英汉翻译技巧
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（6）
English-Chinese Translation Practice
Course Tutor:SUN Pinghua
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（6）
一、习语的译法
翻译习语时，应当尽能保持原文习语的形象比喻、丰富联想、修辞效果以及其民族、地方特色等。习语不仅大量出现在文艺作品中，在政治和科学论文中也同样经常遇到。习语（idioms）一般包括俗语（colloquialisms）、谚语（proverbs）、俚语（slang expressions）等。习语的英译汉有三种主要方法：（一）直译法；（二）汉语同义习语的套用法；（三）意译法。
（一）直译法
所谓直译法即指在不违背译文语言规范以及不因其错误的联想的条件下，在译文中保留英语习语的比喻、形象和民族、地方特色的方法。
To fight to the last man
To break the record
Under one’s nose
Armed to the teeth
Packed like sardines
Sour grapes
A die-hard
A gentleman’s agreement
An olive branch
The Trojan horse
The heel of Achilles
The open-door policy
The most-favored-nation clause
The position-of-strength policy
Shuttle diplomacy
The cold war
A cat has nine lives
Blood is thicker than water
Barking dogs do not bite
A rolling stone gathers no moss
战斗到最后一个人打破记录在某人鼻子底下武装到牙齿挤得象罐头沙丁鱼酸葡萄死硬派君子协定橄榄树枝特洛伊木马阿基里斯的脚踵
悬挂在达摩克里斯头顶上的剑门户开放政策最惠国条款实力地位政策
穿梭外交冷战热战猫有九命血浓于水吠犬不咬人滚石不生苔
（二）汉语同义习语的套用法
有的英语习语和汉语同义习语在内容和形式上都相符合，双方不但有相同的意义和修辞色彩，并且有相同的或大体相同的形象比喻。在这种情况下，汉译时可以直截了当地套用汉语同义习语。例如：
1．双方有完全相同的形象比喻：
To praise to the skies To fish in troubled waters To add fuel to the fire
捧上天去浑水摸鱼火上加油
To be on thin ice Walls have ears Strike while the iron is hot
如履薄冰隔墙有耳趁热打铁
2．双方有大体相同的形象比喻：
A drop in he ocean To laugh off one’s head
To shed crocodile tears To be out at elbows
To spend money like water At sixes and sevens
Six of one and half a dozen of the other
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy
沧海一粟笑掉牙齿猫哭耗子促襟见肘挥金如土七颠八倒；乱七八糟
半斤八两一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃
（三）意译法
Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake. 醉翁之意不在酒。
Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。
Give me liberty or give me death. 不自由，毋宁死。
To pay Chinese compliments 阳奉阴违
To hold a candle to the devil 助纣为虐
Let speak frankly./ to put all the cards on the table 打开天窗说亮话It’s unnecessary anxiety. 杞人忧天
We’ve been driven to it. 逼上梁山。
It is better for the doer to undo what he has done. 解铃还待系铃人。To pick on something to find fault with 吹毛求疵
To cast off one’s old self and take on new self 脱胎换骨
Who chooses well chooses sons-in-law; who chooses badly chooses land. 会选的选儿郎，不会选的选田庄。
A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。
To be in the same boat 同舟共济
Like a drowned rat 像个落汤鸡
Strike while the iron’s hot. 趁热打铁。
I have been a stranger in a strange land. 独在异地为异客。
Castle in the air 空中楼阁
Give him an inch and he’ll take an ell. 得寸进尺。
Time flies like an arrow. 光阴似箭。
Nothing comes wrong to the hungry. 饥不择食。
Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚。
There is no smoke without fire. 无火不起烟。
To know like the palm of one’s hand 了如指掌
To throw cold water on 浇冷水
Facts speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
The burnt child dreads the fire. 一朝遭蛇咬，三年怕井绳。
Even an honest official can’t judge domestic cases. 清官难断家务事。
A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart. 路遥知马力，事久见人心。
The teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.
Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water.
All right, I blame myself. But it’s the last time. We were cat’s-paws, that’s all.
To break the ice, Ted spoke of his interest in mountain climbing, and they soon had a conversation going.
She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do what she likes.
Two heads are better than one. （三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。）一人不及两人智。
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 脚踏两头船，必定落空。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
When the cat’s away, the mice will play. 猫儿不在，鼠儿成精。
A stitch in time saves nine. 及时缝一针，可以省九针。
注意：有时可以把英语原文中的非习语译为汉语习语，是译文生动有力：
But against the vast expanse of the sky, the chute looked very small. Over the past several weeks, she had grown increasingly restless.
It is clear that he was one of the outstanding pilots in the whole program. It was nervous before crowds.
The mere thought of appearing before a crowd frightened me.
The guest was pleased by the distinction but not overwhelmed.
但是，习语的使用不能违背忠实、通顺的翻译标准。如：
The aircraft is small, cheap, pilotless.
It was a chilly day in early spring.
Earthy and gracious, he finds the city dwellers too cold and sophisticated.
