大学英语精读第5册课文全文翻译

大学英语精读第5册课文全文翻译大学英语精读第5册和第6册全文课文翻译

一番说教 A Kind of Sermon

It is probably easier for teachers than for 也许老师比学生更容易理解，为什么学students to appreciate the reasons why learning 生在掌握了英语基本结构和句型后英语学English seems to become increasingly

difficult once

习反而变得越来越困难了。学生们自然感到the basic structures and patterns of the language

惊奇并失望地发现本来应该变得越来越容have been understood. Students are naturally

surprised and disappointed to discover that a 易的学习过程却完全不是那么回事。 process which ought to become simpler does not 学生们并不感到多少安慰，在知道老师appear to do so. 在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明 It may not seem much consolation to point out

显也会灰心丧气。他发现那些学生很容易去that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his

教，为他们能把所学的知识很快的用于实efforts appear to produce less obvious results. He

finds that students who were easy to teach, because 践。可现在，他们却面对前阶段中从未学过they succeeded in putting everything they had been 的大量生词，惯用法显得踌躇不前。他看到taught into practice,

hesitate when confronted with 学生们在艰难地努力着，因为他们以前认为the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and

已经认识的语言现在似乎充满了令人头昏usage which falls outside the scope of basic

textbooks. He sees them struggling because the 眼花的成语，陈旧用语

以及在不同上下文中language they thought they knew now appears to 有不同含义的惯用词组。要想让他们相信consist of a bewildering variety of idioms, clichéd 他们仍朝着精通的方向发展，他们英语就一and accepted phrases with different meanings in

定提高是很困难的。并且，只要肯花时间和different contexts. It is hard to convince them that

持之以恒。 they are still making progress towards fluency and that their English is certain to improve, given time 有些学生在此情况下厌恶地放弃了学and dedication. 习，这并不出人意外;同时，另一些学生仍In such circumstances it is hardly surprising that some 然充满希望地盼着老师象开始时那样给他give up in disgust, while others still wait hopefully for the

们以满怀信心的指导。从教师这方面看，由teacher to give them the same confident guidance he was able to offer them at first. The teacher, for his part, 于往往不得不去讲解一些无法说清楚的东frequently reduced to trying to explain the inexplicable, 西，他常常会对同事们引用一些谚语权充台may take refuge in quoting proverbs to his colleagues such 阶，比如:你能牵马河边走，马不饮水你自as: "You can lead a horse to water but you can't what you

愁，或说得比较尊重对方但语法并不严谨:say. It's the way that you say it." His students might feel

倒不在乎说什么，关键瞧您怎么说。他的学inclined to counter these with: "The more I learn, the less I know." 生则会反唇相讥道:我越学越糊涂。

Of course this is not true. What both students and 事实当然并非如

此。师生们正体验着一种共teachers are experiencing is the recognition

that the more 识，即学习中遇到的较复杂的语言结构在表complex structures one encounters in a language are not

达思想中并非至关重要，因此也就少有可能as vital to making oneself understood and so have a less

立刻派上用场。出于同样的理由，在老师看immediate field of application. For the same reason, from the teacher's point of view, selecting what should be 来，恰当地选择教材变得更困难了。任选一taught becomes a more difficult task. It is much easier to 种食品比从品种繁多的菜单上单挑一道

在get food of any kind than to choose the dish you would 某个特定日子里

你想吃的菜要容易多了。 most like to eat on a given day from a vast menu.

界定问题易于找出答案。你可建议学生 Defining the problem is easier

than providing the solution. One can suggest that students should spend two 去讲英语的国家住两三年，这等于撒手不管

or three years in an English-speaking country, which 他们。没有几个

学生陪得起时间花得起钱。amounts to washing one's hands of them. Few students 常言道:广泛阅读是最佳替代办法，但读书have the time or the money to do that. It is often said that

也应有所选择。让学生走进图书馆随便拿起wide reading is the time or

the money to do that. It is often

他们遇到的第一本书就读，这是无用的。我said that wide reading is the best alternative course of

action but even here it is necessary to make some kind of 会这样劝他们;读无需查字典就懂的书(但selection. It is no use telling students to go to the library 并非过眼即懂的书)，读你感兴趣的书; 读and pick up the first book they come across. My own 时间允许的书(杂志和报纸，而不是长篇小advice to them would be: "read what you can understand 说，除非你能在一周左右读完它);读现在without having to look up words in a dictionary (but not

