考研英语(二)强化班-翻译(钟平)讲义

Although not so world widely accepted, people who are emotionally weak in daily business are often losers who are not able to fulfill any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure.

Science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constrains of organized religion and from the political constrains of the centralized modern authority.

Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

Private businessmen. striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these

goods and services are produced.

Under a system deployed on the white house website for the first time at last time, those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the sender of the message supports the white house policy or differs with it.

These comments, whether accepted, clarified the norms and requirements of the covenant which was already in power in practice and enabled the committee to make a significant contribution to the justice promotion in a particular right or issue, while other article has failed to function as has been expected in those meetings which was held with great hope.

The American economic system is organized around a basically

private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind and it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.

Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.

Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.

The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only

beginning to be recognized and studied.

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a

cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society

Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society

I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .

Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.

In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.

It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。

Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。

Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.

Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly

impressed with the functional similarities between insect and

vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that

seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them.

A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before

1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

篇章翻译：

1

The evolution of experimental psychology

The range of methods taught now would have amazed an experimental psychologist of a century ago.

Experimental psychology as taught in American universities has changed over the century from being attached to specific subject matters to being primarily methodological.

Edward B. Titchener's four-volume "Experimental Psychology," published between 1901 and 1905, blocked out the limits of experimental psychology as a subject at the time. The acceptable included sensation, perception, emotion, memory, action and similar topics. Later on,

conditioning and learning would be added to the "canon" by others. Titchener organized his book around fundamental methods, which lent themselves to specific subject matters.

Titchener's book remained influential throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s, though it had competition from others. The term "experimental psychology," came to stand for those fields that were then most conducive to experimental research.

Woodworth's book became the "bible" of psychological researchers for decades. He popularized the concepts of independent and dependent variables in his book and lamented that developmental and abnormal psychology had not yet reached the level of genuine experimentation.

His second edition of the book, published with Harold Schlosberg in 1954, continued the traditional listing of content topics as experimental psychology. S.S. Stevens's "Handbook of Experimental Psychology," published in 1951, was perhaps the last successful one-volume compendium of all content topics within traditional experimental psychology.

? 2

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Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do ---

roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a

surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then,

Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these

computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well

air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is much more to be done, and not just by big

companies.

3

?“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that

sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.

Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He?d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.

It didin?t go well. “It was a really had move because that?s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, …Just wait, you?ll trun the corner, give it some time.”

4

When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian

households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25. The “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

5

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this, since I was 4.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody

does---try to put it to one s ide. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day---they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

2010年考研英语二真题全文翻译超详解析

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94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇英汉对照

94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇（英汉对照） 46) articulate 清晰的表达， 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道；by one’s own account根据某人自己所说，let alone更别提， 48) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系， 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成； 13年 46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰， 47)sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所， 48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 49)blame批评， 50)implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的； 12年 46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致， generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见， 50) track跟踪； 11年 46) erroneous错误的，error错误， 47) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 49) circumstance环境， 50) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列； 10年 46) rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，

考研英语二阅读理解全文翻译

英语二T e x t 1 1---Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising(修改) their thinking on his educational ritual(例行公事). Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible (不可变更的) policy which mandates(批准) that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade。 家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但最近几年来，家庭作业却受到人们的鄙视。全国的学校都在修改家庭作业的相关惯例做法。不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。 21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____。 [A] is receiving more criticism [B] is no longer an educational ritual（绝对） [C] is not required for advanced courses（正反） [D] is gaining more preferences（正反） 2---This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children。 这个规定旨在提出：来自贫穷家庭或混乱家庭的学生有困难，不能完成家庭作业。但该政策是不清晰的，是矛盾的。显然，没有哪个家庭作业是在没有昂贵设备就无法完成的。但如果该学区因为学生家庭复杂而不做家庭作业就给他通过的话，那么这就意味着对于贫穷孩子，标准要降低。

