大学英语三级阅读翻译(15,感恩节)

15. Thanksgiving

Introduction

对于最重视个人主义的美国人来说，有没有什么东西可以让他们回想起家庭的好呢？接下来的这篇文章给出的回答是“是的”。在美国感恩节这一天，大多数家庭成员汇聚在餐桌边享受一顿大餐。作者对于“我”和“我们”的关系以及在美国这个国家里家庭的重要性进行了深入的探讨。

Essay

再过不久，那些在自己和他人的生活中穿梭的人们又将聚到一起。这个包办旅行的季节吸引他们在这周举办家庭聚会。这周四的宴会节、家庭日、感恩节，最重视个人主义的美国人将例行公事聚到百万张餐桌边聚餐寻求归属感。

他们将通过一起吃晚餐的方式聚集起他们的家庭成员：每个人都有自己的个性就像越橘酱和南瓜派的不同一样。为了共同的晚餐，他们为彼此烹饪，为彼此忙碌，为彼此提供食物并且彼此谈论。他们点头示意对他们共同的文化传统、对其他亲人的狂热关心的共识。他们会评判他们共同的遗产——孩子。

所有的这些人，无论男的女的，老的少的，有着不同的梦想和失落，他们都对这个家族表示敬意，无论他们以前是不是这个家族的一份子。“家庭”和“个人”是“我们”和“我”的关系。作为标准的美国人，我们都在这两种理念之间徘徊。我们从伟大的美国个人主义价值观穿行到家庭观。我们疲于追赶，用速度来缩短这两种价值观之间的距离。

总会有一些鸿沟在个人与家庭之间。从我们一开始认识到我们每个人都是独立分开的，我们便开始设法对付个人主义与集体主义的矛盾。这些冲突时常会特别的尖锐。毕竟，我们是在家庭中被抚养成长为……个体的。这种双重信息将贯穿我们一生。我们被教导关于“我”的自由性与“我们”的安全感，“我”的孤独感与“我们”的侵扰，“我”的自私与“我们”的负担。

我们被教导安德烈·马尔罗所说的：“离开家庭，人们将在寒冷中发抖着独活于世。”我们也被教导了他所说的另一句话：“对于人类思想发展重要性的否认解释了许多对于家庭的反抗。”在理论上，世界赞扬个人、自我意识为“最重要的”。我们在我们的头脑中独自思考；我们伴随着放大了自我感受写下音乐和文字；我们按照我们自己的功过被认定毕业、给予何种报酬、是否被雇佣以及被解雇。最极端的个人主义在令人激动的同时也是残忍的。这里所指的是适者生存。

在另一的方面，家庭表现得很不一样。我们不需要努力获得家庭成员的认可。我们只要做自己就好。家庭成员间的关系并不是基于凭证，而是基于血缘。就如Malraux提出的，“朋友会因为你的才能而喜欢你，女友会因为你的魅力而喜欢你，但你的家庭给你的爱是不需要理由的：你生在这个家庭，血浓于水。”

家庭存在的意义，不是保护强者而是庇护弱势者。它并不是一个经济体但是一个情感体。这里不是人们残忍地互相竞争的地方，而是为他人付出的地方。家庭的的事务就是关心他人，当它运作的时候，无情不再，家庭就是充满了爱。

在家庭生活中有更少的英雄和明星。然而当外面的世界赞美个人时，家人总会不止一次地要求我们淹没忽略它。当这个世界抛弃我们时，家人总会不止一次地承诺保护我们。因此我们每天，每周，每年都在两个世界里穿梭。在一种被养育的家庭生活和一种令人窒息的生活之间，在一个可以释放自己的生活和一个可以击败自己的生活之间。我们在两套完全不同的需求和可能之间摇摆。

周四将聚集在这张桌子周围的人都生活在这两个世界里，成为彼此生活中的一部分又彼此分离。运气好的话他们的两个世界里都会是富饶的领土，充满了关爱和空间。它会是一个“我”和“我们”相互影响的地方。至少在这一天，他们会带给彼此一些特殊和值得分享的东西：这些独立的自我。

16.