写的文章，而不是二百年前的文章;读得尽what you can understand at a glance); read what interests you; read what you have time for (magazines and 量多一些，并尽量记住写作方法，而不要拘newspapers rather than novels unless you can read the 泥于令你困惑的个别单词。并且，代之以读whole novel in a week or so); read the English written 文章，你应该听文章。today, not 200 years ago; read as much as you can and try 从某种意义上说，我对教师的劝告也是to remember the way it was written rather than individual words that puzzled you." And instead of "read", I could 相同的。我会说:最好不要认为学什么都可just as well say "listen to." 以，或任何语言都有用。让学生没有掌握表

My advice to teachers would be similar in a way. I 达方法就去表达自

己的思想是无益的。正象would say "It's no good thinking that anything

will do, or

在山脚下你弃老路而择近道一样，在距山顶that all language is useful.

It's no good relying on students

不远处你也仍应尽心尽责为他们指一条攀to express themselves without

the right tools for expression. It's still your duty to choose the best path to 顶之最佳路线。如果你选的路线荆棘丛生，follow near the top of the mountain just as it was to 难以举步，全队则需返回，你应另择佳途。propose a practicable short-cut away from the beaten 你仍是雇用向导和登山专家，总能找到一条track in the foothills. And if the path you choose is too 登顶之路。 overgrown to make further progress, the whole party will have to go back and you will have to choose another route.

You are still the paid guide and expert and there is a way to

the top somewhere."

第五种自由

一小群早期拓荒者为了寻找在他们自己的祖

国已不存在的自由，在三百多年前远涉重洋，来The Fifth Freedom

到詹姆斯敦和普列茅斯。自由我们今天仍然格外More than three centuries ago a handful of

珍惜。它们是:脱离贫穷，消除恐惧、言论以及pioneers crossed the ocean t Jamestown and

Plymouth in search of freedoms they were unable to 宗教信仰的自由。

如今这些拓荒者的后代以及后find in their own countries, the freedoms of we still 来加入其行列的新老移民仍然在美国本土和世界cherish today: freedom from want, freedom from 各地为这些自由而奋斗着。

fear, freedom of speech, freedom of religion. Today 与此同时还存在着

第五种自由，也是上述四the descendants of the early settlers, and those who 种自由之基石，我们有丢失它的危险。它是达到have joined them since,

are fighting to protect these

个人成就顶峰的自由，在法国作家圣?埃克休帕里freedoms at home and throughout the world.

的作品里，一个破衣烂衫却长得聪明伶俐的阿拉 And yet there is a fifth freedom - basic to those four -

that we are in danger of losing: the freedom to be one's 伯少年，经

常闲逛于北非某城市，被描写成一个best. St. Exupery describes a ragged, sensitive-faced Arab 被埋没的莫扎特，他不可能受到训练或培养。这child, haunting the streets of a North African town, as a 个孩子有自由吗,“在还来得及的时候却得为到lost Mozart: he would never be trained or developed. Was

he free? "No one grasped you by the shoulder while there 培养。你也

许很可能有着与生俱来的成为诗人、was still time; and nought will awaken

in you the sleeping 音乐家或天文学家的潜能，但却不可能被唤醒了。poet or musician or astronomer that possibly inhabited 完善自我的自由是一种让每

个人把自己的能力发you from the beginning." The freedom to be one's best is 展到最高水平的机会。 the chance for the development of each person to his

在美国我们为什么会开始失去这一自由呢,highest power.

如何为我国的青年人重新获得这一自由呢,它之 How is it that we in America have begun to lose this freedom, and how can we regain it for

our nation's youth? 所以开始从我们身边悄然离去，我认为是由于以I believe it has started slipping away from us because of 下三种误解所导致的。首先是对民主的误解。在three misunderstandings. 费城、一所名牌中学的校长被迫大声疾呼，号召 First, the misunderstanding of the meaning of 人们反对一种观点，即认为给尖子生吃小灶是不democracy. The principal of a great Philadelphia high

民主的。再如，当孟菲斯的一所教学质量好的私school is driven to cry

for help in combating the notion that

立学校在不久前停办时，一些有头脑的市民力主it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls. Again, when a good 将其纳入公立学校系统，专门用来培养尖子人才。independent school in Memphis recently closed, some 他们主张要设入学条件并为有兴趣、有能力的学thoughtful citizens urged that it be taken over by the 生提供高级研修课程。然而这项建议竟遭反对，public school system and used for boys and girls of high 理由是这样做不民主～据此，课程均被定位在中ability, what

it have entrance requirements and give an 等难度。尖子生未受到挑战，情绪低落，差生也advanced program of studies to superior students who 能及格。没有为优等生开设的培优课程，没有每were interested and able

to take it. The proposal was

位男女生都必须达到的标准反而带来了民主。 rejected because it was undemocratic! Thus, courses are geared to the middle of the class. The good student is 其次是对幸福的误解。我们当今文化的取向unchallenged, bored. The loafer receives his passing 明白无误地直指安逸和物质享受，更少的日工作grade. And the lack of an outstanding course for the 小时和周

工作日，干得更少，拿得更多，更多的outstanding student, the lack of a standard which a boy or 滑头的借口，更少实实在在的要求。反映到我们girl must meet, passes for democracy.

