideas/create unequal emphasis

2)How to subordinate

subordinate clauses : ①Subordinating conjunction

②Relative pronouns

◆Phrase or single words

Unit 2

1.Decription (Places)(P21-22)

1)Definition : a word picture

2)Types :◆objective: no any personal comment

◆S ubjective: free to interpret details

3)Methods of organization:

①Using the sense (look ,smells ,sounds)

②Using the spatial order(空间顺序)

③U sing chronological order

4) Tips :

On a dominant impression (主要印象)

Don ’tuse too many adjectives and adverbs

Precise nouns and vivid verbs

Don ’tqualify every noun with adjective

2. Parallelism (P31-32)

1)Definition :

Express equally important ideas in the same grammatical form

2)types :

①parallel words (gerund动名词, nouns ,verbs)

②p arallel phrases (prepositional phrases, verb phrases)

③p arallel clauses

Unit 3

1. Narration (Objective Reports) (P42)

1) Types :First person :“I”

Third person:“he””she””they”

2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52)

1) Tips:

①replace the verb ” be ”

②D on ’toveruse the pattern ”there be ”

③Use the active voice instead of the passive voice(被动) Circumstances of using passive voice

①T he performer of an action is unknown or too well-known

②Emphasize the recipient (接受者)

③You don’t want to mention the performer

Unit 4

1.Description: objects (P64)

1)Methods of organization:

①U sing the sense (look ,smells ,sounds)

②Using the spatial order(空间顺序)

③Listing functions

④Using chronological order

2) Tips on how to describe an objects

how you got the object

Basic factual information(size, shape, texture<质地>) Useful features

Focus on the most important of the object

Why it is important

Your feeling (how you like it)

2.Variety( 多样性 ) ( P76 )

1)How to use sentence variety

Vary sentence opening

Vary sentence structure

Invert sentence( 倒装句 ) occasionally

2) Tips

Put a adverb before the subject

Put the verb or direct object before the subject

Begin with a prepositional phrase, or an infinitive phrase Unit 5

1. Narration: chain of action (P82)

Showing &telling in narration

Tell a story

1)Showing:

dramatizing a scene and creating a dialogue

Make it more vivid

Used in a short narrative relating a single event

2)Telling :

summarizing what happened

Include a greater number of events and details

In longer narratives ,used along with“showing ”

2.Task未教(P93)

Unit 6

1. Description: People (P102)

1) How to describe a person

Dominant impression approach (P22)

Select details but don’tgive too much

Concrete vivid details

Don ’toverload adj. adv.

More showing than telling

Use anecdotes(趣事)

2)Ways of organizing a descriptive essay about a person

Focus on one feature or quality/use anecdotes

Describes from appearance and personality

List a few characteristic features/explain briefly

2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness简明,简洁(打印 )

Reduce long clauses to shorter phrases

Reduce phrases to single words

Avoid there be

Don ’toveruse“very, really, totally and other modifiers”

Eg. Very tired exhausted/ really hungry famished

Replace redundant(多余的) expressions

Eg.in the event that if/oval in shape oval

Remove nominalizations

Verb a/an noun verb

Eg. Give an analysis of analyze

Unit 7

1. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126)

1) Summary paragraphs

A typical paragraph:

develop an idea;

The topic sentence + supporting sentences

The summary paragraph:

Consist of simple facts or conclusions without

explanation or evidence

2) Basic structure of a historical narrative

Open with a brief introduction of the person or organization

Provide a brief account of major phases/events, particularly

turning points

Conclude with a remark to summarize or to emphasize

a specific point

Unit 8

1.Personal Letters (P150)