DADDY TUCKED THE BLANKET

Introduction

For those living in a decent apartment or house ,it is rather difficult to imagine how poor housing can affect its inhabitant s’ life and self-esteem. In this short autobiographical writing, Randall Williams recalls how his family’s shabby house had brought unhappy changes in personal relationships, and explores the effects of poverty upon the psyche of his folks.

TEXT

About the time I turned 16, my folks began to wonder why I didn't stay home any more. I always had an excuse for them, but what I didn't say

Was that I had found my freedom and I was getting out.

I went through four years of high school in semirural Alabama and became active in clubs and sports; I made a lot of friends and became a regular guy,if you know what I mean. But one thing was irregular about me: I managed those fouryears without ever a friend visit at my house.

译文

对于那些住在得体的公寓或者房子的人们来说，破败的房屋如何影响着人们的居住生活和自尊是他们难以想象的。在这篇简短的自传中，RANDALL WILLIAMS 回忆起他家的破败的房屋给他的人际关系带来的不良影响以及对贫穷给大众带来的心灵上的影响的探索。

正文

大约在我16岁的光景，我的相亲们开始怀疑我为什么不住在家里了。而我总是找个借口来搪塞他们,但是我真正不愿意说的是，我在外面找到了我想要的自由。

我结束了四年在阿拉巴马州半乡村地区的高校生活，同时在体育运动和俱乐部里面十分活跃。其中，我找到了很多朋友，自己也变成了一个受欢迎的一员，如果你能明白的话。但是有一件对我来说异乎寻常的事：我竟然在四年的时间里连一个朋友也没有带回家里去过.

I was ashamed of where I

lived, I had been ashamed for as long as I had been conscious of class.

We had a big family. There were several of us sleeping in one room, But that's not so bad if you get along, and we always did. As

you get older, though, it gets worse.

Being poor is a humiliating experience for a young person trying hard to be accepted. Even now-several yearsremoved-it is hard to talk about. And I resent the weakness of these words to make you feel waht it was really like.

We lived in a lot of old houses. We moved a lot because we were

always looking for something jst a little better than what we had. You have to understand that my folks worked harder than most people. My mother was always at home, but for her that was a full-time job-and not for fun, either.But my father worked his head off from the time I can remember in construction and

当我认识到了阶级的区别之后，我对我的家感到羞愧。

我有一个很大的家庭。一个房间里挤着好几个人。但是你们要是在一起相处的不错的话，那也就没有想象中的那么坏了，不出意外，我们相处的不错。然而我们逐渐长大了，事情变得更糟了。

贫穷对于一个年轻人来说是一段羞耻的事情，也是难以接受的。甚至是现在，好几年过去了，我也难以启齿那段经历。

我对那些能够让你感觉到事情真的发生过的字词感到愤怒。

我们住过很多破败的房屋。我们一直在搬家因为我们总是在寻找那些好一点的处所。你必须明白我的亲属们工作的比大多数人都辛苦。我的母亲一直在家里，但是对她来说这份全职工作不是娱乐的.从我能记起他在工地和商店里工作时，我的父亲就工作的极其艰辛。那是繁重的体力活。

shops. It was hard, physical work.

I tell you this to show that we weren’t shiftless .No matter how much money dad made, we never made much progress up the soci al ladder. I got out thanks to a college scholarship and because I was a little more articulate than average.

I have seen my Daddy wrap copper wire through the soles of his boots to keep them together in

the wintertime. He couldn't buy new boots because had used the money for food and shoes for us We lived like hell, but we went to

school well-clothed and with a full stomach.

It really is hell to live in a house that was in bad shape 10 years before you moved in. And a big family puts a lot of wear and tear on a new house, too, so you can imagine how one goes downhill if it is teetering when you move in. But we lived in houses that were sweltering in summer and freezing in winter. I woke up every morning for a year and a half with plaster on my

我告诉你这些时来表明我们并非混日子而已。不论父亲赚取多少钱，我们并没有取得在社会阶梯上的进步。我多亏了大学奖学金才能出去，同时也是因为我会扯淡。

我看到过我父亲在大冬天用鞋子包裹着铜丝，因此来让他们裹在一起。他不能买新鞋子因为那些钱他需要去买食物和鞋子给我们。我们就像生活在地狱，但是去学校的时候，我们穿的体面，裹腹。

住在那么逼仄的小屋内真是像地狱一样，而且当你住进去时，它已经破败了十年之久。除此之外，一个大家庭又很大的磨损了新房子，所以，你可以想象这房子是多么得每况愈下，当你搬进去的时候，它好像就要塌掉了一样。但是那所房子夏热冬冷。每天我早上起来，我一半的脸上堆着夜里从天花板掉下来的石灰。

face where it had fallen out of the ceiling during the night.