的学校里，便是精神病医生取代了教鞭。以前用 The second misunderstanding concerns what makes

教鞭当然有不妥的时候，如今的精神病医生也功for happiness. The aims of our present-day culture are

avowedly ease and material well-being: shorter hours; a 不可没。但趁

势是显而易见的。,,,, ;,shorter week; more return for less accomplishment; more ,,,,,, ;?,,, ,,,,,,,,softsoap excuses and fewer honest, realistic demands. In (原谅了一切才理解了一切。)我们真的相信较松our schools this

is reflected by the vanishing hickory stick 的标准能带来幸福吗,象某些教

育专家建议的，and the emerging psychiatrist. The hickory stick had its

用玩娃娃取代难学的古典文学和数学。这难道是faults, and the psychiatrist has his strengths. But hickory

我们经过深思熟虑作出的判断吗,无怪乎黎巴嫩stick had its faults, and

the psychiatrist has his strengths.

驻联合国代表查尔斯?马立克会这样写道: “在西But the trend is clear. Tout comprendre c'est tout pardoner

(To understand everything is to excuse everything). Do we 方(美国)普

遍存在着道德滑坡。(我们的)领导really believe that our softening standards bring 似乎无从应付史无前例的时代的挑战。” happiness? Is it

our sound and considered judgment that 最后是对价值观的误解。这里仅举几

项在过去五the tougher subjects of the classics and mathematics 十年里在

师范教育界最具影响的信仰，永恒的真should be thrown aside, as suggested by some educators,

理是不存在的;绝对的道德准则是不存在的;上for doll-playing? Small wonder that Charles Malik,

帝是不存在的。但人类全部的历史却告诉我们:Lebanese delegate at the

U.N., writes: "There is in the West" (in the United States) "a general weakening of 否定这些基本原则，置人或国家于宇宙之中心，moral fiber. (Our) leadership does not seem to be 将导致使世界瘫痪的整体自私自利。而这恶果

却adequate to the unprecedented challenges of the age." 已令人恐怖地初

现端倪。

The last misunderstanding is in the area of values.

Here are some of the most influential tenets of teacher 阿诺德?汤因

比曾经说，一切进步，一切发展education over the past fifty years: there

is no eternal 均来自挑战以及相应的反应。而没有挑战，当然truth; there is no absolute moral law; there is no God. Yet 也没有了反应，没有了进步，没有了自由。因此，all of history has taught us that the denial of these 首先我们要为我们的孩子提供最艰深，最具挑战ultimates, the placement of man or state at the core of the

性的在其力所能及的范围内的课程。米开朗基罗universe, results in a paralyzing mass selfishness; and the

学画时可不是心不在焉的乱画。莫扎特要是整天first signs of it are already frighteningly evident.

Arnold Toynbee has said that all progress, all 看电视，也就不可能在

八岁就成为小有名气的钢development come from challenge and a consequent

琴家。正象伊芙?居里和海伦?凯勒一样，他们都是response. Without challenge there is no response, no 以严格的训练来面对挑战。并且赢得了新的自由。development, no freedom. So first we owe to our children 我们可以给我们的男孩女孩们的第二个机会the most demanding, challenging curriculum that is within

乃是有权失败。“自由不仅仅是一种特权，而且their capabilities. Michelangelo did not learn to paint by

也是一种考验，”德?纽伊写道。一个不允许失败spending his time doodling. Mozart was not an accomplished pianist at the age of eight as the result or 的考验是一种什么样的考验呢,这种自由又将是spending his days in front of a television set. Like Eve 什么自由呢:美国能为每一位来听上四年高中课Curie, like Helen Keller, they responded to the challenge of 程的学生,发张高中文凭。但不管是否学到东西，their lives by a disciplined training: and they gained a new 这个时代已一去不复返了。我们生活在一个变得freedom. 越来越小的世界里，我们必须知晓现实主义，并 The second opportunity we can give our boys