1)Layout/Format

Date / salutation

/body/closing/signature 2) Language

Simple, clear and straightforward sentence

Informal/colloquial words

Contractions

Linking words or phrases

3) Organization

Begin by asking how he/she is getting on/refer to

current correspondence

Talked your shared interests

State the purpose

End your letter with a friendly phrase of some kind

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(2)根据内容涉及国家秘密的程度,公文可分为对外公开、限国内公开、内部使用、秘密、机密、绝密六类 (3)根据行文方向,公文可分为上行文、下行文、平行文三类。 (4)根据内容的性质,公文可分为规范性、领导指导性、公布性、陈述呈请性、商洽性、证明性公文。 (5)根据处理时限的要求,公文可分为平件、急件、特急件三类。 (6)根据来源,在一个机关内部可将公文分为收文、发文两类。 3、政府系统的通用公文文种 (1)规范性文件 条例。用于对某一方面的行政工作作全面、系统的规定,国务院各部门和地方人民政府的规章不得称“条例”。 规定。用于对某一方面的行政工作作部分的规定。 办法。用于对某一项行政工作作比较具体的规定。 (2)领导指导性文件 命令(令)。用于依照有关法律规定发布行政法规和规章;宣布旅行重大强制性行政措施;奖惩有关人员;撤销下级机关不适当的决定。 决定。用于对重要事项或重大行动作出安排。 指示。用于对下级机关布置工作,阐明工作活动的指导原则。 批复。用于答复下级机关的请示事项。 通知。用于批转下级机关的公文,转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文;发布规章;传达要求下级机关办理和有关单位需要周知或者共同执行的事项;任免和聘用干部。 通报。用于表彰先进,批评错误,传达重要精神或情况。

现代大学英语精读5课后翻译习题答案

Lesson 1 1. A white lie is better than a black lie. 一个无关紧要的谎言总比一个恶意的谎言要好。 2. To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of his own Olympian manhood. 为了挫败各种蓄意培植的低人一等的心态,黑人必须直起腰来宣布自己高贵的人格。3. …with a spirit straining toward t rue self-esteem, the Negro must throw off the manacles of self-abnegation… 黑人必须一种竭尽全力自尊自重的精神,大胆抛弃自我克制的枷锁。 4. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic. 必须懂得没有爱的权利是毫无节制的、易被滥用的,而没有权利的爱则是多愁善感、脆弱无力的。 5. It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times. 正是这种邪恶的权利和没有权势的道义的冲突构成了我们时代的主要危机。 6. Now early in this century this proposal would have been greeted with ridicule and denunciation, as destructive of initiative and responsibility. 在本世纪之初,这种建议会受到嘲笑和谴责,认为它对主动性和责任感其负面作用。7. The fact is that the work which improves the condition of mankind, the work which extends knowledge and increases power and enriched literature and elevates thought, is not done to secure a living. 事实上,人们从事改善人类出镜的工作,从事传播知识、增强实力、丰富文学财富以及升华思想的工作并不是为了谋生。 8. …it can spend billions of dollars to put God’s children on their own two feet right here on earth. 9. Furthermore, few if any violent revolutions have been successful unless the violent minority had the sympathy and support of the nonresistant majority. 除非主张暴力的少数人得到大多数人的同情与支持,不和他们对抗,否则,暴力革命很少或者说几乎没有成功的。 10. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is long but is bends towards justice. 我们要懂得道义的苍穹长又长,但它终将落向正义。 Lesson 2 1.Instead of getting big fat curls, I emerged with an uneven mass of crinkly black fuzz. 我的头发没有做出我要的大卷花,而是给我弄成一头乱蓬蓬的黑色小卷毛。 2.She checked to see if that was possibly one way to pronounce “Helsinki” before showing me the answer. 在她告诉我答案前,她对了对手中的杂志,看看赫尔辛基是否能这样发音。 3.She seemed entranced by the music, a little frenzied piano piece with this mesmerizing quality, sort of quick passages and then teasing lilting ones before it returned to the quick playful parts. 她似乎被这音乐吸引住了。这钢琴曲不长,但有点狂乱,有着迷人的特点,乐曲一开始时快节奏的,接着是欢快跳动的节拍,然后又回到嬉戏的部分。 4.If she had as much talent as she has temper , she could be famous now.