This wasn't during the Depression; this was in the late 60's and early 70's.

When we boys got old enough to learn trades in school,we would try to fix up the old houses

we lived in. But have you ever tried to paint a wall that crumbled when emphasized the holes in the wall. You end up more frustrated than when you began, especially when you know that at best you might come up with only enough money to

improve one of the six rooms in the house. And we might move out soon after, anyway.

The same goes for keeping a house like that clean. If you have a house full of kids and the house is deteriorating , you'll never keep it clean. Daddy used to yell at Mama about that, but she couldn't do anything. I think Daddy knew it inside, but he had to have an outlet for his rage somewhere, and at least yelling isn't as bad as hitting, which they

这并不是在大萧条时期，这是在60年代末期和70年代初期.

当我们这些男孩长大了，在学校学了一门手艺，我们会试着去修复老房子。但是你曾粉刷过那些滚筒一滚，墙皮就掉下来的墙面吗。最后，你愈加沮丧，特别是你知道你最好有了足够的钱才能去改善六个房间中的一个。也许，不论如何不久我们就需要搬走。

让这个屋子变得干净，也是同样的坑爹。如果你有一所住满着孩子的房子，那么这所房子肯定是越来越脏，你不可能打扫干净。父亲经常就这件事向母亲咆哮，但是她无能为力。我想父亲是明白的，但是他想要有一个让他脾气发泄的途径，至少咆哮没有殴打那么坏，而这个，他们互相从来没有发生过。

never did to each other.

But you have a kitchen which has no counter space and no hot

water and you will have dirty dishes stacked up. That sounds like an excuse, but try it. You'll go mad from the sheer sense of futility. It's the same thing in a

house with no closets. You can't keep clothes clean and rooms in order if they have to be stacked up with things.

Living in a bad house is generally worse on girls. For one thing, they traditionally help their mother with the housework. We boys could get outside and work in the field or cut wood or even play ball and forget about living conditions. The sky was still pretty.

But the girls got pressure, and as they got older it became worse. Would they accept dates knowing they had to "receive" the young man in a dirty hallway with broken windows, peeling wallpapers and a cracked ceiling? You have to live ti to understand it, but it creates a shame which

但是，当你的厨房内没有一个放台面的地方和没有开水，那么脏盘子不得不堆起来。这听起来像是一个借口，（要是不信）你来试试。这些操蛋的徒劳会让你变疯掉。

家里没有壁橱也是这样。你不可能让你的衣服保持干净，房间也不可能有序，如果他们上面堆满了东西

大体来说，破败的房屋对女孩会产生更坏的影响。就拿一件事来说，她们会帮母亲做家务。我们男孩可以在外面，在田野里干活或者开木头，甚至踢球，这些可以忘记家里的惨状。那时，天空仍旧是蓝色的。

但是女孩会有压力，当她们老去就变得更坏了。她们的约会对象是否会知道这个女生不得不在一间又脏又破的房子里“接待”他？而这间房子的窗户破破烂烂、墙纸残缺不全，连天花板也满是裂痕。你必须身处其境才能明白这种感受，贫穷所带来的羞耻感会把一个年轻人变得内向。

drives the soul of a young person inward.

I'm thankful none of us ever blamed our parents for this, because it would have crippled our relationships. As it worked out, only the relationship between our parents was

damaged, And I think the harshness which they expressed to each other was just on outlet to get rid of their anger at the trap their lives were in. It ruined their marriage because they had no one to yell at but each other. I knew other families where the

kids got the abuse, but we were too much loved for that.