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总

历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职

考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析名师优质资料

2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析 Section I Use of English 一、文章题材结构分析 本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带 来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种 方法做了评述。 二、试题解析 1.【答案】A 【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项 中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑， 并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前 的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A 为正确答案。 B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”； C 项walk 意为“走，步行”； D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但 与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。 2.【答案】C 【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关 系。空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety and security to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是 否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。 A 项for 表示因果关系； B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing 并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。 3.【答案】B 【解析】空格中需要填形容词和seems 构成系表结构，并能说明主语that（指代 a world）的特点。鉴于此，考生 可在上文寻找有关a world 的文字表述，并可找到bringing safety and security to a world“给这个世界带来安全和保障” 的信息，表明当前世界需要“安全保障”，即当前世界的特点是“不安全，缺乏保障”，由此可以推断空格中需要“不 安全，缺乏保障，混乱”等类似语意。选项 B 意为“无法无天的，失去法律控制的”，故为正确答案。

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考研英语十年真题大作文（2002-2011） 一、题目 2002 Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures---National and International” In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2.give your comments on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET II. 2003 Directions: Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following 1.describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning 2.point out its implications in our life. 2004 Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1. describe the drawing. 2. interpret its meaning, and 3. support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

考研英语二2015到2017原文逐句翻译12篇

2017.2.1 Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5 km around their local park. 每周六上午九点，五万多名跑步者在他们附近的公园跑五公里。 The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. “Parkrun”这一现象最初由十几个朋友发起，如今在英国却已引发四百个类似活动，在国外就更多了。 Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. 活动是免费的，还招募了大量的自愿者。 Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour. 跑步者从四岁到祖父母辈都有，他们的用时区间从安德鲁·巴德利创造的世界记录13分钟48秒到一个小时不等。Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing. “Parkrun”在伦敦奥运会“遗产”失败之处取得了成效。 Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. 十年前的一个周一宣布，第三十届奥林匹克运动会将在伦敦举行。 Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. 计划文件承诺、奥运会的伟大遗产将会让一个国家的体育爱好者离开他们的沙发。 The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. 人们将身材更好、更键康，并将产生越来越多的冠军，但是这些并未发生。 The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run—up to 2012, but the general population was growing faster. 每周锻炼身体的成年人数量的确在2012年前增加了将近两百万，但总人口增长速度更快。 Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. 更槽糕的是，这个数字现在正在加速下降。 The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. 反对者声称，每周至少进行两小时体育运动的小学生减少了近一半。 Obesity has risen among adults and children. 肥胖的成人和儿童人数在增加。 Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation." 官方仍在反思为什么2012年伦敦奥运会未能“激励一代人”。 The success of Parkrun offers answers. “Parkrun”的成功给出了答案。 Parkrun is not a race but a time trial: Y our only competitor is the clock. “Parkrun”不是竞赛、而是计时赛：你唯一的竞争对手是时间。 The ethos welcomes anybody. 其精神在于欢迎任何人。 There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. 气喘吁吁的初次参与者在冲线时会得到人们的掌声喝彩，由此产生的快乐堪比最有天赋的新星的表现。 The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. 相比之下，奥运会申办者则希望让更多的人参与体育运动并产生更多的精英运动员。The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers. 双重目标混为一谈：成功而并非参与的压力会让初次参与者望而生畏。 Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots", concept as community sports associations. 实际上，国家把这样一个基本的“草根”概念作为社区体育协会来参与规划是有些荒唐的。 If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods: making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. 如果政府要发挥作用，它应该真正参与到公共设施的建设之中：确保有运动场地的空间，有资金用于建设网球和篮网球场地，并支持学校开展所有这些体育活动。 But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. 但是历届政府都卖过绿地，从地方政府压榨资金并不断减少对体育教育的关注。 Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. 除了口头和相应的战略内容，未来政府需要作出更多的行动来创造条件，使得体育运动蓬勃发展。 Or at least not make them worse. 或者至少不让情况更加糟糕。