学术综合英语答案
学术综合英语答案
【篇一：学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译】
ass=txt> （做演讲）
of all huma n creatio ns, la nguage may be the most remarkable. through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言
Ian guage we share experie nee, formulate values, excha nge
ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达（传递？）价值观，交换想法，传
播知识，
kno wledge, and susta in culture .in deed, la nguage is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[con trary to popular belief], la nguage | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by givi ng meaning to eve nts]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
――语序的调整。
good speakers have respect for Ian guage and know how it works. words are the tools of a speaker ' s craft. they have special uses, just like the tools of any other professi on. as a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use Ian guage accurately, clearly,vividly,a nd appropriately.
好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要武器”具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工
作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。
using Ian guage accurately is as vital to a speaker as using nu mbers accurately to a acco untant. n ever use a word uni ess you are sure of its meanin g. if you are not sure, look up the word in the dicti on ary. as you prepare your speeches, ask yourself
con sta ntly, “ what do i really want to say? what do i really mean?” choose words that are precise and accurate.
演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后
再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问
自己：我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用
词一定要精准。
using Ian guage clearly allows liste ners to grasp your meaning immediately. you can en sure this [by using familiar words ( that are
known to the average pers on and require no specialized background ) ;
by choosing concrete words in prefere nee to more abstract on es, and by
elim in ati ng verbal clutter].
用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点，
就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词
汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。
using Ian guage vividly helps bring your speech to life. one way (to make
your
speech vivid)|is through imagery ，or the creation of word pictures. you
can develop imagery by using con crete Ian guage, simile, and metaphor.
simile is an explicit comparison between things ( that are esse ntially
differe nt yet have someth ing in com mon ) ; it always contains the
words “ like ” or
“ as ”
metaphor is an implicit comparis on betwee n things that are differe nt yet
have
someth ing in com mon; it does not contain the words
or
“lik
e
a ”
as .
生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可
以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。
明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比
较，一般句中会含有像”或似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不
会出现like和as这些连接词。
ano ther way to make your speeches vivid is by exploit ing the rhythm of
Ian guage. four devices for creat ing rhythm are parallelism, repetiti on, alliteratio n, and an tithesis. parallelism is the similar arrangement of a
pair or series of related words, phrases, or senten ces. repetiti on is the
use of the same word or set of words at the beg inning or end of
successive clauses or sentences. alliteration comes from repeating the initial con sta nt sounds of close or adjoining words. an tithesis is the juxtapositi on of con trasti ng ideas, usually in parallel structure.
我们还可以充分利用语言的节奏感使演讲更加生动活泼。具体有以下四种方式——排比，反复，押头韵和对偶。排比是指把一组或一系列相关的字词句以相似结构排列起来。反复是指在连续几个从句或句子的开头或结尾处使用相同的词和词组。押头韵则是通过重复相邻之间单词首个辅音实现的。对偶通常是用平行的结构将相反的想法并列在一起。
using Ian guage appropriately means adapti ng to the particular occasi on, audie nee, and topic at han d. it also means develop ing your own Ian guage style in stead of trying to copy some one else ' s. if your Ian guage is appropria te in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.
用语恰当意味着遣词造句要与特定的场合，观众以及谈论的话题相适应。这也意味着你得建立自己的语言风格，不能简单抄袭他人。如果使用的语言与各方面都很契合，那么演讲就更有可能取得成功。
good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfoun ded asserti ons. they n eed strong support ing materials to bolster the speaker ' s point of view.in fact, the skillful use of support ing materials ofte n makes the differe nee betwee n a good speech and a poor on e.the three basic types of support ing materials are examples,statistics and testim ony.
好的演讲不能是空话连篇，也不能是一些毫无根据的论断；而是需要有力的论据来支持演讲者的观点。事实上，能否有技巧地使用论据会造成演讲效果的天壤之别。论据有以下三种基本形式：例子，统计资料，引用。in the course of a speech you may use brief examples —specific in sta nces referred to in pass ing —and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stron ger impressi on. exte nded examples —ofte n called illustratio ns, n arrati ons, or an ecdotes ——are Ion ger and more detailed.hypothetical examples describe imagery situatio ns and can be quite effective for relat ing ideas to the audie nee. all three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to rein force ideas, or to pers on alize ideas. to be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.
在演讲时可以简单举例一一即附带地提及几个具体的例子一一有时也需要接二连三举例来加深印象。延伸举例一一也叫解释、叙述或
轶事一一更长更详尽。假设举例描述的是想象的情景，能够很好地把想法
传达给观众。这三种不同的例子都有助于演讲者清晰地表达观点，强调观点并使之打上演讲者的烙印。当然，要想演讲效果更好，演讲本身必须生动且结构丰富！
statistics can be extremely helpful in con vey ing your message, [as long as you use them spari ngly and expla in them so they are meanin gful to your audie nee.] above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. nu mbers can easily be man ipulated and distorted. make sure {that your figures are represe ntative of {what they claim to measure},that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics on ly from reliable sources.}
统计资料非常有助于演讲者传递信息，因为当演讲者适量地运用这些资料并加以解释时，听众就能更好地理解其中的意义。最重要的是，演讲者必须理解这些统计资料并恰当使用。数字很容易被篡改、误报，因此必须确保自己所使用的数据不是张冠李戴的；必须确保自己使用的统计措施是正确的；必须确保自己的统计资料来源是可靠的。
testim ony is especially helpful for stude nt speakers, because they are seldom
recog ni zed as expects on their speech topics. cit ing the views of people ( who are experts ) is a good way to make your ideas more credible. whe n you in clude testim ony in a speech, you can either quote some one verbatim or paraphrase their words. as with statistics, there are guideli nes for using testim ony .be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified un biased sources. if the source is not gen erally known to your audie nee, be certa in to establish his or her crede ntials.