Once I was about 16 and Mama and daddy had had a particularly violent argument about the washing machine, which has broken down. Daddy was on the back porch-that's where the only water faucey was-trying to fix it and Mama had a washtub out there washing school clothes for the next day and they were screaming at each

other.

我很庆幸我们并没有为此而责难父母，因为这会使我们的关系变糟。但事实上，只有我们父母的关系彻底被毁了。我想,他们对彼此的恶言相向只不过是为了发泄对于现实生活的愤怒而已，但这却毁了他们的婚姻，因为他们除了彼此大吼大叫，已经再也无法好好相处了。我知道，在有些类似家庭里，孩子会被父母虐待，但是我们却得到了太多的爱。

我大概16岁的时候，我的爸妈因为坏了的洗碗机而大吵了一架。当时爸爸在后门廊，那儿有全家唯一的水龙头，他试着修理洗碗机，而妈妈则端来一大盆要洗的校服，这些校服明天就要穿，就是在这里他们大声地地向对方咆哮起来。

Later that night everyone was

in bed and I heard Daddy get up from the couch where he was reading. I looked out form my bed across the hall into their roo. He was standing right over Mama and she was already asleep. He pulled the blanket up

andtuched it around her shoulders and just stood there and tears were dropping off his cheeks and I thought I could faintly hear them splashing against the linoleum rug.

Now they're divorced.

I had courses in college where

housing was discussed, but the sociologiists never put enough emphasis on the impact living in substandard housing has on a person's psyche. Especially children's.

Small children have a hard time understanding poverty. They want the same things children from more affluent families have. They want the same things they see advertised on television, and they don't

understand why they can't have

那天晚上，当每一个人都上床睡觉了，我听到爸从他读报的沙发上站起来的声音。我从床上探出头去看隔着客厅的爸妈的房间，看到爸站在睡着了的妈的身旁。他将毯子扯到妈妈的肩膀处，小心为她盖好。而后他就那么呆呆地站着，眼泪一滴滴掉在妈的脸颊上。甚至，我认为我听到了泪水溅在油毡地毯上的啪嗒声。

可是，现在他们离婚了。

我在大学上过讨论住房问题的课程，但是社会学家从未好好强调过住在不合标准的房子里会对一个人的心灵产生什么样的影响，尤其是对孩子。

小孩子很难理解什么是贫穷。富裕家庭里的孩子所拥有的东西，他们也想要有。他们想要电视广告里的那些东西，但是他们不明白为什么自己不能拥有这些东西。

them.

Other children can be

incredibly cruel. I was in elementary school in Georgia-and this is interesting because it is the only thing I remember about that particular school-when I was about eight or

nine.

After Christmas vacation had ended, my teacher made each student describle all his or her Christmas presents. I became more and more uncomfortable as the privilege passed around the room toward me. Other children

were reciting the names of bicycles and the grandeur of their games and toys. Some had lists which seemed to go on and on for hours.

It took me only a few sounds to tell the class that I had gotten for Christmas a helt and a pair of gloves. And then I was laughed at-because I cried -by a roomful of children and a teacher. I necer forgave them, and that night I made my mother cry

而其他的孩子在这方面也极为残忍。我在佐治亚州上的小学，而能让我记起这所学校的唯一一件事发生在我大概八、九岁的时候。

圣诞节假期结束后，老师让每一个学生描述自己在圣诞节收到的礼物。看着同学们一个个说完，我变得越来越不安。其他的孩子们大吹大擂他们的娃娃、各种自行车、玩过的了不起的游戏和玩具，有些人看起来好像一说几个小时都不会停嘴。

而我几秒钟就说完了我得到的礼物——一条腰带和衣服手套，然后我哭了，就因为这，一屋子的学生甚至是那个老师都哈哈大笑起来，我永远都不会原谅他们的行为。那天晚上当我把这件事告诉妈妈后，她伤心地哭了。

when I told her about it.

In retrospect, I am grateful for that moment, but I remember wanting to die at the time.

