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连淑能《英译汉教程》Translation of Long Sentences(长句译法)【圣才出品】

连淑能《英译汉教程》Translation of Long Sentences(长句译法)【圣才出品】
连淑能《英译汉教程》Translation of Long Sentences(长句译法)【圣才出品】

第13章Translation of Long Sentences(长句译法)

13.1 复习笔记

Translating long English sentences involves not only a mixed application of various techniques but also a careful analysis of their grammatical structures and logical sequences.

英语长句的翻译不仅涉及复杂的翻译技巧,还要求对其句法结构和逻辑顺序进行细致的分析。

一、Features of Long English Sentences(英语长句的特点)

English speakers build up long sentences in an “architectural style”. They pay more attention to construct “spatial structure”, often regardless of temporal sequences. It seems to us Chinese that they build basic structures in five patterns, namely, S + V, S + V + P, S + V + O, S + V + o + O, and S + V + O + C as mainstays, with words, phrases, or clauses as members of sentences, then join directly or indirectly, various kinds of nexuses composed of words ,phrases, or clauses as modifiers ,to the mainstays of the basic structures. Here, among other things, English inflection and function words play important roles in connecting various parts grammatically and in showing their relations logically.

英语长句是按照“楼房建筑法”组织起来的:主干是五种句子结构,即主+谓,主+系

+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+宾+宾,主+谓+宾+补;枝叶是由词语、词组、从句等组成的各种各样的关系。功能词和具有屈折变化的词,如虚词、介词短语、连词、关系代词、关系副词、非谓语动词(分词、动名词、不定式)等,则负责将这些部分以符合句法的形式连接起来,并有效地标识它们之间的逻辑关系。

A long sentence, simple or compound, complex or compound-complex, may be made complicated grammatically because of the following:

正是由于以上枝叶部分、功能词及屈折变化的加入,才使得英语长句在句法上复杂化。具体而言,有以下几种情况:

1. Compound or co-ordinate elements: co-ordinate subjects, verbs, objects, predicatives, object complements, attributes, and adverbials, etc.

存在并列成分,如并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列定语、并列状语等。

2. Phrases or clauses used as modifiers: prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitival phrases, attributive clauses, and adverbial clauses, etc.

短语或从句作修饰语,如介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、状语从句等。

3. Phrases or clauses used as members of the sentence: prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitival phrases, gerundial phrases, verbal phrases, subject clauses, object clauses, and predicative clauses, etc.

短语或从句作主干成分,如介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等。

4. supplementary elements: appositives, parentheses, independent elements, and absolute constructions, etc.

存在附加成分,如同位语、插入语、独立结构等。

5. Ellipsis(省略句)

6. Inversion(倒装句)

7. separation of one part from another by modifiers or supplementary elements in the sentence

句中一部分与另一部分由于修饰语或附加成分而分隔。

二、Features of Chinese Equivalents to Long English Sentences(英语长句汉译的特点)

Compared with the English feature of subordination, Chinese is marked by its coordination with “loose”sentences, contracted sentences, elliptical sentences, “run-on”sentences, and paratactic sentences, etc. A long English sentence in most cases has to be split into several parts and rearranged in Chinese.

不同于以“从属结构”为特征的英语,汉语的主要特征是“并列结构”,其句子形式多为散句、流水句、紧缩局、并列句等等。一个英语长句在译成汉语时,往往要被拆分成多个部分,并重新组合。

三、Common Ways to Translate Long Sentences(长句的常用译法)

The followings are the major steps to translate a long sentence:

长句的翻译分为以下步骤:

Step 1 Find out the basic pattern: SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC

第一步:查明基本句型:主+谓,主+系+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+宾+宾,还是主+谓+宾+补

Step 2 Find out the subordination: modifier or the modified

第二步:查明从属结构:修饰语还是被修饰语

Step 3 Find out the meanings of words: meaning in a given context

第三步:查明词义:词典意义还是隐含意义

Step 4 Find out the grammatical relations: tense, aspect, voice, mood, etc.

第四步:查明语法关系:时态,体态,语态,情态

Step 5 Find out the focus, temporal or logical sequences

第五步:查明重心,提炼其逻辑顺序

Step 6 Rearrange various parts according to Chinese ways of thinking and modes of expression

第六步:按照汉语的表达习惯,安排或调整语序

Step 7 Revise, modify and polish the draft

第七步:修订,润饰初稿

1. Follow the Original Order(顺序法)

Some of long English sentences follow the same temporal or logical sequences as Chinese. If so, maintain the original order in translation.

当该英语长句的句法顺序与汉语的逻辑顺序一致时,就采用顺序法。

E.g.

If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not

drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

2. Invert the Original Order(逆序法)

Long English sentences, simple or complicated, may not arrange themselves in the same temporal or logical sequence as Chinese. If so, we must invert, partly or completely, the word order of the original, often employing Division as well.

英语长句的句法顺序往往与汉语的逻辑顺序不一致,需要对句子的某一部分甚至全部进行重新组合。有时还要结合拆译法。

E.g.

Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

3. Split a Long Sentence into Shorter Parts or Sentences(拆译法)

Inversion often goes hand in hand with Division. In a long sentence the main clause and the subordinate clauses or modifiers may not be closely related. These are often split into several parts or sentences in translation.

拆译法通常与逆序法相结合使用。在一些英语长句中,主干成分与从属成分的联系往往并不密切,这是就要将其拆分为若干个部分。

E.g.

His recommendation that the Air Force should investigate the UFO sighting was approved by the commission and referred to the appropriate committee.

他建议空军应调查不明飞行物的情况,这一建议得到了调查委员会的批准,并提交专门委员实施。(拆译同位语)

4. Draw Close Members of a Sentence or Words of a Phrase(靠拢法)

It is one of the features in English to scatter members of a sentence, a clause or words of a phrase here and there in a long sentence. In such sentence construction, the principal members of a long sentence or words of a long phrase are often separated by modifiers, or by inverted elements. In Chinese, however, the principal members of a sentence or words of a phrase are usually close to each other, with long modifiers, phrases or clauses being treated separately.

在英语中,一个句子的主干成分往往被分散开来。而在汉语中,句子的主干成分通常靠拢在一起,附加或从属的成分则被分离开来。因此,在英译汉的过程中,往往要采用下列方法,将相关成分靠拢起来。

The above difference between the two languages makes it necessary in translation to deal with such long English sentences in the following ways: 鉴于两种语言所存在的差异,英语长句子的汉译可以按照如下方式来处理:

(1) Put close the principal members of a long sentence (subject, verb, object,

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