练习题
一、试用汉语同义习语翻译下列各习语：
1. To take French leave
2. A stony heart
3. At one’s fingertips
4. To have a hand like a foot
5. As mute as a fish
6. To return good for evil
7. To shut one’s eyes against 8. To talk black into white 9. To turn a deaf ear to 10. Practice makes perfect.
11. To face the music 12. Plain sailing
13. To be dead drunk 14. Laugh and grow fat
15. Tweedledee and tweedledum 16. To fly into a rage
17. To look for a needle in a haystack 18. A leap in the dark 19. To show one’s colours 20. To make a noise in the world
21. More haste, less speed 22. Neither fish nor flesh 23. To pick holes in 24. To mind one’s P’s and Q’s
25. To be at the end of one’s rope 26. To flog a dead horse
27. To turn over a new leaf 28. To put all one’s eg gs in one basket
二、试译下列各句：
1. He just had forty winks.
2. His wife held the purse string.
3. You should keep your nose out of here.
4. Don’t you see the writing on the wall?
5. that night he slept like a top, and woke with his knee of almost normal size.
6. I’m not talking about castles in the air—the donkey’s carrot. No, I mean something we’ve all shared.
7. Mother said, “John, you’re talking through your hat. You’re crazy!”
8. His accent gave him away.
9. Large police forces were encamped near the meeting, out of sight but hardly out of mind.
10. The Nazis in Berlin became desperate and tried to make hell while the sun was shining.
三、试译下列各句，注意运用汉语习语翻译斜体部分：
1. By comparison, the Great Wall in China is a mammoth presence.
2. After that the special missions became frequent occurrences.
3. Yet there was no hint as to who had irresponsibly started this fiction in the first place. Or why?
4. On careful analysis it appears that the information was erroneous or was susceptible of varying interpretations.
5. In a dangerous and uncertain world, the strengthening of national defence is the best guarantee of a nati on’s vital interests.
6. He wads confronted by the wild irrationality, the deviousness, the maliciousness and venality of the Manchu officials.
7. His body was perfect, alive with easy suppleness and health and strength.
8. A vision of countless colorful flowers blinded his eyes.
9. And then I ell asleep and only woke at broad day.
10. But far from recovering, that country remained overwhelmed by corruption, a tottering bureaucracy, surging prices and natural disasters.
二、拟声词的译法
凡是以摹仿事物或动作的声音而构成的词称为拟声词。世界各族语言都有大量的拟声词。如汉语中的“轰隆、啪啪、呜”等。拟声词有时兼顾动词和声音的特点。拟声词的英译汉可归纳为三类：
（一）英语原文有拟声词，汉译时也运用拟声词
Two heavy guns went off in the woods—BRUMP! BRUMP!
Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistles shrilled suddenly.
Thump! A table was overturned!
But as the door banged, she seemed to come to life again.
All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano. “What’s happening?” he muttered.
“What’s that?” he suddenly exclaimed, hearing a rustle; and they both looked up.
“Hold him by the nose, dearie, then he’ll splutter and wake up.”They heard the twitter of birds among the bushes.
Thunder rumbled in the distance.
The cart rumbled past.
His stomach rumbled emptily.
（二）英语原文有拟声词，汉译时不用拟声词
I clanked the kettle.
The cop carried a stick, ready to thwack anybody who offended his ear or eye.
The train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.
He slammed his tea cup down on the table.
We heard the machines whirr.
They heard the muffled booming of artillery from afar.
The squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.
The screeching of the brakes got on my nerves.
The train whistle tooted.
The underground train was humming.
The frogs in the fields outside the town were croaking cheerfully. The cock in the yard crowed its first round.
The moment he rushed in, the hens chucked and the dogs barked.
（三）英语原文没有拟声词，汉译时加用拟声词
The stone fell on his head.
The child fell into the water.
Zigurd fell asleep almost immediately.
Phyl expected them to start brawling, but Mrs. Cooper merely laughed good-naturedly.
The kids are crying loudly.
There were no sounds but that of the tread of the men and the footsteps of the two shaggy ponies which drew the van.