By Randall Williams

回顾过去，我对那时的磨难反而心怀感激，但是我也不会忘记在那个时候，我连想死的心都有了。

19.停止差遣我

介绍：从标题我们可以看到Stacey Wilkins的怒气。就和许多在美国生活的学生一样，她为了偿还学习贷款而在一家餐馆当服务员。在这片文章里，她将说出是谁和什么让她如此生气。

为了等这些乡村网球俱乐部的家伙吃完他们的批萨，我已经额外坐了一个半小时了。他们在餐馆关门后15分钟进来——他们不想减短他们网球比赛。老板顺从了他们，同意重新打开烤炉为他们做一个批萨。厨师早就回家了。

在我解释过餐厅已经关门后，这些顾客仍心安理得地要求服务。他们心安理得地坐在这，讲述他们网球比赛精彩部分，直到11点以后（餐厅晚上9点半关门）。而且最过分的是，他们心安理得地让我成为他们让人痛苦的网球比赛之后（的叙述）的受害者。骚扰一个可怜的小服务员有什么好玩的。“哦，像这样坐在这里真好。”一个人说到。在没有得到回复后，他接着说：“服务员，我猜你想让我们离开。”我就要在怒火中爆发了。“我不会对你的评论做出回复，”我说到，然后走了。

他准备和我打架，红色的旗子已经在被挥舞了。这个男人向我走来并要甜点。老顾客以前是从来没有点过甜点的。正如你知道的，这是最新的时尚。但是那天晚上他享有这样的权力。他感觉自己很厉害，我感到自己被侵犯了。

后来在得到3美元20美分后我回家了。他们的小费是他们对我情感上的侵犯的报酬。当我开车的时候，眼泪从我脸上流下。为什么我会哭？我以前也被骚扰过。10年的服务员经历本应该使我习惯于这些很平常的情况。但这次是个转折点：这是我10年被虐待史的结束。

我现在在爆发点上。我不能接受成为公众的出气包。人们认为虐待包含在用餐钱当中。所有的规矩与礼貌都和大衣一起被寄放在门处。他们认为自己所在的地位比我优越得多。他们是国王，我是乡下人。

我希望他们也成为乡下人。我非常支持在美国人们必须在餐厅里做义务性服务。这种连干两班的活是给这些压迫者很好的一堂课——上酒，在被戏弄之后清理干净，10个人占领一个桌子开派对超过3个小时，并且只给很少的小费，让人变得烦躁。最重要的是，我很想看看这些粗鲁的人的网球鞋上有番茄汁的样子。

在餐厅吃饭不仅仅是吃东西。这是一个能让你把挫折沮丧发泄在服务员身上的机会。这是一个让你感觉到比为你服务的人更优越的机会。人们认为让服务员遭受无礼行为与性骚扰并没有错。

在服务员去点菜时，顾客们心安理得地忽视他们。或是在服务员带着许多热食去桌子边，问顾客要点什么菜时，不回答。我个人不喜欢他们让服务员为了单个菜而另外点餐。“哦，我还要一杯可乐。”服务员问：“还有其他人要吗？”没有回答。但不出意外地是，当他回到桌子边时会有某些人说：“我也要一杯可乐。”等等之类的事。

我感到奇怪的是，某些人不管多么肮脏下流，在公共场合他们都会试图在表面上掩饰。大部分人都练习基本礼仪。大多数人都不会公然插队或是在电影院讲话。人们认识到（哪些是）可被接受的行为并且去遵循这些限制要求。但在在外面吃饭时这些公共礼仪规范却不适用了。

饮食地点是这些被人们接受的偏见的最后据点。人们去餐厅公然折磨服务员，不假思索地留下很少的小费。他们的朋友允许他们的同伴如此粗鲁，并不发一言。他们从没有阻止他们的朋友对我不友善。他们保持沉默。

他们从来没有想到过有人对别的人如此残忍。我曾经听过有人维护女服务员的利益，坚持认为一个人不能如此残忍。这是因为人们不认为有什么错误发生过。

然而，如果这个人是大声辱骂一个老顾客的种族、语言，那么一定会被认为成是不可接受的。为什么没有人理解，在一家餐厅不礼貌也是不礼貌的？为什么他们认为他们有权虐待餐厅工作人员？