对其保持警觉;而现实主义所要求的标准应是一and girls is the right to failure. "Freedom is not only

种要么必须达到，要么达不到的标准。这种说法a privilege, it is a test," writes De Nouy. What kind of a test is it, what kind of freedom where no one 过于严酷，但也句句是实。如果剥夺了我们的孩can fail? The day is past when the United States can 子失败的权力，也就是剥夺了他们认识真实世界afford to give high school diplomas to all who sit 的权力。

through four years of instruction, regardless of 最后，我们应让孩子们全

面了解我们已经找whether any visible results can be discerned. We 到的最好的价值。通过把我们的生活与各个时代，live in a narrowed world where we must be alert,

可资证明的事件联系起来，通过已经过历史证明awake to realism; and realism demands a standard which either must be met or result in failure. These 为最真实的价值观来评判我们的人生哲学。我们are hard words, but

they are brutally true. If we 也许能够提供一种充满真理、内容翔实、满足我deprive our children of the right to fail we deprive 们的思维，打劫我们

心扉、燃起希望之火的，时them of their knowledge of the world as it is.

时萦绕于耳的启示，一种受用终生的启示。这是 Finally, we can expose our children to the best values 一个意味着快乐力量和领袖才能的启示—即自由

we have found. By relating our lives to the evidences of

而非奴役。 the ages, by judging our philosophy in the light of

values

that history has proven truest, perhaps we shall be able to

produce that "ringing message, full of content and truth,

satisfying the mind, appealing to the heart, firing the will,

a message on which one can stake his whole life." This is the message that could mean joy and strength and 美好生活的秘决 leadership -- freedom as opposed to serfdom.

这个世纪心理学领域里最重要的发现就是

“自我行象”。无论意识到与否，我们每个人大脑

中都有一幅关于自己的蓝图或画像。如果我们有Your Key to a Better Life

The most important psychological of this 意识地去注视它，这个心象也

许地会显得模糊不century is the discovery of the "self-image." 清、难以界定。事实上，它也许完全不能被有意Whether we realize it or not, each of us carries

about with us a mental blueprint or picture of 识地辨认出来。但它确

实存在而且细节分明。这ourselves. It may be vague and ill-defined to our 个自我心象就是我们关于“我是哪种人”的自我概conscious gaze. In fact, it may not be consciously 念。它是建立在我们关于自己的信念之上的。但recognizable at all. But it is there, complete down to 这大部分的关于我们自己的信念是在无意识中通the last detail. This self-image is our own 过我们过去的经验、我们的成功和失败、我们遭conception of the "sort of person I am." It has been

受的屈辱、我们的胜利以及别人对我们所作出的built up from our own beliefs about ourselves. But most of these beliefs about ourselves have 反应，尤其是在儿童时期对我们的反应等等形成unconsciously been formed our past experiences, 的。通过以上种种经历，我们在大脑中建立了一our successes and failures, our humiliations, our 个“自我”(或是一个关于自我的画像。)一旦某种triumphs, and the way other people have reacted to 关于我们自己的想法和信念进入到这幅图象当us, especially in early childhood. From all these we

中，就我们自己而言，它即变成了“真实”。我们mentally construct a "self," (or a picture of a self).

从不过问它的正确性，而是按此行事，似乎它确Once an idea or a belief about ourselves goes into this picture it becomes "true", as far as we 实是真的。

personally are concerned. We do not question its 这个自我心象由于有了两个重要的发现而变validity, but proceed to act upon it just as if it were 成了打开通往更美好生活之门的金钥匙。 true. ,、你所有的行动、情感、举止—甚至你的 This self-image becomes a golden key to living a 能力—总是与这个自我心象保持一致。 better life because of two important discoveries:

简言之，你将按照构想中的你去行事。 1. All your actions, feelings, behavior -- even

不仅如此，无论你尽多大有意识的努力或有your abilities -- are always consistent with this

self-image. 怎样的毅力，你都不可能有其他的行为模式。

In short, you will "act like" the sort of person you 一位认定自己属于“失败型”的人们会设法去conceive yourself to be. Not only this, but you literally 失败，尽管他有着良好的愿望或意志力，即便有cannot act otherwise, in spite of all your conscious efforts 时幸运之神已经来敲门了。一位认定自己是非正or will power. The man who conceives himself to be a

义的受害者的人，一位“注定要遭灾的人”，他将"failure type person" will find some way to fail, in spite of

