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英汉对比与翻译导论 (2)

英汉对比与翻译导论 (2)
英汉对比与翻译导论 (2)

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论文题目 英汉修辞对比与翻译

完成时间 2013年5月29日

课程名称 英汉对比与翻译

专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业

年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生

成 绩

评卷人 姓 名

学 号

英汉修辞对比与翻译

摘要:比喻是增强语言艺术表达效果的重要修辞手段之一,每种语言都各自有其丰富多彩的比喻。不同语言之间的比喻既有相似性,又各有其特色[7]。本文主要从比喻的重要性,英汉修辞中明喻和暗喻的比较与翻译来阐述英汉中比喻的对比与翻译。

关键词:明喻;暗喻;对比;翻译

1.引言

比喻是增强语言艺术表达效果的重要修辞手段之一,也是人类认识世界必不可少的语言表达手段,各民族语言中都有大量丰富多彩的比喻,由于各民族的语言各有其特点,如思维认识不同,文化地域环境各异,从而产生了比喻使用上的差异[5]。比喻种类很多,目前修辞学界对比喻的说法不一。本文主要依据现阶段通用汉语教材和现代英语中常用的类别进行对比研究,汉语中采用“三分”,即明喻,暗喻(也叫隐喻)和借喻。英语为明喻(simile) 、隐喻或暗喻(metaphor) 、转喻或换喻(metonymy)和提喻(synecdoche)[7]。以下主要从英汉比喻修辞中的明喻和暗喻来阐述英汉比喻的异同。

2.比喻的重要性

比喻在世界所有语言中普遍存在, 是各种语言的共同趋向。奎恩在《词与物》中论述过比喻的重要性: “比喻, 或类似的东西, 既主宰着语言的发展, 又支配着语言的习得。”比喻的重要性还在于它的文化特殊性, 即每种语言都因其文化的特殊性而具有某些特定的比喻手段和内容, 影响着对事物和事件的空间关系的描述。霍克斯在《比喻》一书中说: “如果我们承认语言在最大的概念意义上是文化的一面明镜, 那么, 也应当承认文化的大多数层面会通过词语、句式和比喻表现在语言中。然而, 根据《朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典》中的对修辞手段的释义“用于特殊效果, 失去其惯有的或字面意义的词或片语”( 朱文俊, 1999: 161) , 比喻作为语言表达的重要方式, 即修辞手段(figure of speech)的一种, 其根本上还是词和片语, 带有极浓的文化色彩。

3.英汉比喻对比与翻译

3.1明喻(Simile)

3.1.1英语明喻(Simile)

英语修辞格明喻和汉语修辟格明喻的特点基本相同,这是一种最简单也最常用的修辞方式。其基本格式是“A事物像B事物”。也就是说,把所要加以描写刻画的事物,用比喻词与另一具有鲜明的同一特点的事物联系起来,从而更形象,更深刻地说明事物。常用的英语比喻词有as,like,seem,as if,such有时还用than来

做更强调、夸张的比喻词[9],例如:

l)My heart is like a singing bird.(C.G.Rosse-tti:A Birthday)我的心像正在唱歌的小鸟。

2)In the morning the dust hung like fog, and the sun was as red as ripe new blood. (J.Steinbeck:The Grapes of wrath)早上尘埃象雾一般笼罩着,太阳红的象浓浓的鲜血。

3)He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a Painting by Velasquez. (E.Hemingway: For whom The Bell Tolls)这匹马真雄骏,看起来仿佛是从一幅拉斯奎茨的油画里跑出来的一样。

3.1.2汉语明喻

汉语明喻的基本格式与英语simile完全相同,即“甲事物象乙事物”。例如: l)还似旧时游上苑,车如流水马如龙。(李煌《忆江南》)

2)山桃红花满上头,蜀江看水拍山流。

花红易衰似郎意,水流无限是侬愁。(刘禹锡:《竹枝词》)

3.1.3英汉明喻的对比

从上面2点可以看出,英汉明喻基本格式相同,变化格式也相近似。它们的作用都是使语言更加生动形象、鲜明突出,可以更深人地阐明事物的意义或刻画人物的性格。因此,一般说来,处理英语明喻的翻译时运用汉语明喻的格式就可以准确地表达原文的思想、精神和风格。例如:

As slow as a snail. 慢得像蜗牛。

As sly as a fox.像狐狸一样狡猾。

As busy as a bee.像蜜蜂一样忙碌。

As faithful as a dog.像狗一样忠实。

As brave as a hon.像狮子一样勇敢。

Quick like lighting.疾如闪电。

但是,并非所有的Simile都可以直译为汉语明喻,也不可能一律照抄照搬原文的比喻形象。这是因为两个民族的历史发展、生活环境、风俗习惯各不相同,思维方式和美学观念也有所差异。机械地照搬原文,有时不仅不能保持原文的表现力和感染力,反而会词不达意,晦涩难懂,甚至歪曲原意。在这种情况下,就需要改变原文的修辞格式,或更换用作比喻的形象,才能准确表达原文的思想和精神,符合汉语习惯。总之,翻译若能做到形神皆似,那当然最好。如果二者不可兼得,应当牢记,形似不如神似。例如:

英语a heart as hard as flint是simile,但如也用汉语明喻为“心如铁石”,意思就错了。因为原文表示冷酷无情,而“心如铁石”却表示意志坚定。所以在翻译时不能用明喻,应该用隐喻,译为“铁石心肠”。因此在翻译时首先应吃透原文

的意思,再考虑用什么适当的汉语修辞格来表达它,不可一味直译。至于需要换比喻形象的情况就更多了。因为有许多用作比喻的形象在英语中与中国大不相同。还有许多比喻的事物是从各民族特有的成语典故中引来的,彼此差异很大。例如:

As bitter as wormwood.不可译为“苦如艾篙。应译为“苦如黄莲”。As bold as brass.不可译为“脸皮厚如黄铜”应译为“脸皮厚如城墙”。

As old as the hills.不可译为“象山一样古老”应译为“天长地久”或“年深日久”。

3.2暗喻(Metaphor)

英语Metaphor是一种暗含着的比喻。在一些英汉比喻对比研究的著述中经常把英语Metaphor当成汉语的隐喻,这是不恰当的。Metaphor实际上既有汉语隐喻的特征,又具有汉语借喻和拟物的特征。英语Metaphor除了可以在句中做主语外,还可以做谓语、宾语、表语和状语。同汉语隐喻和借喻相似的Metaphor 英文中叫Noun-metaphor;而同汉语拟物相似的叫Verb-metaphor。英语Metaphor 和Simile一样可以使语言文字更加生动形象。[6]

3.2.1英语Metaphor和汉语借喻的异同

英语Metaphor同汉语借喻是很相似的。其特点在句中只出现喻体,而不出现喻词和本体。汉语明喻、隐喻和借喻在形式上是一种递进关系。在汉语借喻中,本体和喻体的关系更为密切,比喻的效果也更加生动。例如:

(1)He knew how to work and the citadels would go down before him.

(2)如果不打落水狗,它一旦跳起来,就要咬你,最低限度也要溅你一身污泥。

(1)中“citadels would go down before him”用来暗示不管困难有多大,他都能克服。(2)中用喻体“落水狗”来比喻挨了打的敌人。由此可见,英语Metaphor 和汉语借喻有许多相似之处,两者都能表达最强烈的情感。

3.2.2英语Metaphor和汉语隐喻的异同

汉语隐喻是一种只出现喻体和本体,不出现喻词的比喻形式。有时喻词可译为“是”,这与英语的Metaphor极为相似。英语Metaphor的喻体和本体是由系动词(如: be, become等)引出的。例如:

(3)The thought was fire in him.

(4)只要想想,天地是厂房,深谷是车间,幕天席地,群山环拱,世上哪个地方哪个纺织厂有那样的规模呢?

这种汉语隐喻的形式要比英语Metaphor丰富。

3.2.3英语Metaphor和汉语拟物的异同

英语Metaphor和汉语拟物都可以把人比做物或把此物比做彼物。例如:

(5)His present hunger awake and gnawed at him.

(6)那肥大的荷叶下面,有一个人的脸,下半截身子长在水里,那不是水生吗?

(5)中的hunger原来是指抽象的事物,这里被比做了野兽。用awake和gnawed 形容它的饥饿程度,而这种行为也只能是动物才具有的。(6)中把人当作植物来写,使人的“身子长在水里”,跟荷梗一样,给人以壮美的景象。[6]

4.结语

正确运用修辞手法,是成功翻译作品的保证。用修辞格,是为了使语言更加生动形象、鲜明突出,使语言更加整齐匀称,音调铿锵,显示出前后事物的内在联系,加强语言的表现力和感染力更。加深人地阐明事物的意义或刻画人物的性格。同时还可以引起读者丰富的联想,发人深思,或使读者感到意外,引人入胜。因此,翻译中不能正确表现原文的修辞格,就不能准确地表达原文的思想、精神和风格,会使原文的语言力遭到削弱。翻译中的修辞问题是一个庞大的课题,并不是一两篇文章所能涵盖、论及。[4]本文主要写了英汉中比喻的对比与翻译,旨在引起读者的注意,注意学习比喻、研究比喻、培养强烈的修辞比喻意识,妥善处理翻译中的比喻修辞现象,使译文达到一个完美的境界。

参考文献

[1]姜倩,何刚强.翻译概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.2008

[2]刘英凯,李静滢.英汉对比应用研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.2008

[3]熊兵.英汉对比与翻译导论[M].武汉:华中师范大学出版社.2012

[4]韦钧玮.英汉修辞比较与翻译[J].科技信息人文社科:128-130.

