大学英语第二单元

Unit 2

Text A

Listening

First Listening

Before listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following words.

conversation

谈话

comment on

评论

bowling

保龄球

lane

球道

connect

联系

converse

交谈

switch

转换

Second Listening

Listen to the tape again. Then, choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

1. What was the main cause of the problem discussed in the listening?

A) She was using a Western style in conversations among the Japanese.

B) She insisted on speaking English even though she was in Japan.

C) She spoke the Japanese language poorly.

D) She was an American woman married to a Japanese man.

2. Which of the following comparisons does the listening make about Japanese and Weste rn conversational styles?

A) The Japanese style is like tennis and the Western style is like volleyball.

B) The Western style is more athletic than the Japanese style.

C) The Japanese style is like bowling and the Western style is like tennis.

D) The Japanese style is like singles tennis and the Western style is like doubles.

3. The author considers the Western conversational style to be ____________.

A) more interactive (互动的)

B) louder

C) more personal

D) better

4.The author considers the Japanese conversational style to be ____________.

A) easier to adjust to（适应）

B) more strictly (严谨地) organized

C) more traditional

D) better

5.The author concludes that ____________.

A) once you know the differences, it is easy to adjust to them

B) because she is American, she will never really understand Japan

C) life will be much easier for her students than it was for her

D) it remains difficult to switch from one style to another

Pre-reading Questions

1.Look at the title and guess what this passage is about.

2. Go over the first paragraph quickly and find out who the author is. Is she a Japanese born and educated in the United States or an American married to a Japanese?

3. Have you ever talked with a native speaker of English? What problems have you enco untered in talking with a foreigner?

Conversational Ballgames

Nancy Masterson Sakamoto

After I was married and had lived in Japan for a while, my Japanese gradually improved to the point where I could take part in simple conversations with my husband, his friend

s, and family. And I began to notice that often, when I joined in, the others would look startled, and the conversation would come to a halt. After this happened several times, it became clear to me that I was doing something wrong. But for a long time, I didn't kno w what it was.

Finally, after listening carefully to many Japanese conversations, I discovered what my pro blem was. Even though I was speaking Japanese, I was handling the conversation in a W estern way.

Japanese-style conversations develop quite differently from western-style conversations. And the difference isn't only in the languages. I realized that just as I kept trying to hold we stern-style conversations even when I was speaking Japanese, so were my English students trying to hold Japanese-style conversations even when they were speaking English. We w ere unconsciously playing entirely different conversational ballgames.

A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me, I don't e xpect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add something —a reas on for agreeing, another example, or a remark to carry the idea further. But I don't expec t you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me, or challenge me, or compl etely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree, your response will return the ball to me.

And then it is my turn again. I don't serve a new ball from my original starting line. I h it your ball back again from where it has bounced. I carry your idea further, or answer y our questions or objections, or challenge or question you. And so the ball goes back and forth.

If there are more than two people in the conversation, then it is like doubles in tennis, or like volleyball. There's no waiting in line. Whoever is nearest and quickest hits the ball, and if you step back, someone else will hit it. No one stops the game to give you a turn. You're responsible for taking your own turn and no one person has the ball for very lon g.

A Japanese-style conversation, however, is not at all like tennis or volleyball, it's like bow ling. You wait for your turn, and you always know your place in line. It depends on suc h things as whether you are older or younger, a close friend or a relative stranger to the previous speaker, in a senior or junior position, and so on.

The first thing is to wait for your turn, patiently and politely. When your moment comes, you step up to the starting line with your bowling ball, and carefully bowl it. Everyone else stands back, making sounds of polite encouragement. Everyone waits until your ball h as reached the end of the lane, and watches to see if it knocks down all the pins, or onl y some of them, or none of them. Then there is a pause, while everyone registers your s

core.

Then, after everyone is sure that you are done, the next person in line steps up to the sa me starting line, with a different ball. He doesn't return your ball. There is no back and f orth at all. And there is always a suitable pause between turns. There is no rush, no imp atience.