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Lesson 1 Vocabulary 1. Manhood:the state of being human 2. White lie:harmless or trivial lie,esp.one told in order to avoid hurting sb. 3. black sheep:person regarded as a disgrace or a failure by other members of his family or group 4. To upset: to defeat 5. Affirmation:stating sth.as truth firmly and forcefully 6. To strain: to make the greatest possible effort 7. Off base: mistaken 8. (a) want (of) : lack of 9. Ringing cry: rallying call Paragraph 1. The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy. It is no easy job to educate a people who have been told over centuries that they were inferior and of no importance to see that they are humans, the same as any other people. 2. Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery. If you break the mental shackles imposed on you by white supremacists, if you really respect yourself, thinking that you are a Man, equal to anyone else, you will be able to take part in the struggle against racial discrimination. 3. The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own emancipation proclamation. The liberation of mind can only be achieved by the Negro himself/herself. Only when a negro is fully convinced that he/she is a Man/Woman and is not inferior to anyone else, can he/she throw off the manacles of self-abnegation and become free. 4. Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love. Power in its best form of function is the carrying out of the demands of justice with love and justice in the best form of function is the overcoming of everything standing in the way of love with power. ability and 5. At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individual’s talents. At that time, the way to evaluate how capable and resourceful a person was to see how much money he had made (or how wealthy he was). 6. …the absence of worldly goods indicated a want of industrious habits and moral fiber. A person was poor because he was lazy and not hard-working and lacked a sense of right and wrong. 7. It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal necessity. This kind of work cannot be done by slaves who work because the work has to be done, because

现代大学英语精读单词

U n i t 1 Baptist counsel encyclopedia agenda attitudinal contribute crisis endeavor ethical ethnic masculine resentment evaluate feminine adulthood option perceive project excessive functional genetic inherit interaction peer process stressful endowment ethnic adolescence affirm approval unquestionably heighten inhibition internalize newscast

rebel seminary theological wardrobe unit4 bearded Cynicism elegant guffaw lunatic monarch page pebble scant scratch block elaborately fountain half-naked nudge olive paradox privacy scoop squatter stroll titter sweat unit5 abundance adapt angler biocide birch bound built-in

chorus colossal confined considerable throb trout vegetation migrant suppress synthetic contamination counterpart deliberate ecologist evolve fern flame flicker gear harmony immune reserve score sicken span spiral subject mold outbreak potent primitive puzzle rapidity resurgence midst modify organism

现代大学英语基础写作(下)笔记

Writing Unit 1 (1) 1. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2) (1) 2. Coordination & Subordination (P12) (1) Coordination (1) Subordination (2) Unit 2 (2) 1. Decription (Places)(P21-22) (2) 2. Parallelism (P31-32) (3) Unit 3 (3) 1. Narration (Objective Reports) (P42) (3) 2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52) (3) Circumstances of using passive voice (3) Unit 4 (4) 1. Description: objects (P64) (4) 2. Variety(多样性)(P76) (4) Unit 5 (5) 1. Narration: chain of action (P82) (5) Showing &telling in narration (5) 2.Task 未教(P93) (6) Unit 6 (6) 1. Description: People (P102) (6) 2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明,简洁(打印) (6) Unit 7 (7) 1. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126) (7) Unit 8 (8) 1. Personal Letters (P150) (8)

现代大学英语精读5习题翻译考试重点

翻译部分 第一课 VI1 A white lie is better than a black lie. ( 4 ) 一个无关紧要的谎言总比一个恶意的谎言要好。 VI2 To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of his own Olympian manhood. ( 5 ) 为了挫败这种蓄意培植的低人一等的心态,黑人必须直起腰来宣布自己高贵的人格。 VI3 ...with a s pirit straining toward true self-esteem, the Negro must boldly throw off the manacles of self-abnegation (5) 黑人必须以一种竭尽全力自尊自重的精神,大胆抛弃自我克制的枷锁… T-VI4 What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic. (Para. 8) 必须懂得没有爱的权力是毫无节制、易被滥用的,而没有权利的爱则是多愁善感、脆弱无力的。

It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times. (Para. 9) 正是这种邪恶的权力和没有权势的道义的冲突构成了我们时代的主要危机。 T-VI6 Now early in this century this proposal would have been greeted with ridicule and denunciation, as destructive of initiative and responsibility. (Para.10) 在本世纪之初,这种建议会受到嘲笑和遣责,认为它对主动性和责任感起负面作用。 P-VI7 The fact is that the work which improves the condition of mankind, the work which extends knowledge and increases power and enriches literature and elevates thought, is not done to secure a living. (Para.12) 事实上,人们从事改善人类处境的工作,从事传播知识、增强实力、丰富文学财富以及升华思想的工作并不是为了谋生。 T-VI8... it can spend billions of dollars to put God's children on their own two feet right here on earth. (Para.15) ……它能够花费几十亿美元帮助上帝的孩子自立于这个世界。