我认为这是因为食品服务人员的社会地位非常低。顾客们有权力。食品服务人员没有。所以，我们很容易成为，一些生气的人们，积累的挫折的，发泄目标。还有什么比一个不会还手的对手更好呢？大部分服务员因为害怕丢掉工作而不还手。结果，和其他相似的服务人员一起，我们被选为社会中的出气筒。

如果人们放弃他们关于自我重要性的错误认识，他们也许会看到他们是多么得错误。我们就和其他人一样有梦想与渴望。我们的工资为这些梦想提供资金。即使是充满侮辱性的10%的小费，也能帮助我们走向目标，付房租，养育孩子。

我正在用我挣的钱来偿还一大笔研究生院的贷款。我们的女传菜员正在为她在宾夕法尼亚大学的学习提供资金。我的经理在为她第一个孩子存钱。另外一个女服务员依靠她现在的工资生活因为她在找一份演员的工作。洗碗员将他的工资寄回给他在厄瓜多尔的孩子。

我们的梦想不比那些拥有在一家大公司高地位工作的人的梦想不正当。餐厅灵活的工作时间吸引了许多不喜欢朝九晚五的作息制度的人。人们没有权力因为我们的职业而把我们看成无足轻重的人。不管我继续当服务员还是换一份工作，我都应当享有尊重。当然其他那些让你的享有舒适晚餐的数以千记的服务员也一样。

22.

自私的基因

1今天，对于进化论的疑问，就像怀疑地球绕着太阳转的理论一般，但是达尔文的进化论的全部含义还有很广阔的认识范围。在大学里，动物学依旧只占小部分的课程，甚至那些选学这门课的人，选的时候也不是因为赞赏它的深刻的哲学意义。哲学和被称为“人文学科”的课程在教授的时候，似乎从来不曾有过达尔文这个人。毫无疑问，这种状况以后将会改变。不管怎么样，这本书并不全部主张达尔文主义。而是探索进化论对于一个特别的问题所产生的结果。我的目的就是研究生理机能的自私和无私行为。

2除了它本身学术上的有趣之外，人类的重要性在这门课程上也是很明显的。它涉及我们社会生活的各个方面，爱和恨，冲突和合作，付出和窃取，贪婪和慷慨。这些要求在Lorenz的《论攻击性》，Ardrey的《社会契约》和Eibl-Eibesfeldt的《爱和恨》里都有体现。麻烦的是，这些书的作者把这些都搞错了。他们之所以搞错是因为他们不理解进化是怎样进化的。他们得到的错误的设想是在进化中最重要的事是优良的物种（或者是群体）而不是优良的个体（或者是基因）。讽刺地是，Ashley Montagu却评论Lorenz 是““残酷自然界”的直系后裔，19世纪的思想家”。我理解Lorenz对于进化论的观点，他很有可能会和Montagu一起不接受Tennyson的著名言论的影响。和二者不同的是，我认为，“残酷的自然”完全总结了我们对自然选择的新认识。

3我在开始论证之前，想简短地说明一下这是一种什么样的论点，以及不是什么样的论点。如果有人告诉我们，有一个人在芝加哥那个强盗匪徒的社会中过着富裕的生活，我们就能够对他是什么样的一个人进行猜测。我们可能想象他有韧性，动不动就开枪，并且能吸引忠心耿耿的朋友。这些猜测可能不会万无一失，但是如果你知道一个人是在什

么情况下生活和发迹的，那你就可以对他的性格做一些推测。这本书的论点就是我们和所有其他的动物都是我们的基因所创造的机器。在一个高度竞争的世界上，就像芝加哥发迹的强盗一般，我们的基因存活了下来，有些长达几百万年。这使我们有权利在我们的基因里发现一些特征。我将要论证一个成功基因的一个突出的特征是其无情的自私。这种基因的自私通常会导致个体行为的自私。然而我们也会看到，基因为了更有效地达到自私的目的，在某些特殊的情况下，也会对一些个体动物滋生一种有限的利他主义。在上面的一句话中，“特别”和“有限”是两个重要的词。尽管我们可能不愿意相信，但对整个物种来说，普遍的爱和普遍的利益在进化论上来说简直毫无意义。