No wonder everyone looked startled when I took part in Japanese conversations. I paid no attention to whose turn it was, and kept snatching the ball halfway down the alley and t hrowing it back at the bowler. Of course the conversation fell apart, I was playing the wr ong game.

This explains why it can be so difficult to get a western-style discussion going with Japa nese students of English. Whenever I serve a volleyball, everyone just stands back and wa tches it fall. No one hits it back. Everyone waits until I call on someone to take a turn. And when that person speaks, he doesn't hit my ball back. He serves a new ball. Again, everyone just watches it fall. So I call on someone else. This person does not refer to w hat the previous speaker has said. He also serves a new ball. Everyone begins again from the same starting line, and all the balls run parallel. There is never any back and forth. Now that you know about the difference in the conversational ballgames, you may think t hat all your troubles are over. But if you have been trained all your life to play one gam e, it is no simple matter to switch to another, even if you know the rules. Tennis, after a ll, is different from bowling.

(801 words)

New Words

conversational

a. 会话的，交谈的

conversation

n. an informal talk in which people exchange news, feelings, and thoughts 谈话；会谈

ballgame

n. any game played with a ball 球类活动

gradually

ad. in a way that happens or develops slowly over a long period of time 逐渐

startle

vt. make suddenly surprised or slightly shocked 使惊吓，使惊奇

halt

n. a stop or pause 停住，停止

v. stop （使）停住，（使）停止

handle

vt. deal with 处理，应付

unconsciously

ad. not consciously 无意识地，不知不觉地

challenge

vt. 向…挑战；对…质疑

n. 挑战；质疑

disagree

vi. (with) have or express a different opinion from sb. else 有分歧，不同意

response

n. an answer; (an) action done in answer 回答；回应；反应

original

a. first; earliest 起初的；原来的

bounce

vi. (of a ball) spring back or up again from the ground or another surface （球）弹起，（球）反弹

objection

n. sth. that one says to show that he /she opposes or disapproves of an action, idea, etc. 反对，异议

forth

ad. forward; out 向前；向外

responsible

a. having the job or duty of looking after s

b. or sth., so that one can be blamed if things go wrong 须负责的，有责任的

bowling

n. 保龄球

relative

a. having a particular quality when compared with sth. else 相对的，比较的

n. a member of one's family; relation 亲属；亲戚

previous

a. coming before in time or order 先前的，以前的

junior

a. of lower rank or position; younger 级别或地位较低的，年资较浅的；年少的，较年幼的

bowl

vt. 把（球）投向球瓶

lane

n. 球道；车道；胡同，小巷

pin

n. 球瓶；大头针，别针

register

vt. record 记录，登记

suitable

a. 合适的；适当的

impatience

n. 不耐烦；急躁

*snatch

vt. get hold of (sth.) hastily; take in a hurry, esp. forcefully 抓住；夺，夺得

alley

n. 小巷，小街，胡同；球道

bowler

n. 投球手

apart

ad. into pieces 成碎片

parallel

a. running side by side but never getting nearer to or further away from each other 平行的，并列的

switch

vi. change 改变，转移

Phrases and Expressions

Join in

take part in (an activity) 参加，参与

come to a halt

stop 停住，停止；停顿

even if/though

in spite of the fact that; no matter whether 即使；尽管

just as

正如；同样地

back and forth

来回地，反复地

and so on

and other things of this kind 等等

knock down

make (sth.) fall by hitting or pushing it 击倒；撞倒

fall apart

break; fall to pieces; end in failure 破裂；破碎；以失败告终

call on /upon

formally ask (sb.) to do sth. 号召；请求

refer to

mention; speak about 谈到，提及

after all

when all is said or done 毕竟

Proper Name

Nancy Masterson Sakamoto

南希·马斯特森·坂本

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Fast Reading： 1.b 2.b 3.c 4.a 5.d 6.b 7.b 8.b 9.d 10.d 11.c 12.d 13.d 14.d 15.a Home Reading： 1.a 2.b 3.a 4.d 5.c 6.a 7.d 8.b 9.c 10.d Ｕnit3 Text: A. c B. 1.b 2.c 3.c 4.a 5.d 6.d 7.d 8.c 9.a 10.a C. 1.b 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.d 6.b 7.b 8.c 9.d 10.a 11.c 12.b Fast Reading: 1.d 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.c 6.a 7.b 8.d 9.c 10.b 11.b 12.d 13.a 14.b 15.c Home Reading: 1.c 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.c 6.c 7. d 8. d 9. a 10. d