基础写作教程笔记之散文

第一章散文 知识点: 1,世界古老的文字:楔形文字(后来演变为拉丁文),甲骨文(民国被发现,郭沫若擅长研究) 2,散文,自然加上你心中的世界 第一节散文的概念和分类 (一)散文的概念 散文是一种以优美语言非虚构地记叙人事,表达情意的文学体裁。 笔记:1,文学体裁是一个上一级的概念 2,优美语言是针对应用文体来说的 3,非虚构是针对小说来说的 4,对散文下一个定义可以看出严谨性,鲁迅说过,我只说我记得的。 5,一种踏实的学习事物的方法:从历史方面 《尚书》是我国第一部散文集。 (夏兴水利,商兴巫术,西周《尚书》,东周百家争鸣) (二) 散文概念的多种含义 1.古代散文:散行单句的文章。 骈文 2.西方散文:不分诗行不押韵的文章。 尤利西斯变形记追忆逝水年华 3.现代散文:与诗歌,小说,戏剧并称的一种文学体裁。 杂文,报告文学,史传文学,科普小品 二散文的分类 记叙散文 是内容为记人叙事写景状物,表达方式以叙述描写为主的散文。 抒情散文 是内容强调书法作者的感情,表达方式也注意用抒情的散文。 议论散文 是内容强调发表作者的简介,表达方式以形象议论为主的散文。 散文的特征 题材广泛(非虚构,以小见大) 个性鲜明(个人性,第一人称) 写法灵活(结构灵活,手法多样) 文情并茂(随意,优美) 篇幅短小(千字文) 散文的写法 一叙事散文写法

(一)一事铺陈法 叙述一件事情的方法 通常是前面对事件发生的环境和原因作详细的交待,中间会充分揭示和渲染过程的复杂曲折,后面有可能还会在结局上加以点缀 (二)孙犁《报纸的故事》 线索串事法 物类线索 事类线索 二记人散文写法 (一) 人物二三事 就是通过日常的几件事来写人物的一种方法 例子:1,毛姆写《康德其人》 辜鸿铭:清朝最早剪辫子的人。《失乐园》无韵长诗 (二)自我画像法 全档式自我画像法 年段式自我画像法 张洁:自学成才的女工,《捡麦穗》,两次获得茅盾文学奖 习惯式自我画像法 张爱玲:《天才梦》。生命是一袭华美的袍,爬满了虱子。 此处随笔:出名要趁早是张爱玲的名言,张爱玲的一生,在外人看来是很光鲜的。有着显赫的家世,卓越的写作才能,她就是一袭华美的袍子。可是,成名背后,孤独与寂寞,谁知?袍子里面爬满虱子,那是我们看不到的寂寞。以至于后来遇到胡兰成,能够读懂她的人,她终其一生都不能忘了她。她爱他,卑微到尘埃里去了,她知道她爱得失去了尊严,因此潜意识里会有一点看不起自己。张爱玲知道自己的缺点,她不喜社交,她是她认为的虱子。(在没有人与人交接的场合,我充满了生命的欢娱。) 三景物散文写法 (一)风景记游法 余秋雨:《文化苦旅》 有四个重要的环节:描写逼真生动;游踪交代清晰;结合人文史料(老师的一声提醒,突然想到我还没很彻底的了解大学城的历史);穿插个人感想 (二)状物特写法 对某一物作特写镜头式的描绘的写法。 钱钟书:《管锥篇》 四抒情散文写法 (一)依事抒情法

现代大学英语精读单词

approval 1 unquestionably heighten inhibition internalize newscast rebel seminary theological wardrobe unit4 bearded Cynicism elegant guffaw lunatic monarch page pebble scant scratch block elaborately fountain half-naked nudge olive paradox privacy scoop squatter stroll titter Baptist counsel encyclopedia agenda attitudinal contribute crisis endeavor ethical ethnic masculine resentment evaluate feminine adulthood option perceive project excessive functional genetic inherit interaction peer process stressful endowment ethnic adolescence affirm

sweat unit5 abundance adapt angler biocide birch bound built-in chorus colossal confined considerable throb trout vegetation migrant suppress synthetic contamination counterpart deliberate ecologist evolve fern flame flicker gear harmony immune reserve score sicken span spiral subject mold outbreak potent primitive puzzle rapidity resurgence midst modify organism pool primary prosperous radiation midst modify organism pool primary prosperous radiation contend damp deserted environment explosive film flare-back flock habitat