4因此，我要讲一下本书不准备论证的第一点。我并不提倡以进化论为基础的道德观。我只是讲事物是如何进化的。我也不是讲人类应该怎样行动才符合道德标准。我之所以强调这点，是因为我知道我有被人误会的危险，有太多的人，他们不能把阐述对事物的认识和提倡事物如何这两件事区分开来。我自己的感受是，一个单纯的以基因那种无情的，普遍的自私性法则为基础的人类社会，生活在其中一定令人厌恶之极。但不幸的是，尽管我们大多数人可能反对它，但事实就是事实。本书主旨在于引起读者的兴趣，如果你想从中引出某种教益，那未阅读时，可以视之为一种告诫。如果你也和我一样希望为了共同的利益，建立一个人与人之间慷慨大度，相互无私合作的社会，那你就不能指望从生物的本性获得什么助益。让我们设法通过教育把慷慨大度和利他主义灌输到人们头脑中去吧！因为我们生来是自私的。让我们懂得我们自私的基因居心何在。因为这样我们至少可以有机会去打乱它们的计划，而这是其他物种从来未能希望做到的。

5上述有关教育的议论，必然表明下面的观点是错误的：即认为从遗传学的角度看来，继承下来的特性是明确固定，不容改变的。这是一种谬见，而且极为常见。我们的基因可以驱使我们的行为自私，但我们也不必终生屈从。如果我们在遗传上生来就

是利他性的，再去学利他主义也许不那么困难。在动物中，只有人类受文化，也受后天获得的以及继承下来的影响的支配。有人可能会说，又化是如此之重要，以致不论基因自私与否，它与我们对人类本性的理解毫不相干。另有人也会不同意这种讲法。

这完全取决于作为人类特性的决定性因素“本性对教养”的辩论中，你站在什么立场上。这就使我要讲一讲本书不准备论证的第二点。在本性对教养的争论中，本书不支持这一或那一立场。当然我有自己的观点，但我不打算表达出来。只在最后一章中，

把我的观点包括到我将要阐明的文化观点中去。如果确实证明基因同决定现代人的行为毫不相干，如果在动物中我们在这方面确实是独一无二的，至少探究一下我们在如此近期内成为例外的规律，将仍旧是兴味无穷的。而假如我们这一物种并不像我们一厢情愿的那样，而是个例外的话，研究这一规律甚至就更加重要。

6本书不准备论证的第三点是，不对人类或其他某一种动物的行为细节进行描述。只在举例说明时，我才使用有事实根据的细节。我不会说：“如果你看一下狒狒的行为，就会发现它们的行为是自私的；所以人类的行为也可能是自私的。”我的关于“芝

加哥强盗”的论证在逻辑上与此迥然不同。情况是这样的，人和狒狒都是经由自然选择进化而来。如果你注意一下自然选择进行的方式，似乎可以得出这样的结论：凡是经由自然选择进化而来的任何东西应该是自私的。因此我们可以预见到，当我们去

观察狒狒、人类和其他一切生物的行为时，一定会发现它们的行为是自私的。如果发现我们的预见是错误的，如果我们所观察到的人类行为的确是利他性的，我们就会遇到某些令人迷惑不解的事情，需要进行阐明。

7上述有关利他和自私的定义是指行为上的，而不是指主观意识上的，弄清这一点至关重要。这里我的旨趣不在动机的心理学方面，我不准备去论证人们在做出利他行为时，是否“真的”私下或下意识地抱有自私的动机。他们或许是，或许不是，也许我们永远也不可能知道。但无论怎样，这些都不是本书所要探讨的内容。我的定义只涉及行为的效果，是降低或提高这个假定的利他主义者生存的可能性，以及这个假定的受益者生存的可能性。

23.