练习题
一、试译下列各句，把作独立成分用的英语拟声词译成作独立成分用的汉语拟声词：
1. Crack! The stick broke in two.
2. Plop, plop… there was water dripping from the ceiling on to the earth floor.
3. Crash! The door was broken.
4. Thwack! Thwack! Thwack! This was the first humiliation of his life.
5. Splish! Splish! The water bubbled round his legs.
二、试译下列各句，将英语拟声动词、名词或动词派生词转化为汉语动词拟声词附加语或名词拟声词附加语：
1. He let the beer gurgle down his throat.
2. All the time there were clucks of admiration from the crowd.
3. A crystal tear-drop plopped down on to the letter.
4. The young man slapped three silver dollars on the counter.
5. The low whirr of the spinning wheel spoke to him of the warmth of home and his mother’s love.
6. She wore a pair of black leather shoes that clicked against the asphalt as she walked along.
三、试译下列各句，将英语拟声词或动词派生词译成汉语拟声动词：
1. All you can do is keep on clack-clack-clacking.
2. Those standing behind whispered and chattered all the time.
四、试译下列各句，将英语拟声词译成汉语非拟声词：
1. The old man banged the boy’s head against the wall.
2. She thumps her chest as if she feels pain there.
3. They splashed through the mire to the village.
4. Already some horse-drawn carts were creaking along the street.
五、试译下列各短语，将英语拟声词译成汉语拟声词：
1. The rataplan of the drum
2. the changour of the gong
3. The changing of the tram
4. The bumping of the van
5. The rumbling of the truck
6. The jangling of the bicycle
7. The tick-tack of the watch
六、试译下列各短语，将英语拟声词译成汉语非拟声词：
1. The neighing of he horse
2. The quacking of the duck
3. The crowing of the cock
4. The bleating of the sheep
5. The heehawing of the donkey
6. The baaing of the calf
七、试译下列各句，在译文中加用汉语拟声词：
1. The tears she could not hold back fell on his face.
2. Noisily, the crowd swarmed out of the door.
3. He sat there gnawing the biscuit.
4. The logs were burning briskly in the fire.
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（5）
一、定语从句的译法
定语从句可以分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1．限制性定语从句
1）前置法
把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。
I was, to borrow from John Le Carre, the spy who was to stay out in the cold.
It is a consolation to know that they will surely carry on the cause for which Edgar Snow strove so faithfully all his life.
The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.
There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.
2）后置法
(1) 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词。
He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings them (those aims) within the reach of a majority of the human race.
They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.
(2) 译成并列分句，省略英语先行词。
A good deal went on in the steppe which he—her father—did not know. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 3）溶合法
1．溶合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立巨资的一种翻译方法。限制性定语从句往往采用这种方法处理。
There are many people who want to see the film.
There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert McNamara.
There were men in that crowded who had stood there every day for a month. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
2．此外，还有些带有定语从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。
“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
These were the meetings that engineered Khrushchev’s “resignation”on ground of “advancing age and deteriorating health.”
2．非限制性定语从句
1）前置法
The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. The emphasis was helped by t he speaker’s mouth, which was wide, thin and hard set.
He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.
But Miggle’s laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.
2）后置法
(1) 译成并列分句
A. 在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。
I told the story to John, who (=and he) told it to his brother. Kissinger and his small group of aides toured the Forbidden City, where the Chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.
The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked Brittles, who asked the tinker, who pretended not to hear.
B. 在译文中从句后置，省略关系词所代表的含义。
After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury.
When she was lost to his view, he pursued his homeward way, glancing up sometimes at the sky, where the clouds were sailing fast and wildly. His wife, Betty, is a Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book, “Eight Moon”, tells of her sister Sansan’s life in China.
C. 在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。
World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.
The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, (flowers) which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.
It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
(2) 译成独立句
He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.
One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.
If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensated herself with long and intimate conversations with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who dropped some hints to the lady’s-maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carried the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen.
练习题
一、试用前置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1． This is the soldier who just returned from the front.
2．Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.
3． Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances.
4． He was not at ease with those who made diplomacy their profession, particularly ambassadors.
二、试用后置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
（1）翻译时重复先行词：
1. The great inviolate place had the ancient permanence which the sea cannot claim.
2. He’ll show her the place where they could make her l ook a proper dame—for next to nothing.
3. He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income.
（2）翻译时省略先行词：
1. Occasionally there would be the days when my depression would dissipate temporarily.
2. He was the writer who was moving into operational activities.
3. A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.
三、试用溶合法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1. This is the paper mill that they set up in 1978.
2. There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos.
3. There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity.
四、试用前置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1. Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the French revolution.
2. The ambassador, who had long been interested in Asian affairs, was flattered.
3. Even Fulbright (富布赖特), who was an old friend of his, was showing signs of independence.
五、试用后置法翻译下列各非限制性定语从句：
（一）翻译时巴关系词表达出来，从句要后置：
1. I knew that John would tell his mother, who would probably tell Mary.
2. He took the idea to Admiral King, who liked it and ordered a secret study made to see if it could be done.
3. But listen, I met a man, who said you could hire.
（二）翻译时可不必表达关系词，从句要后置：
1. He said this was a good suggestion, which he would look into.
2. He gave me a fountain pen, which I kept to this day.
3. Surely this was his native village, which he had left but the day before.
六、试将下列各非限制性定语从句译成独立句：
1. Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.
2. I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting.
3. One was Newman himself, who laughed as he recounted how he had hidden in that basement for several days.
二、状语从句的译法
状语从句包括时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等各种从句。
一）表示时间的状语从句
1．译成相应的表示时间的状语
While she spoke, the tears were running down.
When the history of the Nixon Administration is finally written, the chances are that his Chinese policy will stand out as a model of common sense and good diplomacy.
Please turn off the light when you leave the room.
2．译成“刚（一）……就……”的句式
He had hardly rushed into the room when he shouted, “Fire! Fire!”Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain.
When I reached the beach, I collapsed.
He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it. 3．译成并列的分句
He shouted as he ran.
They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.
I was about to speak, when Mr. Smith cut in.
Mrs Acland gazed at him, her eyes darkening with a curious expression of dislike and distrust as he silently turned away.
二）表示原因的状语从句
1．译成表示“原因”的分句
The crops failed because the season was dry.
Because we are both prepared to proceed on the basis of equality and mutual respect, we meet at a moment when we can make peaceful cooperation a reality.