创新大学英语 综合教程 复习资料

各位自己看看好好复习 阅读理解译文（自主学习用书7篇） P19 Friends of Friends （BADBC） P21 Organizing Yourself（AACBC） P56 Valentine’s Day （BBACA） P92 American Style Friendship （ACCDB） P94 When Friendship Hurts（ABACB） P132 Cell Phone Users Tie up Traffic（CABDC） P170 The First Four Minutes（ABCBD） Friends of Friends 朋友的朋友 Back in 1967, social psychologist Stanley Milgram had an idea.时间追溯到1967年，社会心理学家斯坦利﹒米尔格伦有了这样一个想法。Everybody knows at least a few other people, 每个人至少都认识几个人。he reasoned, and those people know another people. 于是，他推论道，其他人也认识另外一些人。Therefore, just going through the people you know, you should be able to contact any person on earth.因此，通过你所认识的人，你就能够联系上地球上的任何人。 Milgram conducted experiments by sending letters to random acquaintances, asking them to pass the letter on through their friends to an unknown person. 斯坦利﹒米尔格伦做过一个实验，通过写信随机给他所认识的人，要求他们通过他们自己的朋友而把信件传递出去给陌生人。His experiments, confirmed later with e-mail tests, showed that we're all connected by no more than "six degrees of separation".他的这个实验后来经电子邮件检测并被证实：仅仅通过“六度分离理论”所有的人都是相联系的。That is, you can reach any person in the world through a chain of six people. 也就是说，经过六层人际关系纽带你可以联系任何人。 It might be comforting to know that your friend's friend's friend's friend's friend knows Bill Gates or Jennifer Lopez通过你朋友的朋友的朋友的朋友, 你可以认识比尔﹒盖茨或詹尼佛﹒洛佩慈这样的名人。but it's not really that useful. 但事实上并不那样有用。Tracing the chain is time-consuming and inconvenient.梳理这条纽带既费时，又麻烦。 But that's changing now, thanks to the development of online databases.但是由于有了网上在线数据库，现在情况变了。While many people use their PCs to keep track of their contacts

创新大学英语unit1-3

graduate['gr?djueit; 'gr?d?u.eit,'gr?d?uit] graduator graduated graduated graduating graduates n. 毕业生 He is a graduate in medicine. 他是医科毕业生。 He is a graduate of Tokyo University. 他是东京大学的毕业生。 vt. 毕业，标以刻度，定等级 They graduate 30,000 engineers every year. 每年有3万名工程师从学校毕业。 This ruler is graduated in centimeters. 这把尺的刻度是厘米。 The salary scale is graduated so that you get more money each year. 工资划分成各个等级，因此职工逐年获得加薪。 vi. 毕业，获学位，逐渐变得 He will graduate from the school in May. 他将要在五月份毕业。 He eventually graduated from clerical work to his present role. 最终他从普通文员逐渐发展到现在的职位。 adj. 毕业的，获得学位的 prepare[pri'p??] 词形变化: preparedly preparer prepared prepared preparing prepares v. 预备，准备 Older women were more likely to prepare more than one egg per menstrual cycle. 在每次月经周期中，大龄女性可能预备了更多的卵子。 Early experiments with military rockets prepared the ground for space travel. 早年对军用火箭进行的实验为发展航天技术奠定了基础。 He is preparing his speech for the meeting tomorrow. 他正准备明天集会的演说。 Prepare to alight,for we are almost there.