总是寻找一些根据去证实自己的观点。 all his good intentions, or his will power, even if opportunity is literally dumped in his lap. The

person who 自我心象是个“前提”，一个基地或基础，在conceives himself to be a victim of injustice, one "who was 此之上你建立起你全部的个性、举止甚至你的生meant to suffer" will invariably find circumstances to verify 活环境。由此，我们的生活经验总象是去证实并his opinions. 因此而加强我们

的自我心象。并且，也就视具体 The self-image is a "premise," a base, or a foundation 情况不同而建立起一套恶性或良性循环。 upon which your entire personality, your behavior, and

例如，一位把自己看作“失败”型的学校男生，even your circumstances

are built. Because of this our

一位数学上很“笨”的学生，将总是发现他的成绩experiences seem to verify, and thereby strengthen our self-images, and a vicious or a beneficent cycle, as the 报告单往往证明他判断的正确性。于是他便有了case may be, is set up. “证据”。一位自我心象为不讨人喜欢的小女孩，For example, a schoolboy who sees himself as an "F" 会发现在学校的舞会上大家确实老是躲着她。她type student, or one who is "dumb in mathematics," will 的的确确是在自寻冷遇。她那一脸苦相、羞臊的invariably find that his report card bears him out. He then

举止、过于想取悦别人的心态，或者也许是她无has "proof". A young girl who has an image of herself as

意之间对她觉得会冒犯她的人的敌意，这一切把the sort of person nobody likes, will find indeed that she is avoided at the school dance. She literally invites rejection. 她本应能够吸引过来的人都赶走了。同样地，一Her woebegone expression, her hang-dog manner, her 位售货员或一位商人也会发现他实际经历过的事over-anxiousness to please, or perhaps her

unconscious 趋向于“证明”他的自我心象是正确无误的。 hostility towards those she anticipates will affront her - all

act to drive away those whom she would attract. In the 由于有这个客

观的“证明”，一个人就很难发same manner, a salesman or a businessman

will also find 觉他的问题正是出在他的自我心象或他对自己的that his

actual experiences tend to "prove" his self-image 评价上。告诉那位男生他只是“认为”自己无法学is correct. 会代数。那他就会怀疑你的判断力。他试

了又试， Because of this objective "proof" it very seldom occurs 可成绩单却总是一样。告诉售货员他挣的钱不会to a person that his trouble lies in his self-image or his own

超过某个数字也只是一个想法而已。他就会拿出evaluation of himself.

Tell the schoolboy that he only "thinks" he cannot master algebra, and he will doubt your 订单证明你错了。他太了解他曾怎样艰苦地尝试sanity. He has tried and tried, and still his report card tells 过并失败了的。然而，就象我们将要看到的那样，the story. Tell the salesman that it is only an idea that he 学生的成绩和售货员的业务能力几乎是奇迹般地cannot earn more than a certain figure, and he can prove 改变了在他们听劝改变自我心象之后。 you wrong by his order book. He knows only too well how ,、自我心象能被改变。大量例子表明无论hard he has tried and failed. Yet, as we shall see later,

年长或年幼都可改变自我心象并由此开始新的生almost miraculous changes have occurred both in grades of students, and in the earning capacity of salesmen - 活。一个很难让人改变其生活习惯、人格或，其when they were

prevailed upon to change their 生活方式的原因之一仍是:到目前为止，几乎所self-images. 有的试图改变的努力都是朝着可以说是自我的外

2. The self-image can be changed. Numerous 围，而不是中心进行的。很

多病人对我说了如下case histories have shown that one is never too 的话: “如果你要讲什么…积极思维?我以前早试过young nor too old to change his self-image and

了，只是对我无效。”然而，如果细问一下，我们thereby start to live a new life.

就会明白这些人所用的“积极思维”或他们想要用One of the reasons it has seemed so difficult for a person to change his habits, his personality, or his way of life, has 的“积极思维”，只是针对某个具体的外部情况，been that heretofore nearly all efforts at change have been ""或是一些个别的习惯或性格缺陷(“我要得到那directed to the circumference of the self, so to speak, 份工作”) “以后我要更冷静和放松。” “这次商业rather than to the center. Numerous patients have said to 冒险会对我有利”等等，但是他们从未想过要改变me something like the following: "If you are talking about

对将去干这些事的“自我”的看法。 'positive thinking', I've tried

that before, and it just doesn't

耶稣警告我们把一块新布补在旧衣上，或是work for me." However, a

little questioning invariably brings out that these individuals have employed "positive 把新酒倒入旧瓶中都是愚蠢的。“积极思维”不可thinking," or attempted to employ it, either upon 能被有效地当做一个补丁或拐杖用于旧的自我心particular external circumstances, or upon some

particular 象上。事实上，你绝对不会积极地去思考某个具habit or character defect ("I will get that job." " I will be 体问题，如果你是对自我持的是

否定态度的话并more calm and relaxed in the future." "This business 且，

大量实验表明:一旦关于自我的概念改变了，venture will turn out right for me," etc.) But they had

其他与新自我相一致的事物就很容易完成，且无never thought to change their thinking of the "self" which

需绞尽脑汁。 was to accomplish these things.