引用他人观点看法对学生演讲者来说尤其有用，因为学生很少会被视为他们演讲相关主题方面的专家。弓I用专家的观点可以让你的想法更可信。引用的时候，既可以逐字摘抄也可以自己总结一下。和统计资料一样，引用也有原则可循一一引用摘抄准确，来源合格无
偏见。如果观众对引用来源不太熟悉，一定要(想办法)取得他们的信任。the impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech
is delivered. you
cannot make a speech without hav ing someth ing to say. but
hav ing someth ing to say is not eno ugh.you must also know how to say it.good delivery does not call attention to itself.it conveys the speaker ' s ideas clearly, interestingly, and [without
distract ing the audie nee].
演讲的效果如何很大程度上取决于演讲是怎么做的。无话可说做不好演讲，但要做好演讲，仅仅有话可说也是远远不够的，还要知道如何说话才行。好的演讲不是要唤起观众对演讲本身的注意，而是要向观众清晰有趣地传递演讲者的想法，同时还要有观众聚精会神地聆听。
there are four basic methods of deliveri ng a speech: read ing verbatim from a manu script, recit ing a memorized text, speak ing with powerpo int, and speak ing
extempora neously, or impromptu. the last of these —speak ing extempora neously —is the method (you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches
outside the classroom). whe n speaki ng extempora neously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline.
speak ing with powerpo int is widely used now and very effective in deed. 演讲有四种最基本的方法：照本宣科式；背诵式；ppt辅助演讲式
和即兴演讲式。最后一项即兴演讲是我们在课堂演讲和大部分课外演讲中都要用到的方法.即兴演讲时，我们手上只有简单的笔记或演讲提纲。现在，用ppt辅助演讲十分普遍，效果显著。
certa inly there are other factors you should con sider, such as pers onal appeara nee, bodily acti on, gestures, eye con tact, volume, pauses and so on. by pay ing eno ugh atte nti on to what is men ti oned above, you may prese nt an effective speech.
当然还要考虑其他因素一一譬如演讲者的个人形象，肢体语言，眼神交流，声音的抑扬顿挫等等。尽量注意上述问题，演讲就会成功！
unit 2 en ergy in tran siti on
能源转型
the era of cheap and convenient sources of en ergy is coming
to an end. a tran siti on to more expe nsive but less pollut ing
sources must now be man aged.
能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。
joh n p. holdre n
un dersta nding this tra nsiti on requires a look at the two-sided conn ecti on betwee n en ergy and huma n well-be ing. en ergy con tributes positively to well-be ing by provid ing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a n ecessary in put to econo mic producti on. 1.要了解这一
转变，首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务的同时，也为经济生产活动提供必要投入，从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
for most of huma n history, the dominant concerns about
en ergy have cen tered on the ben efit side of the en ergy —well being equati on. in adequacy of en ergy resources or (more ofte n) of the tech no logies and orga ni zati ons for harvesti ng, converting, and distributi ng those resources has meant in sufficie nt en ergy ben efits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. the 1970' s, then, represented a turning point. after decades of con sta ncy or decli ne in mon etary costs —and of relegati on of en vir onmen tal and sociopolitical costs to sec on dary status —energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. also became possible to think that expa nding some forms of en ergy supply could create costs exceed ing the ben efits.
2 .人类历史发展长河中，人们主要关心的是能源和人类安康等式中有利的一面。能源资源不足或者(更经常)开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术和机构的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，对人类也就意味着不方便、损失以及对增长的各种限制。到了20世纪70年代，出现了一个转折点。此前的几十年中，能源的资金成本一直保持稳定，甚至有所下降，而且，其所牵扯的环境成本和社会政治成本一直处于次要地位。但是20世纪70年代开始，开发和利用
能源的多方成本均显著增长。人们自然有理由认为：高昂的能源成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时，
也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。
the crucial questi on at the beg inning of the 1990 ' s is whether the trend that began in the 1970 ' s will prove to be temporary or perma nen t. is the era of cheap en ergy really over, or will a comb in ati on of new resources, new tech no logy and cha nging geopolitics bring it back? one key determ inant of the an swer is the staggeri ng scale of
【篇二：学术综合英语unit1-unit5课后翻译及答案】
tlines are esse ntial to effective speeches.by outl ining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to ano ther, and that the structure of your speech is cohere nt. you will probably use two kinds of outl ines for your speeches--the detailed preparati on outli ne and the brief speak ing outl ine.
in a preparati on outl ine, you should state your specific purpose and cen tral idea, and ide ntify ma in points and sub-points using a con siste nt patter n. the speak ing outli ne should con sist of brief no tes to help you while you deliver the speech. it should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. in maki ng up your speak ing outl ine, follow the same visual framework used in your preparati on outl ine. keep the speak ing outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.
发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。
在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。
当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。
before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of al, get well prepared for it. the n, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well orga ni zed. whe n speak ing, you should not speak too fast, and your Ianguage should be explicit. don ' t always read the notes