谁得到了良好的基因

1 Aldous Huxley 在他1932年的小说Brave New World中想象未来的分娩是一个非常有秩序的事。在中央伦敦的孵化场和条件中心，根据从社会预定空间的要求，鸡蛋被受精，装瓶，放在传送带上。9个月以后，这个胚胎——在换瓶后——成了小孩。由于支持洗脑，他们将会快乐的成长在他们的转基因后被分配的社会角色——从聪明有抱负的高等到暗淡愚蠢的低等。

2 自从Huxley的反乌托邦的小说出版，这已经成为了标准的优生学梦魇:政府社会的工程师颠覆了个人生殖的选择为了一个诡异的社会效率。但是在这基因工程黎明的时期，这更多可能的梦魇是大致相反的：一个自由放任主义的优生学将会从几百万个父母的自由选择中出现。的确，这仅有的方法去阻止赫胥黎式的社会分层也许将会是为了政府进入优生学的生意。

3 Huxley的设想在1932年是有意义的，美国有一些州强制绝育低能儿并且希特勒鼓励了Mein kampf的政策。但是希特勒朦胧的预见那个生物学革命已经把优生学的逻辑改变成了相反方向，那让父母们通过流产，选择性的把以受精的卵子在试管中移植，或者是也许在将来几年中可以把基因注射进以受精的卵子来选择基因特点。在赫胥黎的时代，优生仅仅是政府的指令；现在需要政府要求——一个修补基因的禁令去维护优生。

4 一个完全的禁令尽管不见得会实施。谁又能试着去阻止父母保证他们的孩子不患血友病，一旦一些方式被允许，决定这个限制的界限将会变得很难。

5 爱丁博格教主尝试过。在监督了一个英国医学组织在生物伦理学上的研究后，他赞成为了医学原因修补基因，尽管他谴责那个设计好看并且有很高智商的婴儿的自作自受的想法。治疗师们认为残疾是医学问题，如果我们找到了能在出生前诊断并且医治先天缺陷的婴儿的办法，我们就可以提升人类的智商。我们应该告诉父母不能这么做，告诉父母这个州已经决定他们必须有一个有患有读写困难症的孩子吗？未成年的记忆有缺陷吗？低于平均说话能力吗？某些时候，你可能会跨越阻碍与不方便之间的界限。但是人们对于界限的位置持不同意见。

6 如果政府真的试图阻止正确的优生学操作，一些富裕的父母将会拜访在更宽容国家的诊所，然后回家承担他们的一流的小孩。（很早以前，英国的父母就旅行到沙特阿拉伯在体外选择他们孩子的性别，一个在他们国家非法的程序）及时没有禁令，高年级的父母也会支付高额的遗传科技。那些在任何情况下都回去最好的医生和学校的小孩将会得到更大的占先在健康和成就方面。

7 这不平等的访问将不会带来一个严格的等级系统在勇敢的新世界。基因和环境的相互作用太复杂以至于不能允许轻松的大脑和精神的微调。包括体外受精也没人弄的很好；甚至很多富裕的父母将放弃痛苦的侵扰流程除非严重的遗传性缺陷有危险。但是科技将会变得更加有力而且很好用。迟早，当这最引人注目的遗传倾向漂移朝向底部的社会经济规模，我们将会看见一个生物的分层足够生动的去模拟美国的价值。

8 让政府干扰。这一个实际的方法去阻止这个梦魇是确定贫穷的人们将能够付得起和富有的人们用的相同的科技。也就是说，这听起来很天真，但是批评也正确的说出这等同于资助优生学。

9 国家参与将创造一个生物伦理的泥潭。即使每个人都同意提升一个小孩的记忆能有效阻止难语症，那也将仍然有些纳税人还没准备支付的事——还没有被证实有益的基因；说或变更这些下降趋势也许超过了它的上升趋势。（基因的趋势是有超过一个影响——基因多样性——似乎是个规则，不是期待）这个问题将是技术将接受或不接受。这个回答将改变当知识先进了，但争论觉不会停止。

10 在勇敢的新世界中，国家资助的优生学是一个更大极权主义的一部分，一个违背家庭联系的文化战争和忍受浪漫以及其他自由生殖选择的古老遗留问题。那本小说起作用，它留给读者思考到没有什么能比政府干预试管婴儿设计更恐怖的。但是如果把它留给市井，我们也许能看到政府的干预，无论有多乱，无论有多令人毛骨悚然，也不是最恶心的选择。

特此感谢所有供稿者.

各位期末加油~

大学英语三级B级-阅读理解(三)

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