The policies open to developing countries are more limited than for industrialized nations because the poorer economies respond less to changing conditions and administrative control.
She could get away with anything, because she looked such a baby. The strike leaders were alarmed when I told them what had happened as the reporter was unfriendly.
2．译成因果偏正复合句中的主句
Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
Pure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft.
The perspiration embarrasses him slightly because the dampness on his brow and chin makes him look more tense than he really is.
3．译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句
“You took me because I was useful. There is no question of gratitude between us,” said Rebecca.
After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.
He was not only surprised but, to start with, extremely suspicious, as he had every reason to be.
三）表示条件的状语从句
1．译成表示“条件”的分句
“Sure, there’s jobs. There is even Egbert’s job if you want it.”
It was better in case they were captured.
They can’t go through any city! If they lay over, it’s got to be in a special garage.
Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization, they were brought to Brussels.
2．译成表示“假设”的分句
If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.
If the government survives the confidence votes, its next crucial test will come in a direct Bundestag vote on the treaties May 4.
If the negotiations between the rich northerly nations and the poor southerly nations make headway, it is intended that a ministerial session in December should be arranged.
3．译成补充说明情况的分句
“He’s dead on the job, Jesse. Last night if you want to know.”“You’ll have some money by then, --that is, if you last the week out, you fool.”
You can drive tonight if you are ready.
四）表示让步的状语从句
1．译成表示“让步”的分句
Although he seems hearty and outgoing in public, Mr. Cooks is a withdrawn, introverted man.
At Paris, they were sheltered by the French members, because, although the Comet Line started in Belgium, it was very much a combined Belgium-French effort.
The threat of death does not depress him, even though he has become the No. I villain to them.
While this is true of some, it is not true of all.
While I grant his honesty, I suspect his memory.
I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say. 2．译成表示“无条件”的条件分句
Whatever combination of military and diplomatic action is taken, it is evident that he is having to tread an extremely delicate tight-rope. No matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, I’ll work harder.”
Plugged into the intercommunication system, the man can now communicate with the rest of the crew no matter what noise is going on about him. 五）表示目的的状语从句
1．译成表示“目的”的前置分句
They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bird’s-eye view of the city.
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.
We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
2．译成表示“目的”的后置分句
The murderer ran away as fast as he could, so that he might not be caught red-handed.
Brackett groaned aloud, “You came from Kansas City in two weeks so that I could give you a job?”
Wouldn’t it be better if you were somehow to organize an escape route so that these men could get back to Britain into the war again?
练习题
一、试译下列各句，尽可能运用“刚（一）……就……”的句式：
1. Mary had scarcely heard the news when she wept aloud.
2. When the war started, she soon got caught up in some very different activities.
3. The voices stopped as she drew near.
4. We had barely dropped off to sleep when the doorbell began to ring.
二、试译下列各句，把表示时间的从句译成汉语并列句的分句：
1. She took a big bite of her bread-and-butter as she stared at the little drawing.
2. She sang as she prepared Matt’s supper.
3.They were just about to give up the question, when suddenly they found the answer.
三、试译下列各句，把表示原因的从句译成不用连词而因果关系内含的汉语句子：
1. As she had lots of time, she decided to go to the Embankment first.
2. I am going to bed, as I’m very tired.
3. We had to put the meeting off since so many people were absent.
四、试译下列各句，原文主句在译文中易位：
1. The earth rotates as it travels through space.
2. The doctor began to work as soon as he came to the front.
3. Smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them.
4. Holmes struck another match when he approached.
五、试译下列各句，把表示让步的从句译成汉语“无条件”的条件分句：
1. No matter how good it is on paper, the bosses will try to wangle it all their own way.
2. They were obviously doing the right thing, and she would defend them, whatever anyone said.
3. They support the holding of a summit conference no matter whether this sort of conference will make achievement or not.
4. I’ll never give in, no matter what happens.
5. She had always taken that for granted as correct behaviour, however much it went against the things you were told.
六、试将下列各状语从句译成各种相对应的汉语偏正复句：
（一）译成表示“条件”或“假设”的分句：
1. In case I forget, please remind me about it.
2. If one of them dares to lay his little finger on me as we go out,
I won’t answer for what I’ll be doing.
3. We’ll let use the room on condi tion that you will keep it clean and tidy.
（二）译成表示“让步”的分句：
1. Even if he did throw the police off his trail, she’ll go and give him away.
2. I replied I hadn’t, although I had seen motion pictures of such happening.
3. Though the squatters refused to come out, they were besieged from that moment.
（三）译成表示“原因”的分句：
1. Probably he had stood there for some time, because the ash of his cigar was discovered on the ground near the gate.
2. He gladly accepted his offer, because he needed a lot of time for his studies.
3. She was both pleased and displeased that her friend heard these insinuations.
（四）译成表示“目的”的分句：
1. He slammed the door so that his mother would know he was home.
2. We do not read history simply for pleasure, but in order that we may discover the laws of political growth and change.
3. In plucking wild flowers, he always refrained form taking many from one locality, lest he should injure the future growth.
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（4）
一、分句、合句法
所谓分句法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单据来表达。1．分句法
1）把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
（1）副词
The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.