第一章:应用文写作基础知识-笔记

第一章:应用文写作基础知识(学习笔记) 考试分数比重:8-13分(单选3题,多选1-2题,简答1-2题) 一、应用文基础知识 1,应用文是直接用于处理公私事务的实用性文章。它以解决实际问题为目的,以说明论证为主要表达方式,有相对固定的格式。 2,应用文写作程序:准备------------构思------------拟写------------修改,4个阶段。 收集材料写作的主旨,构思内容,对完成的初稿进行 掌握信息谋篇布局。文字化。斟酌、润色,到定稿。 确定文件 3,应用文四个要素:立意、谋篇、语言、修改。 4,应用文写作的目的性一般表现为: 1)、阐明写作者的主张、观点和意图。 2)、下达指标、传达政策、布置工作和通知事项。 3)、传递信息、交流情况和总结经验。 5,在应用文写作中,能集中体现应用文这种目的性的成分是主旨。 6,应用文主旨的含义:就是写作者(个人或单位)通过全篇内容表达出来的贯通全文的写作意图,观点和公务活动的行为意向。 7,应用文主旨的主要体现: 1)应用文写作者通过全篇的内容表达出来的贯穿全文的写作意图; 2)应用文写作者通过全篇的内容表达出来的观点。 3)应用文写作者通过全篇的内容表达出来的公务活动的行为意向。 8,主旨决定应用文的写作方向,构成文章内容的核心;是应用文的“统帅”和“灵魂”。 二、立意 1,应用文---立意的含义:是写作者酝酿、斟酌的过程,主旨是立意的结果;有十分明确的目的性。 立意直接影响主旨的质量优劣和成败。立意就是确立应用文的主旨。 2,应用文---立意的特点: 1)客观性,从客观材料提炼和产生。 2)主观性,作者对客观材料消化、提炼的结晶。 3)观念性,是作者对事物的认识和评价,是作者的核心意图。 4)时代性,是时代精神的产物。 3,应用文---立意的要求: 1)准确:指应用文符合四项基本原则,对事物的正确认识,反映社会生活的本质和主流。 2)深刻:紧抓矛盾的关键环节,揭示客观事物的深层本质,阐明事物之间的必然联系。 3)鲜明:文章的基本思想和基本观点十分明确。 4)集中:文章一般只有一个主旨,突出表达。 5)新颖:反映作者的思想不落后,有独特的见解。

现代大学英语精读5课后句子解释(完整版)

1.The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy. It is no easy job to educate a people who have been told over centuries that they were inferior and of no importance to see that they are humans, the same as any other people. 2.Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery. If you break the mental shackles imposed on you by white supremacists, if you really respect yourself, thinking that you are a Man, equal to anyone else, you will be able to take part in the struggle against racial discrimination. 3.The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own emancipation proclamation. The liberation of mind can only be achieved by the Negro himself/herself. Only when he/she is fully convinced that he/she is a Man/Woman and is not inferior to anyone else, can he/she throw off the manacles of self-abnegation and become free. 4.Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love. Power in the best form of function is the carrying out of the demands of justice with love and justice in the best form of function is the overcoming of everything standing in the way of love with power. 5.At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individual’s ability and talents. At that time, the way to evaluate how capable and resourceful a person was to see how much money he had made (or how wealthy he was). 6.…the absence of worldly goods indicated a want of industrious habits and moral fiber. A person was poor because he was lazy and not hard-working and lacked a sense of right and wrong. 7.It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal necessity. This kind of work cannot be done by slaves who work because the work has to be done, because they are forced to work by slave-drivers or because they need to work in order to be fed and clothed. 8.…when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated. …when the unfair practice of judhing human calue by the amount of money a person has irs done away with. 9.He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality. Those who harbor hate in their hearts cannot grasp the teachings of God. Only those who have love can enjoy the ultimate happiness in Heaven. 10.Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until America no longer only talk about racial equality but is unwilling or reluctant to take action to end such evil practice as racial discrimination.

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