Jesus warned us about the folly of putting a patch of 已故普斯科特?

莱基曾作过一个实验，也是最new material upon an old garment, or of

putting new wine 早期且最具说服力的实验之一。自我心象心理学into old bottles. "Positive thinking" cannot be used 先驱之一，他假定个性是一个思想体系，其中所effectively as a patch or a crutch to the same old 有的思

想看上去必须是相互一致、相互协调的。self-image. In fact, it is literally impossible to really think

与该体系不一致的思想是被排斥的，不被相信的positively about a

particular situation, as long as you hold

并且不被用作行动的指南。而与该系统相一致的a negative concept of self. And, numerous experiments have shown that once the concept of self is changed, other 思想则被接受。在这个思想体系的最中心—核心things consistent with the new concept of self, are 思想—其他思想均建立在其之

上的基础思想就是 accomplished easily and without strain. 一个人的“自我

概念”，他的“自我心象”，或

One of the earliest and most convincing experiments

along this line was conducted by the late Prescott Lecky, 他对自己的否定。莱基是位学校教师，因此有机one of the pioneers in self-image psychology. Lecky 会在学生中检验他的理论。

conceived of the personality as a "system of ideas", all of 根据莱基的理论，如果一位学习某门功课有which must seem to be consistent with each other. Ideas 困难，这可能是因为(从学生的角度看)他不合which are inconsistent with the system are rejected, "not

适于那门课。然而莱基相信如果你能够改变学生believed," and not acted upon. Ideas which seem to be

之所以有这种观点的自我认定的模式，他对那门consistent with the system are accepted. At the very center of this system of ideas -- the keystone -- the base 课的态度也会随之改变。如果学生听劝改变他的upon which all else is built, is the individual's "ego ideal," 自我定义，他的学习能力也将改变。这一点已经his "self-image," or his conception of himself. Lecky was a 被证实。一位写100个词就错55个，并由于多school teacher and had an opportunity to test his theory 门功课不及格而失去了一年学分的学生，在第二upon thousands of students.

年里每门成绩平均,,分，并成为学校拼写最好 Lecky theorized that if a student had trouble learning a

者之一;一位由于成绩不佳而从学院退学的男生certain subject, it could be because (from the student's point of view) it would be inconsistent for him to learn it. 进了哥伦比亚大学并成为全优生，一位,次都没Lecky believed, however, that if you could change the 通过拉丁文考试的女生在与学校顾问谈了三次话student's self-conception, which underlies this

viewpoint, 后，拉丁语课程以,,分通过了，一位被一个考his attitude toward the subject would change accordingly. 试机关告之他没有学英语的天赋的男生第二年获If the student could be induced to change his 得了文学荣誉奖。selfdefinition, his learning ability should also change. This 这些学生的问题不是他们笨或缺乏基本能proved to be the case. One student who misspelled 55

力。问题在于一个不正确的自我心象(“我没有学words out of a hundred and flunked so many subjects that

he lost credit for a year, made a general average of 91 the 数学的脑袋”，“我天生写不好字”)他们认为自next year and became one of the best spellers in school. A 己与错误和失败是共存的。他们不是说:“我那次boy who was dropped from one college because of poor 考试失败了”(事实上的，描述性的)而是下结论grades, entered Columbia and became a straight "A" 道:“我是个失败者。”他们不是说:“我那门功课student. A girl who had flunked Latin four times, after

考糟了”而是说:“我是个糟糕的学生。”对于那些three talks with the school counselor, finished with a grade

有兴趣多读点莱基的著作的人，我推荐一本他的of 84. A boy who was told by a testing bureau that he had no aptitude for English, won honorable mention the next 书:《自我一致，一个关于个性的理论》海岛出版year for a literary prize. 社，纽约州，纽约市。

The trouble with these students was not that they

were dumb, or lacking in basic aptitudes. The trouble was 科学与科学态度 an inadequate self-image ("I don't have a mathematical 科学是关于自