They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
（2）形容词
Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”.
That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial.
（3）名词
A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a riffle. As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity …
He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 2）把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文中的句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
（1）分词短语
They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear.
She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.
Sunray filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.
（2）名词短语
I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before. The military is forbidden to “kill” the vessel, a relatively easy task. The station chief would have to be close to the director, a member of the inner circle.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law. （3）前置词短语
In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yenan.
Their power increased with their number.
He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
3）把原文中句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。
Sometimes Mrs. Cross would be walking around in the big kitchen watching him eat.
She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.
But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.
His failure to observe the safely regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
2．合句法
1）把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句(simple sentence)译成一个单句。
It was on the early morning of April 2, 1971. The pilots were briefed in the ready room.
He was very clean. His mind was open.
There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.
His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.
2）把原文中的主从复合句(complex sentence)译成一个单句。
When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.
When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
I’m blest if I know.
3）把原文中的并列复合句(compound sentence)译成一个单句。
From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.
In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.
The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.
练习题
一、试译下列各句，将斜体的单词译成一个汉语句子：
1． He wished he were at home. Ordinarily,he would have been there three hours ago.
2．Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 3． But, occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long.
4．Characteristically, Mr. Harold concealed uncertainty in his breast. 5． The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.
二、试译下列各句，将斜体的短语译成汉语句子：
1． He was lying on his side watching her.
2． Doctors and men both talked about a miracle drug constantly almost with awe.
3． But they had become nomads of the desert, living on the ground and under the sky, and they loved it.
4． The hospital was already spreading a fame for its food.
5． The answer had been there all of the time just out of reach. 6． Mr. Myles still smiled but his voice had a little bit of irritation in it, unusual to Rob.
三、试译下列各句，将斜体的句子分译成两个以上的汉语句子：
1．The ample yard in back is dominated by heavily bearing fruit trees. 2． David opened the door, and Arthur went out into the rain.
3． He wanted to tell John how surprised he was at his knowledge but embarrassment made him hold his peace.
4． Strange enough they were the same age to the day.
5．Out of sheer joy she waved.
四、试译下列各句，将两个（或两个以上的）简单句合并译成一个汉语单句（或复句）：
1． It was half past ten. Sarie watched the path anxiously.
2． That was long ago. A very long time ago. Almost 30 years ago. 3． He would miss many things and many people. He would miss Celia. 4． The four men huddled there and said nothing. They dared not smoke. They would not move.
5． Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to him. 6． And as she thought, it became more involved. Harder to understand.
五、试译下列各句，将主从复合句译成一个汉语单句：
1． He stood on the curb till a car shot by.
2． While he washed, he heard the doorbell.
3． When I came to the summit, I became very excited.
4． If we do a thing, we should do it well.
六、试译下列各句，将并列句译成一个汉语单句：
1． It was 1953, and I had just come from Kilkely, Ireland, to seek my fortune.
2． It was an LST, and it was already nearly loaded with trucks and armored cars.
3．It was in mid-August, and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.
二、被动语态的译法
英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下都可译成主动句，但也有一些可以保持被动语态。
1．译成汉语主动句
1）原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
The whole country was armed in a few days.
The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.
On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.
2）原文中的主语在译文中作宾语
By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.
It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
Mr. Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.
3）译成带表语的主动句
The crew were trained at Eglin Field, Fla.
The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
He (Barr ymore) then continued his walk down the alley. His (Sir Charles’) body was found at the end of it.
4）常用被动句型的翻译
有一类以it作为形式主语的英语句子，在译文中常要改成主动形式，有时不加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”等。
（1）不加主语时
It is hoed that … 希望……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It is said that … 据说……
It is supposed that … 据推测……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……It must be admitted that …必须承认……
It must be pointed that … 必须指出……
It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……
（2）可加主语时
It is asserted that … 有人主张……
It is bel ieved that … 有人相信(认为) ……
It is generally considered that … 大家认为……
It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知) ……
It will be said that … 有人会说……
It was told that … 有人曾经说……
2．译成汉语被动句
1）“被……”“给……”
Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.
But shortly afterwards they heard that every single member of that first party had been captured by Spanish Frontier police and put into a concentration camp.
I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldn’t let me finish.
I closed my eyes and said to myself, “I am not a number. My name will be remembered as an anti-Nazi writer, and I have done more harm to your system than you can ever do me. I am not a number!”
2）“（遭）受……”
Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
I was seized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.
They were given a hearty welcome.
He was policed by the bosses’ cops.
Therefore, when we are received with so much honour and so much kindness in this great country I believe that the People’s Republic of China is doing a very significant thing.
3）“为……所”
These views of Marx and Engels have now been adopted by all proletarians who are fighting for their emancipation.
Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization, they were brought to Brussels.
I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
3．译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
By evening the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew.
Since the wingspan of the twin-engine bombers was too wide for the ship’s elevators, they couldn’t be stored below.
The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. Organization leadership must be made fully equal to the task of ensuring the realization of the political slogans and decisions of the Party. Most letters form his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital. And the astonishing thing is that this most dangerous operation was organized by a young attractive twenty-three-year-old Belgian girl, Andree De Jongh by name.
