如何避免-英语翻译训练方法之直译的误区

英语翻译训练方法之直译的误区

译佳林收集整理

直译是一种重要的翻译方法，它有不少优点，例如能传达原文意义，体现原文风格等。据估算，大约70%的句子要用直译方法来处理，所以直译广为译者采用，由此可见直译法之重要。但是，直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆，晦涩难懂，有时不能正确传达原文意义，有时甚至事与愿违。所以，如果不顾场合条件，不顾中外两种语言的差异，一味追求直译，就必然闯红灯，进入误区，造成误译。直译之所以有误区，是因为语言的形式与内容，句子的表层结构与深层意义有时不统一；另一方面，中外文化历史背景不同，造成了不同的思维方式和不同的语言表达形式。不少人批评过直译硬译，指出过直译有局限性，但是直译到底有哪些局限性，它都表现在什么地方。英语直译至少有五大误区，明确这些误区，就要在翻译中避免一些错误，就可在直译行不通的地方采用意译。

一、否定句型中的直译误区

英语中有一些不同的否定句型，其中有一些句型不能完全采用直译法进行翻译，否则，就会造成误译，甚至与原意背道而驰，下列几种否定句型值得注意：

1. 部分否定句型，这种句型不同于汉语的思维形式。

I do not know all of them.

误：对他们我都不认识。

正：对他们我不是个个都认识。

All the answers are not right.

误：所有答案都不对。

正：答案并非全对。

Every body wouldn't like it.

误：每个人都不会喜欢它。

正：并不是每上人都会喜欢它。

2. 单一否定中的部分句型

It is a long lane that had no turning.

误：那是一条没有弯的长巷。

正：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变）。

It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.

误：聪明人从不犯错误。

正：无论怎样聪明的人也难免犯错误。

We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.

误：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。

正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。

It was not until years afterwards that he heard of Semmelweis.

误：没过几年他就听到了Semmelweis的消息。

正：直到数年之后他才听到Semmelweis 的消息。

二、长句直译的误区

在较长的英语句子中存在着比较复杂的关系，很难按原则顺序用一句汉语表达出来，这就要根据英文句子的特点和内在联系进行意译，不能直译的长句主要有三种处理方法。

1. 根据句子内在的逻辑关系和汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。例如：

There are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imaging whole cities, even mankind generally, moving downward, of having the outermost mile of the Earth's crust honeycombed with passage and strue-ture, like a gigantic ant hill.

这是一个倒装句，表示设想条件与结果关系，按这一关系来译比直译好，家似的建筑物，一座座城市都迁入地下，甚至全人类都迁入地下生活，这也会给人类带来很多好处。

The chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier conditions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.

这个句子并不复杂，但不好译。这个句子有三层关系，比较、条件和结果，按这种逻辑关系翻译就十分省

事。

"同今天地面城市里的居民相比，新洞穴里的居民如果在比较健康的生态环境中生活，会有更多的机会见到青枝绿叶。"

2、有些长句需要直译与意译结合，顺译与递译结合，需要综合处理。译佳林。

But a broader and more generous, certainly more philosophical, view is held by those scientists who claim .that the evidence of a war instinct in men is incomplete and misleading, and that man does have within him the power of abolishing war.

这个句子的主句部分可以意译，从句部分可直译。

有些科学家的观点更开阔，更富有普遍性和哲理性。他们指出，有关人类战争本能的证据尚不完全，而且容易引起误解，事实上，人类自身具有消除战争的能力。

It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astonishing enterprises

and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences , which she bears unto this day .

这个句子虽长，结构不复杂，如果进行直译，其译文将十分逊色，如果进行综合处理，译文将有声有色地

传达原文的神韵。"那里的人们富于大无畏的开创精神，建立庞大的企业，敢冒风险，势如破竹，一干到底，不顾及成本，因此为加利福尼亚赢得了声誉。

3、由于有些句型不同于汉语的思维方式，常常需要进行倒译。

Textile finishes have in general become a "no-no" in today's market place ,thanks

to many reasons ,says a represen tative of fiber producer.

