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2020年最新雅思阅读考试真题(14)

2020年最新雅思阅读考试真题(14)
2020年最新雅思阅读考试真题(14)

2019年雅思阅读全真模拟题:幸福的科学解释Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?

A

Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they

are happy. However, psychologists differentiate between

levels of happiness. The

most immediate type involves a feeling; pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness

is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an emotional state.

Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the

science of happiness. The bad news is that we're not wired to

be happy. The good

news is that we can do something about it. Since its origins

in a Leipzig

laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to say

about goodness and

contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness and

misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and

angry. It hasn't been respectable science to study what

happens when lives go

well. Positive experiences, such as joy, kindness, altruism

and heroism, have

mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing with anxiety or

depression, only one concerns a positive trait.

B

A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice

Isen of Cornell University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive

emotions make people think faster and more creatively. Showing how easy it is to

give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors

making a tricky

diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements

about medicine, one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the

most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Inspired

by Isen and others,

Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of

research money and

funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four

positive psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished

with sofas and baby-sitters. There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where

psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then form "pods"

to discuss

subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new

science.

C

But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of

defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues?

Aren't these concepts

vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify spending funds to research

positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic

depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside

trite notions such as "the power of positive thinking". His

plan to stop the new

science floating "on the waves of self- improvement fashions"

is to make sure it

is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive

biology below.

D

And this takes us back to our evolutionary past. Homo sapiens evolved

during the Pleistocene era (1.8 m to 10,000 years ago), a

time of hardship and

turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured long freezes as glaciers

formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet

with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and

sabre-toothed cats. But by the end of the Pleistocene, all

these animals were

extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large brains

and used their

intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop

talk and social

rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains

into a persistent

mould. Professor Seligman says: "Because our brain evolved during a time of ice,

flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain. The way the brain works is

looking for what's wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene era. It

favoured you, but it doesn't work in the modem world."

E

Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of

evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply ingrained

in the human psyche.

Experiments show that we remember failures more vividly than successes. We dwell

on what went badly, not what went well. Of the six universal emotions, four

anger, fear, disgust and sadness are negative and only one, joy, is positive.

The sixth, surprise, is psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one

of the Royal Institution lecturers, the negative emotions

each tell us

"something bad has happened" and suggest a different course of action.

F

What is it about the structure of the brain that

underlies our bias towards

negative thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University,

neuroscientists studied what happens when people are shown pleasant and

unpleasant pictures. When subjects see landscapes or dolphins playing, part of

the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they

are shown unpleasant

images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part of

his face missing

the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain.

The ability to feel

negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed early

in the brain's evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which

registers happiness, is

the part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later

in human

history.

G

Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the

brain systems for

liking and wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the

amygdala and the nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine

to form the brain's reward system. They are involved in anticipating the

pleasure of eating and in addiction to drugs. A rat will

press a bar repeatedly,

ignoring sexually available partners, to receive electrical stimulation of the

"wanting" parts of the brain. But having received brain stimulation, the rat

eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved.

In humans, a drug

like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.

H

In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that

negative emotions are

fundamental to the human condition, and ifs no wonder they

are difficult to

eradicate. At the same time, by a trick of nature, our brains

are designed to

crave but never really achieve lasting happiness.

Question 14-20

The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one

of which received

positive icon

15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area

16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or

negative stimulus

17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of

fund

18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking

19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the

nature of brains

20 One description that listed the human emotional categories

Question 21-25

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using

no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.

A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go

well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky

experiment, into three

groups: beside the one control group, the other two either

are asked to read

humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the

most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since

critics are

questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and

classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered

in an evolutional

theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains

into the way of

thinking for what's wrong because we have a…23…

There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative

thinking is deeply

built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University,

neuroscientists studied

the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown

pleasant and

unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal

lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown

unpleasant image, the

response comes from …25…of the brain.

Question 26

Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.

Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.

According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs,

what is true as the

scientists can tell us about happiness

A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.

B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think

positively.

C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get

little

pleasure.

D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us

to achieve durable

happiness.

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(4)

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(4)

Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense A. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple,on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music,which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished. B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay. C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected?“This is

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)

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剑桥雅思7阅读解析汇报test4

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