练习题
一、试将下列各被动句译成主动句，原句主语在译句中仍作主语：
1. A new student is kept on probation for one semester.
2. With the outbreak of the war, fights were stepped up.
3. Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only a few questions of secondary importance remain to be discussed.
4. This liquid became mixed with the salt at room temperature.
5. It should have been obvious that the plan would have to be scrapped.
二、试译下列各被动句译成主动句，原句主语在译句中仍作宾语：
1. After a while an agreement was arrived at.
2. A contingency plan was hastily drawn up.
3. A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose.
4. A plan was needed to strike the enemy right where he lived.
5. I am afraid I shall be laughed at.
6. The workers were seen repairing the machine.
三、试将下列各句译成带表语的主动句：
1. My first thirty years were spent in Western America.
2. Eventually, of course, the plan was abandoned.
3. But the march could not be stopped with bullets now.
4. The ship was destined for London.
5. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.
四、试译下列各句，用“被”或“给”字：
1. Hitler was also washed away by the storms of history.
2. Robert Fin was dismissed by the boss of the factory.
3. The general himself was promoted to Field-Marshal to spur him on to greater efforts.
4. Part or all of the light may be reflected, absorbed or transmitted by the thing or object that comes into its way.
5. Running water has long been used to turn the wheels of industry.
五、试译下列各句，用“（遭）受”、“由”或“把”字：
1. She was blamed for everything her sister did.
2. Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 60 years.
3. every country will be represented by its prime minister.
4. Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.
5. Rivers are controlled by dams.
6. He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even though he had always thought of himself as an “Independent”.
三、名词从句的译法
英语名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。翻译这类从句时。大多数可按原文的句序译成对应的汉语，但也还有一些其他处理方法。1．主语从句
1）以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按原文顺序翻译。
What he told me was only half-truth.
Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Kasstskill Mountains.
2）以it做形式主语所引导的主语从句，翻译时视情况可以提前，也可以不提前。（1）主语从句提前译，为了强调起见，it一般可以译出来，如果不需要强调，it 也可以不以出来。
It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.
It is a fact that the U.S.S.R. has sent its fleet to all parts of the world. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. （2）主语从句不提前，it一般不需要译出来。
It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. It was obvious that I had become the pawn in some sort of top-level power pla y.
It is rumoured (reported) that the meeting will be held in June. 2．宾语从句
（1）用that, what, how等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它的原句中的顺序。
I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down. Can you hear what I say?
I also told him how appealing I found the offer.
He would never let the history books say of him that he had been content to sit on the sidelines, to be a gentle, leisurely President, letting events take their course.
有时可加“说”字，在接下去译原文宾语从句的内容。
Smith relied that he was sorry.
He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.
（2）用it 作形式宾语的句子，汉译时that引起的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；it 不译。
I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.
I take it for granted that you will come and talk the matter over with him.
但是在译文中也可将that引起的宾语从句提前。
I regard it as an honour that I am chosen to attend the meeting. Anyhow, old chap, I owe it to you that I’m here.
3．表语从句
英语表语从句跟宾语从句一样，一般可按原文顺序翻译。
That is how the student movement broadened out into a nationwide movement for a war of resistance against foreign invaders.
The fact, however, remains that, though seemingly a big military power, she is far from invulnerable in her air defence.
What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch.
The conclusion, drawn in one of the concluding paragraphs, is that American foreign policy goals can be attained only by “maintaining a position of strength.”
His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.
This is what he is eager to do.
That was how a small nation won the victory over a big power.
英汉翻译技巧大全
英汉翻译技巧大全 定语从句: 定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。 Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around theworld to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place. 皮而森汇集了...生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历(它)能够... 定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即:如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的;如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如: 1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。 2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。 3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。 4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。 5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities
英汉翻译技巧