一位纤维厂家代表说，由于许多原因，纺织物整理剂在今天的市场上已经到无人的问津的地步。

How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualities of another person by watching the subtleties of expression, the quiver of a muscle, the flutter of a hand.

比较起来，你们这些有视觉的人，通过观察表情的微妙变化，肌肉的颤动和手势来迅速把握别人的基本品质，则是何等容易，保等满意啊！

三、修辞句型中的误区

同汉语一样，英语写作中大量运用修辞手段，其中有不少辞格类似于汉语机同辞格的表达方式，因此可以直译。但有一些英语辞格很难用直译方式表达清楚，即便是同一辞格，由于处于不同场合，有的能直译，

有的则不能直译。下列几种情况有时不宜直译：

1、比喻：有的比喻可以直译，有的则不能，这往往取决于汉语的表达习惯例如：

At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.

如果把stunning ,porcelain-faced woman 译作"一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女"就显得粗俗滑稽，但是不是作者的本意。这时意译就比较好。

"在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。"

The girl is a dead shot.

这位姑娘是神枪手。（不能译作"死射手"）

After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds. 他的上部小说失败之后，声誉一落千丈。（不能译为"站在滑动的场地上了。"

2、有些借喻不能直译

He went west by stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in

Nevada's Washoe Region.

误：他乘公共马车到了西部，患了瓦肖地区的金银发烧流行病。

正：他乘公共马车到了西部，卷入了淘金热和淘银热。

The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers

is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. 误：古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引入景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。

正：式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般，漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间，这引入注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。

3、引典。如果是尽人皆知的典故。可以直译，不必加说明，如果多数人不知道，最好是意译，或者直译加注释。

He met his Waterloo.

句中meet one's Waterloo是成语典故,由拿破仑在Waterloo遇到惨败而来,所以要意译。"他吃了大败仗"

I asked whether for him ,the arch anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.

句中bowing down in the House of Rimmon 是成语典故，表示表面上与宗教信仰一致，但心里却有不同的政治主张，这是口是心非。Rimmon是大马士革人所崇拜的神。House of Rimmon借指英国的下院。如果将这个典故直译，表达不出原意。"我问道，作为头号反共人物（邱吉尔），他这样做是否言行不一，口是心非。"

四、习语成语中的误区

英语中有丰富的习语成语，增强了语言的表达能力。其中大部分可以直译，或用汉语中相应的习语套用。

例如：the open door policy开放政策，the cold war 冷战，to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼，strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁，at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟。但是还有一些习语成语必须意

译才能表达出其正确含义。

She was born with a siver spoon in her mouth.

她长生在富贵之家。

You're talking through your had again.

你又在胡说八道了。

You should keep your nose out of here.

你别管闲事。

Good to begin well ,better to end well.

要善始善终。

五、词汇翻译中的误区

有些词汇在某些场合下具有了新义，如果直译就会曲解原意。所以，要根据语言环境确定具体词义。英语中词义的发展变化十分常见。

He is the last its roses and thorns.

他最不配干这件事。

Every life has its roses and thorns.

人生有苦有甜。

The wedding ,which Heyward still remembered with pride ,was attended by a who's who of Boston Society.

赫华德仍然记得，参加婚礼的人中有波士顿的一位社会名流，这使他感到十分得意。

从上述例句可以看出，有些词在某些场合或结构中具有特殊的意义，例如the last, who's

who,有的词用其比喻的意义，如roses and thorns ,有的词在特殊场合与句型中词义发生了递转，如yes,no，有的词义有了引伸或发展。总而言之，一个词的具体意义要依其所处的场合、条件、意识和句型而定，不可捕风捉影。直译与意译各有所长、要用其所长。进行直译时要防止进入误区，在有误区的地方要采用意译，使直译与意译相互补充，只有这样才能取得比较理想的效果。

【英语】高考英语翻译解题技巧和训练方法及练习题(含答案)(1)

【英语】高考英语翻译解题技巧和训练方法及练习题(含答案)(1) 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2．将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5．虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1．I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2．It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3．There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4．Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5．While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析： 1．翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be accustomed to doing“习惯于做……”。 2．这句话使用了句型：It’s up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。 3．这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。 4．这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5．这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点：考查翻译句子 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy) 2．舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate) 3．经过多年的建设，这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as) 4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar) 5．她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入野生动物保护组织。(No sooner)【答案】