然的知识主体，代表了人类集mind"; "I'm just naturally a poor speller"). They

体的努力，洞察力，新发现和智慧。科学不是某"identified" with their mistakes and failures. Instead of

种新事物，它始于有文字记载的历史前，人类首saying "I failed that test" (factual and descriptive) they concluded "I am a failure." Instead of saying "I flunked 次发现其周围重复出现的事物之间的各种关系之that subject" they said "I am a failure." Instead of saying 时。通过对这些相

互关系的仔细观察，他们开始"I flunked that subject" they said "I am a

flunk-out." For 认识自然，又由于自然的可靠性，他们发现自己those who are interested in leaning more of Lecky's work, 可以预测未来从而能够对周围环

境实施某种程度I recommend securing a copy of his book: self consistency, 上的控制。 a Theory of Personality. The Island Press, Now York, N.Y.

在十六世纪，科学取得了最大的进步。那时

的人们已经开始就自然现象提出一些可以回答的

Science and the Scientific Attitude 问题，那时，人们已开始用对秩序

的规律系统的

Science is the body of knowledge about nature 研究来代替迷信;那时，

人们除了使用逻辑外，that represents the collective efforts, insights, findings, and wisdom of the human race. Science is 还运用实验来验证

各种观点。过去人们曾试图用not something new but had its beginnings

before 魔术和超自然的力量来左右自然现象，然而现在recorded history when humans first discovered 他们用科学来作指导。但是，由于对科学方法与

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第一课 大学英语精读第五册课后习题答案（1u）(2010-07-20 13:49:10) 标签：答案教育分类：大学英语 V ocabulary work 一 1. given 2. at a glance 3. fluency 4. Given 5. hopefully 7. define 8. looked him up 9. no good 10. quoted, context 11. guidance 12. immediate 13. disgust 14. come across 15. put into practice 16. scope 二 1. washed his hands of 2. given 3. putting…into practice 4. was confronted with 5. countering 6. were reduced to eating 7. at a glance 8. took refuge in 9. less practicable 10. countered 11. dedication 12. in disgust 13. relied on 14. for their part 15. gave up 三 1. Without suitable entertainment, these young people often get bored and take refuge in drinking and taking drugs. 2. The school washed its hands of the students’ behavior during the spring recess. 3. The innocent girl was reduced to crying at his cruel remarks. 4. Many difficult words are out of the scope of his learner’s dictionary. 5. The thief admitted his guilt as soon as he was confronted with evidence. 6. The incident should be viewed in the wider context of the political turmoil of that time. 四 1. has come down 2. came to 3. comes out 4. come up with 5. come in 6. came across 7. has come about 8. come off 9. come to 10. give up 11. was given back 12. gave away 13. gave out 14. give in 15. gives off/out cloze 1. express 2. both 3. intended 4. still 5. where 6. personal 7. of 8. them 9. make 10. before 11. still 12. before 13. fluent 14. while 15. enough 16. on 17. in 18. In

大学英语精读1课文翻译

大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English"，而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret"，而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。

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第一单元 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种： 1．不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learn the news or secret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后在反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。