《英汉翻译技巧》教学大纲 一、课程的性质、目的、任务和基本要求 1、性质：本课程为专业必修课程，是英语专业一门重要的专业技能课，授课对象为英语专业本科三年级学生。 2、目的：通过本课程学习，使学生掌握必要翻译知识与翻译技巧，培养学生翻译实践能力，并提升其英语 语言运用意识，为后续课程及实践教学环节打下必要基础。 3、任务：（1）使学生深入理解翻译并了解国内外翻译研究动态。 （2）使学生掌握基本翻译技巧并能在翻译过程中加以运用。 （3）培养学生翻译实践能力。 （4）培养学生英语语言运用意识，强调书本知识与实践的结合。 此外，在教学过程中还必须有意识地培养自学能力，分析问题和解决问题能力。 4、基本要求：翻译方法和技巧训练阶段的基本要求： （1）词汇： 掌握10000－12000个词汇以及这些单词构成的常用词组；正确而熟练地使用其中5000－6000个词汇及最常用的搭配，能够运用到汉英互译中。 （2）语法： 熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想，侧重语法结构在翻译过程中的理解和应用。 （3）阅读能力： 能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评，理解文章大意，分辨事实与细节；能读懂有一定难度的历史传记及文学作品，理解其真实含义；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点，语篇结构，语言特点和修辞手法。（4）翻译能力： 能借词典将文字资料译成理解正确、表达准确、译文连贯通顺具一定修辞手段的规范语句，写译的速度达到每小时250－300词。 二、教学安排 《英汉翻译技巧》课程涉及到双语的各项能力，因此技能测试是检查教学效果和检查学生语言水平和应用能力的重要手段，在各个教学阶段结束时安排测验和考试。测验着眼于考核学生的应用和技能的发挥。平时安排阶段测验，期末安排考试。课程学时安排：每周４学时。 学期总学时17 x 2= 34；周学时 2 x 2 = 4。 成绩评定标准：平时成绩占30%（包括出勤、练习、小组作业、讨论发言,翻译实践）；期末考试占70% 。 教学内容讲授学时 第一章翻译标准 1 第二章英汉语言对比 2 第三章直译与意译 1 第四章英汉翻译中词义的选择 2 第五章汉翻译中词类的转换 2 第六章英汉翻译中增补、省略与重复技巧 4 第七章拆译与缩译 2
英汉翻译技巧
翻译技巧 第一节否定句式的翻译 She is not a dancer. 她不是一个舞蹈家。 She is no dancer. 她算不上个舞蹈家。It is not an easy task.这不是一件容易的事情（客观评价） It is no easy task. 这可不是一件容易的事情。（主观评价） 一、完全否定 e.g. 1. There are no denying facts. 2. None of the answers are right. 二、部分否定 e. g. 1. All that glitters is not gold.(=Not all
that glitters is gold.) 闪光的不都是金子。 None that glitters is gold. 闪光的都不是金子。 Glitter/ twinkle/ sparkle/ flash/ shine/ brighten/ light/ lit/ blink/ glisten/ gleam/ flame/ illuminate / glow / glorify 2. I do not want everything. I do not want anything. 三、形式否定 1、cannot ….too…. 意思是不可能是过分的，一般翻译为无论怎样…都不过分 1）We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. 2) We cannot be too careful in doing
experiments. 2. It is adj. + N. + that + 否定从句1). It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 再聪明的人也会犯错误。2）It is a good horse that never stumbles and a good wife that never grumbles. 3. too…..to….. 太。。。而不能。。。。1）Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in grammar. 2) She was too eager to know the result of her experiment. 4. not ….other than ….原意是除了。。。就不。。。。 1) We do not like him other than he is now. 我们就喜欢他现在的样子。2) I can not read the long letter other than cursorily.
翻译技巧总结
翻译技巧总结 个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。 首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词) 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。 ［注释］：许多人把scale译为"范围"，和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧 要真正掌握英文翻译的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难，下面就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐，来欣赏一下吧。 英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐 首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。 二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。 另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的*，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。 正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，
以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词) He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜 欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词) 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。
汉英翻译技巧汇总
汉英翻译技巧汇总 Title: 汉英翻译技巧：合并（Combination） Key words: combination, simple sentence, compound sentence, C-E translation Abstract: It discusses the technique of combination of simple and compound sentences. Compiler: 丁树德等 C-E （A） in terms of simple sentences （1）天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。It was so cold that the river froze. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （2）理论必须密切联系实际，这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （3）他在战斗中表现突出，受到连长的表扬。He was commended by the company commander for his distinguished performance in the battle. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （4）年满十八岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election. （丁树德，"英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导"，大学出版社，1996） （5）当时，友谊商店只对外宾开放，不对中宾开放。At the time the friendship store was exclusively open to foreign visitors.（王大伟，"现代汉英翻译技巧"，世界图书出版公司，1999）（本科四年级以上） （B） in terms of compound sentences （6）她对自己所取得的成就充满了自豪，这也不是没有道理的。She is justifiably proud of her achievements. （"现代汉英翻译技巧" 王大伟世界图书出版公司1999） （7）这家小工厂经过技术改造，发展很快，使人感到惊讶不已。This small factory underwent a technological renovation, thus developing with
英语翻译技巧
翻译技巧 由于汉英两种语言在词法、句法上的差异，翻译并不是简单的一对一复制，而是根据具体情况，灵活地运用翻译技巧坐车必要的调整和改变，使译文最大程度地再现原文的意义，又使它符合译语的表达习惯。 翻译技巧大体分为八类。它们是：加注（annotation）、释义（paraphrase）、增词（amplification）、减词（omission）、转换（shift of perspective）、归化（adaptation）、切分（division）和合并（combination）。 1．加注 由于汉英文化的不同，英语中某些词义在汉语中根本不存在，形成词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，常常采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。 音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，可以在文中注释，也可采用脚注。 Cartoon 卡通片 Hamburger 汉堡包 Benz 奔驰车 Hippie 嬉皮士（20世纪60年代出现在美国的青
年颓废派一员，喜群居，蓄长发，穿奇装 异服） El Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的 太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移 动） Saint Valentine’s Day 圣瓦伦丁节情人节，2月14日）1.Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regiment; and how much more this poor old nervous victim? 按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚本人也会生病。 2.You look like Al-Capone in that suit. 你穿上那套衣服，看上去就像个流氓阿尔·卡彭。 3.He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulent suites of Ritzes. 他发现自己身着漂亮的礼服，被恭恭敬敬地引进了像里兹饭店一般的豪华旅馆的客房里下榻。 4.It’s true that the enemy won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory,” said the general. 将军说：“敌人确实赢得了战斗，但他们的胜利只是皮洛士的胜利，得不偿失。” 5.Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say. 拥有最后发言权的，并非乔治·盖洛普民意测验，而是南希·里根。 直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。