专业英语翻译中的常见问题(详细翻译技巧)

英译汉几个常见问题如下： 1）英译汉时语言组织不符合中文的讲话习惯。在不改变原文绝大部分意思的情况下，不需要字对字或者严格遵守英语语序，在获得原句含意后务必采用中文的思维将译文写出。要求是在读着看过译文后，不能让读着感觉到文章是翻译而得的，即不能留有丝毫翻译的痕迹。 2）英译汉时译文上下文的用词不一致。尤其是学术文献或论文的翻译，除了学术用语和专业用语需要准确，更重要的是全文上下文中同一个词或者短句翻译出的用词或短语必须一致。例如一开始将control panel翻译为“控制面板”，那么全文都不得改变这个译法。 3）英译汉时用词过于口语化。除了剧本，台词，字幕等需要口语化用词的翻译稿件以外。其余大部分翻译，例如文献，论文，合同，申请书，标书等，用词尽量书面化。例如“weight”在统计学和分析学中不可翻译为“给予数值”，必须翻译为“赋权”，两者意思相近，但是采用后者。 4）英译汉时词汇含意理解产生偏差。这是死记单词造成的后果。翻译中，在无上下文的情况下，除非是专有学术名词（例“diabetes”基本上永远都是糖尿病的意思），其余的单词很难说究竟是什么意思，我们只能说某个词大概是对照中文某个词的感觉，但是决不可死认一个意思，死认单词意思造成翻译不通、翻译错误等。当然也不能糊译，不能为了使句子翻译通顺而胡编一个意思。 5）英译汉时英语长句中的意群划分有误。原版的英语资料中长句较多，往往40-50个词之间没有一个标点，修饰成分和意群划分的错误会导致理解错误和翻译错误。原则上，英语中的各类从句，特别是状语从句在句子中的位置相对灵活，没搞明白其修饰对象就会错译。 汉译英几个常见问题如下： 1）汉译英时字对字翻译。这是翻译中最致命的错误，很多人以为认识对应的英语单词或者知道对应的英语单词，这句话才会翻译。其实不是，原则上四千词汇量就能解释大部分英语单词的含义，只不过大部分人不知道如何用简单词汇造句去描述或解释高难度单词。 2）汉译英时中式语序。何谓中式语序，即以“主+谓+宾”为主的句型。这种句子写多了，一旦遇上长句或者语法功能上缺少成分的句子就懵了。所以必须多读，多了解原版英语的句子是如何写的。 3）汉译英时短句太多。这里并不是指写英语短句不好，在考试中建议写短句，这是为了避免语法错误，当然也不要太短了。在较为正式的或专业性强的文本中，汉译英在必要时需要翻译成长句。例如不久前的某论文中的一句：筛选出对靶基因干扰效率最高的 HER2-shRNA慢病毒表达载体并成功包装成病毒去感染SKOV-3细胞而后在体外进行实验的结果显示Her2/neu的siRNA慢病毒载体可以显著抑制靶基因的表达并使卵巢癌SKOV3细胞的生物学行为明显受抑。因此，熟练掌握各类从句的写法和作用很重要。 4）汉译英时英语词汇词义辨析不清而导致误用，用词不准。大部分人的翻译习惯是，凡是中文有英文的对应单词，就二话不说直接用，其实这个是不对的。很多同义词意思相近，用法和所用的语境场合完全不同。例如“base”“basis”“foundation”，意思几乎相同，但是用法完全不同。尤其是学术文章，误用就导致歧义。 5）汉译英时逻辑混乱结构不清。汉译英中的逻辑和语句结构相当重要。逻辑混乱，即译文毫无章法，思绪混沌，不知所云。结构不清，即英语的从句或其他成分在句中的位置胡乱摆放，进行翻译的人员自然是清楚的指导这些英语句子的含义，因为是看着中文翻译过来的，想不知道中文含义都难，但是没看过中文的读着就会因此而看得云里雾里，从而导致读者难以理解译文。

4英语翻译技巧-直、音、意译

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