现代大学英语精读第六册课文翻译

现代大学英语精读6课文翻译 1如何使我们不为穷人的存在而内疚 约翰·肯尼斯·高伯瑞(加尔布雷斯) 1.我很愿意严肃地考虑一种人类最古老的活动，这项活动持续了多年，实际上已经超过了几个世纪，那就是尝试怎样使我们不为穷人的存在而内疚。 2.贫穷和富有从一开始就共生在一起，彼此很不愉快有时还充满危险。普鲁塔克曾说，“贫富失衡乃共和政体最致命的宿疾。”富有和贫穷持续共存产生的问题，特别是如何证明在其 他人还贫穷时我们富有是有道理的这一问题，成为有思想有学问的人几百年来孜孜不倦地思 考探索的问题。直至当代状况依然如此。 3.《圣经》提出了最初的解决之道，在现世遭受贫穷的人来世会得到更好的回报。他们的贫穷是暂时的灾难，如果贫穷但却能顺从，他们将来就会成为世界的主人。在某种程度上这就是最理想的解决办法。由此，富人就可以一边嫉妒穷人的美好前途一边享受他们的财富。 4.很长时间之后，即在1776年《国富论》发表的二三十年之后——在英国工业革命开始 之后，贫富不均的问题及其解决办法开始具有了现代的形式。杰罗米·边沁，这位与亚当·斯密几乎是同时代的人，提出了这样一种准则，在某种程度上，美国人认为这一准则在英国几 乎50年来一直影响显著。这就是实用主义学说。“通过实用的原则，”边沁在1789年指出，“也就是通过这一原则来赞成或否定任何一种应运而生的看来似乎必定会增加或减少政党 幸福的行为或做法，尽管政党的利益总是在讨论之中。”实用，实际上一定是以自我为中心的。然而，社会中只有少数人拥有大量财富，却有更多人没有财富。只要遵循边沁的话—— “最大的利益给最多的人”，就能够解决社会问题。社会尽力满足更多的人，人们接受对于 很多利益没被满足的人来说，结果极其不幸。 5.在19世纪30年代，一种新的准则成为使我们不为穷人的存在感到内疚的有效办法，迄今为止它的影响也丝毫没有减弱。这是与股票家大卫·李嘉图和T·R·马尔萨斯神父联系 在一起的。它的本质很为人们所熟悉，穷人的贫穷是他们自己的错误。贫穷是他们过度生育 的结果。很遗憾，他们不能控制性欲，过度生育把地球具有的养活人口的能力推向极限。 6.这就是人口论。生育引起的贫穷意味着富人不应该为贫穷的产生和解决承担责任。然而，马尔萨斯本人并不是缺乏责任感的人，他极力主张婚姻的仪式应该包括对过度或不负责任的 性生活的警告——公平地讲，是一种警告，因为它还没有被看做是一种完全有效的控制生育 的方法。在近代，罗纳德·里根曾经说过控制人口的最佳形式存在于市场。(热恋中的夫妇应该上梅西百货公司，而不是回到新房。)应该说，马尔萨斯的建议至少沾点边。 7.19世纪中叶，一种新的解决这一问题的方案产生了很大影响，在美国影响尤其强烈。 这一学说与赫伯特·斯宾塞的名字联系在一起，就是社会学中的进化论。在经济生活中如同在生物进化过程中一样，主导的规律是适者生存。“适者生存”这个短语实际上并不出自查 尔斯·达尔文，而是出自斯宾塞，后者表达了对经济生活的看法。穷人被淘汰是大自然种族 进化的方式。弱的、不幸的人灭亡了，人类家庭的质量就会提高。 8.最著名的美国达尔文社会进化论的发言人之一约翰·洛克菲勒一一第一个洛克菲勒一一 在一次著名的演讲中说，“美国这朵玫瑰花以其华贵与芳香让观众倾倒，赞不绝口。而她之 所以能被培植出来，就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾被掐掉了。在经济生活中情况亦是如此。

大学英语精读第五册

大学英语精读第五册 Unit 2 Translation Chinese to English 1.我认为向他求助是不现实的。事实上，他自己也需要帮助。 I don’t think it is realistic to turn to him for help．As a matter of fact, he himself is in need of help． 2.越来越多的人正在意识到与空气污染作斗争的迫切需要。 More and more people are being awakened to the urgent need of combating air pollution. 3.有明显的迹象表明一些古老的传统和价值观念采不再被年轻人珍视。 There are visible signs that some of the time-honored old traditions and values are no longer cherished by the young people. 4．我们许多人觉得宇宙无限这一概念难以理解。 Many of us find the notion of a boundless universe hard to grasp． 5. 因为法律和规章中有许多漏洞(loophole)，一小撮投机倒把者一夜之间暴富就没 有什么奇怪了。 There being so many loopholes in the laws and regulations, it is little wonder that a handful of speculators got rich overnight． 6. 旅游事业的空前兴旺使这个从前只住有三百人的边境小镇突然繁荣起来。 An unprecedented boom in tourism brought sudden prosperity to the small border town, which was formerly inhabited by only three hundred people. 7．根据这一信息，该国已经具有制造核武器的能力。 In the light of the information, that country already has the capabilities to make nuclear weapons. 8.他不顾朋友的反复警告，把所有的钱都投向了高风险企业。 Regardless of repeated warnings from his friends，he staked all his money on high-risk ventures. 大学英语精读第五册 Unit 4 TRANSLATION Chinese to English 1. 有人说对于不公正的批评的最好反映是原谅和忘却（不念旧恶）。 Somebody says that the best response to unfair criticies is to forgive and forget. 2. 天哪，你为什么不给我打电话？ For God’s sake, why didn’t you call you? 3．绝望之中，我一脚把门踢开，结果发现他躺在床上，已经昏迷不醒。 I kicked the door open with desperation, and found him lying in the bed unconciously. 4．那机修工气愤地把工具扔到一边，再也不肯干了。