常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法
常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 1、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）
张培基《英汉翻译教程》(修订本)配套题库(英汉常用的方法和技巧(中))【圣才出品】
第5章英汉常用的方法和技巧（中） 5.1 分句、合句法 一、试译下列各句，将斜体的单词或短语译成一个汉语句子 1. At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply. 【译文】现在的人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。 2. George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind. 【译文】乔治点点头，他妻子不是那种絮絮叨叨的人，对此他心存感激。 3. The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and permanent effect. 【译文】直接赠予的意图必须明白无误，转让行为必须立即产生效力，且该效力应具有永久性。 4. Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants. 【译文】离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。那儿有十几家民族餐馆，热闹得如
同第二个唐人街。 5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot. 【译文】那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家都容易看出来的。 6. The depth of some of those changes is , to me at least, pleasingly remarkable and extraordinary. 【译文】其中一些变化有深度，至少在我看来是非常了不起的，不同凡响，令我由衷地高兴。 7. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four. 【译文】大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。 8. A cold that rapidly grew worse caused his unlamented return to Paris. 【译文】他得了感冒，而且越来越严重，只好回巴黎去了。但是，对他的离去，谁也没有感到遗憾。 9. There is also distressing possibility that Alunni isn’t quite the catch the police thought. 【译文】还存在这样一种可能性：被抓住的那位阿鲁尼不见得就是警察当局所设想的那位头号人物。当然，这种可能性说出来叫人泄气。
实用英汉翻译技巧与实践(Chapter 1&2)
An Applied Course in English-Chinese Translation Skills and Practice 实用英汉翻译技巧与实践 (Definition of Translation) 1.2 翻译的原则(Principles of Translation) 忠实(Faithfulness) 通顺(Smoothness) 1.3 翻译的基本步骤(Basic Steps in Translation) a. 原文理解（Comprehension of Source Texts) ?词义确定（Determination of Word Meaning) It is quite another story now. The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post. The white-haired girl's story is one of the saddest. A young man came to police station with a story. ?语法分析（Grammatical Analysis) W hile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. ?逻辑判断（Logical Judgement) H e bought a picture of the house which many people thought to be replica. ?文体把握（Understanding of Style) 旅游景点警示语：路滑, 小心跌倒！ 译1：The road is slippery, fall down carefully！ 译2：The path is so slippery that you should be careful not to fall down. 译3：Slippery // Wet path！ b.译文表达（Expression of Target Texts) c. 译文校核(Proofreading of Target Texts) 1.4 翻译的主要方法（Major Translation Approaches) a. 直译法（Literal Translation） p aper tiger l ose face r unning dog G ood to begin well, better to end well. b. 意译法（Free Translation） Q ueen’s English s mall talk r eceive glove money E very life has its roses and thorns． c. 归化法（Domestication） b lack sheep a s timid as a hare d.异化法（Foreignization） 1.5 翻译的常用技巧（Practical Translation Skills)
英汉翻译基础教程考试重点总结
第一单元翻译概论 1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译 Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”. 例如：paper tiger—纸老虎 Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱 3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ） 归化的例子： as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。” 6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。 7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors. 但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 8 Don’t cross the br idge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼） 9 Do you see any green in my eyes? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？ 10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. 鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 第二单元英汉对比 1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。 2中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。 3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋
英语 常用十大翻译技巧
英语常用十大翻译技巧
常用十大翻译技巧之一：增译法 增译法： 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） （3）Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） （4）就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词） （5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） （6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）
英汉翻译常用技巧
英汉翻译常用技巧 2008-05-29 20:47:46| 分类：英汉笔译|举报|字号订阅 一、在翻译过程中如何进行词义的选择? 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意思。一词多义是说同一词在同一词类中，有几个不同的词义。词义的选择可以从以下三方面着手。 （一）根据词类 1、The earth goes round （介词）the sun. 地球环绕太阳运行。 2、 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing （动词）food. 食品供应无法跟上人口增长的步伐，这意味着在粮食的生产和销售方面 我们将陷入危机。 分析:market可以既作名词又作动词。在作名词时，可译为“市场”、 “行业”、“需求”等等。例句中的market是作动词用的，可以 译为“买，卖”或“销售”，根据句中描述的情形，用“销售”更 妥当。 （二）根据上下文和搭配关系 3、Power can be transmitted over a long distance. 电力可以被输送到很远的地方。 4、A car needs a lot of power to go fast. 汽车高速行驶需要很大的动力。 5、Explosive technological development after1990gave the medical profession enormous power to fight disease and sickness. 1990年以来，随着技术的迅速发展，医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力。 （三）根据可数或不可数
常用英汉翻译技巧
来源： 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…" 结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） (4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项 ~从细节处把握翻译~ 要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词） He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词） 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。 1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。 The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。