[5]苑东香.英汉比喻对比及其翻译方法初探[J].湖南工业职业技术学院学报.第9卷第5期2009年10月.

[6]吴彬.英汉语言中比喻修辞的异同[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2006-09, 8(3): 537-538.

[7]林瑞兰.英汉比喻对比研究[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版).第5 卷第2 期2004 年4 月.

[8]傅秋香.英汉修辞比较与翻译[J].集美航海学院学报.第16卷.

[9]邱艳红.浅论英汉修辞比较与翻译.连云港化工高等专科学校学报.第15卷第4期2002年12月.

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摘要:英语和汉语的对比,通过对两这种语言的语法特征、修辞手段、翻译技巧、思维方式等等方面的具体讲解,把语言和文化结合起来,对中西方思维方式的不同加以对比分析讲解,清晰、不显枯燥的同时又具有说服力。众所周知,要想学好外语,对其特点的了解是必须的,而要了解其特点,最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。英语学习,尤其是翻译,不是一蹴而就的,它需要不断地理解学习和练习,更多时候,了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的,因为学习一门语言语言,在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。Speaking of English and Chinese comparison,the language of the two rhetorical devices, translation skills, thinking mode and so on,they combine language with culture. As we all know, in order to learn a foreign language, it is necessary to understand its characteristics, and to understand its characteristics, the best way is to compare with the mother tongue. There are many factors influencing the way of thinking. Learning English, especially translation, not overnight, it needs to understand the study and practice, more often, understanding between English and Chinese and Western cultures, different thinking on the back is necessary, because learning a foreign language is the way of thinking and learning. 关键词:思维方式语法特征修辞手段翻译技巧逻辑思维抽象思维英语注重形合,且注重环环相扣的逻辑关系,所以汉译英时往往要加入连词和对句子进行扩展和组合,形成复合句或长句;相反,由于汉语句子一般结构较为简化,无拖沓,所以在英译汉时也应当注意,常常需要将英语句子进行分解、拆散和重组。英语文章多为长短句交错使用,了解这一特点对平时汉译英和写作时也大有益处。又如,英语通常为物做主语,而汉语则为人,所以在英汉互译的时候要注意其人称、物称主语的转换。文化上的不同也是需要注意的,如在写作的时候,西方人喜欢引用专家学者,尤其是有科学依据的观点,而中国人则频繁使用领袖和伟人的话。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。其中最为明显的,概括而言是中国人的思维方式受到儒、道和佛三家的影响,形成了中国人的悟性,重人文,轻科学,而西方则讲求逻辑思维,以判断推理为主,提倡理性思辨和科学探索。英语学习,尤其是翻译,不是一蹴而就的,它需要不断地理解学习和练习,更多时候,了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的,因为学习一门语言语言,在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。The way of thinking,Performance method, rhetorical device,translation skill,logical thinking,abstract thinking, Pay attention to the logical relationship of interlocking, So the translation often join conjunctions and extension and combination of the sentence on the contrary, the Chinese sentence structure is simplified, without procrastination, so in English Chinese translation should also be noted that the English sentence often needs to be decomposed and detached and reassembled. English articles for the length of sentence interlaced, understanding of the characteristics of the usual translation and writing is also helpful. Cultural differences also need to be noted,

英汉对比翻译word.doc

Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测,除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外,大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老,实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险,进到森林不远处,你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘,春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律,所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证,除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由,是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信,图兰多在北京上演,将进一步说明,无论歌剧还是电影,艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流,分享情感的最佳媒介”,图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章,我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落,我都仔细品玩,一唱三叹; 对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词,我都流连徘徊、依依不舍;书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画,一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥,雇了一只小船,荡起双桨。朝北不远,便到了历下亭前。上岸进去,入了大门,便是一个房子,油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像,而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家,后来,又得病瘫痪在床,家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼,天资聪颖,从小就学习成绩优异。所以,外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上,节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。 Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,

实用英汉对比与翻译

第二章英汉句式结构对比与翻译 一. 英文句式结构 基本上为主谓结构,可以扩展为5种: 主+谓、主+谓+宾、主+谓+宾+宾补、主+谓+宾+间宾+直宾、主+系+表。汉语中有部分句子与上述英文句子是对应的。 二. 中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构。(可分为主动和被动) (二)主题—评述句 1. 很多汉语句子是“话题性”很强的句子,即句子的前面是一个话题,后面是对话题的评述或陈述、描述。 如:他处境很危险;楼上住着个女工。 2. 其中话题跟后面的动词只是对这个话题所作的说明,不一定表示主语所指称的实体的行动或性质,或者后面根本就没有动词。 3. 结论:将此类句子翻译成英文时,需进行句式结构的调整,在整个句中找到可以在英文中作主语的词,然后再根据主语选择合适的动词,如果找不到主语,就需要添加主语,或将句子中动作的承受着作主语,变为英文的被动语态。 4. 主题—评述句可归纳为如下几种: ⑴动作承受者作话题。如:那件事我已经办好了。 ⑵双话题。如:我头疼。 ⑶动词或动词短语作话题。如:加入世贸组织利大于弊。 ⑷从句作话题。如:张三明天去美国,我觉得很奇怪。 ⑸地点作话题。如:桌上搁着一碗饭。 ⑹时间作话题。如:今天风和日暖。 (三)无主句 1.即“非主语句”,一种是没有主语的,叫无主句,还有一种是由一个词构成的,叫独词句,如:火!注意!这种句 子可以直译。 2.一般来说,无主句主要用于以下几种情况: ⑴表达客观、科学、公正的语气。汉语的一些科技材料或法律条文中往往使用无主句,目的是使表达的内容更科学、公正。这种情况下,无主句要以为英文的主谓结构时,一般都转化为被动语态,也就是使用原文的宾语做主语,因为被动语态不强调动作的发出者,可以比较准确地表达原文的语用效果。 如:要制造飞机,就要考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be made. ⑵表达不满又不失礼貌地语气。汉语中无主句多用来表达一种微妙的情感,在不强调施事者的情况下,表达自己的观点,不满等。在英语中,遇到同样的情况,一般较为广泛地使用被动语态。这样说话人可以避免对自己所说的话负责,听话人也不会感到说话人在把自己的主观意志强加给自己。所以,此类无主句可以译为英语的被动句。有时也可以用形式主语it,避开主观语气。 如:为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?Why are these troubles always left to me? 有时也可以用形式主语it,避开主观语气。 如:学这一套,不如去学照相。It is better to learn photographing than to learn this stuff. ⑶省略第一人称主语“我”或“我们”。有时候为了直接表达自己的观点,说话人刻意省去了“我”或“我们”。这些无主句往往出现在较为正式的场合或正式的书面报告中,翻译成英文时可根据集体情况添加主语“我”或“我们”,最好不要将其转译为英语的被动语态。 如:希望一切问题都会迎刃而解。I hope that all the problems will be readily solved.

英汉对比与翻译

华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 完成时间 2013.05.31 课程名称 英汉对比与翻译 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 注:本科生须在规定期限内完成课程论文,并用A4页面打印,加此封面装订成册后,送交评审教师。教师应及时评定成绩,并至迟在下学期开学后两周内将此课程论文及成绩报告单一并交本单位本科生教学秘书存档。 姓 名 郭培斌 学 号 2010210596 成 绩 评卷人

English-Chinese Contrast and Translation I. Introduction I have learned the “Comparison of English and Translation:An Introduction ” for a semester and I would like to talk about some of my own understanding of this course here . II. Native Language Transfer in first language learning : Interference or Facilitation ? Some people may ask what is language transfer . Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . (Od-lin , 1989 : 27 ) We could divided translate into two part : Negative Transfer and Positive Transfer . By awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate first language learning . 2.1 Negative Transfer To sum up , there are probably three causes would form negative transfer . Firstly , analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue makes us study Chinese-style English easier . Secondly , Confusion comes from scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages . Thirdly , we always unconscious falling back on the mother tongue since customary . For a few example : 2.1.1 The writer likes writing at light (night) . The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute . 2.1.2 He only eat two meal a day . Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese . 2.1.3 Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population . The noun renkou , the Chinese equivalent of “population ”can have a numerical pre-modifier . 2.1 4 He suggested me to accept this offer . The verb jianyi , the Chinese equivalent of “suggest ” can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese . 2.1.5 --Your English is wonderful . --No , no . My English is still poor . The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous . We could turn negative transfer into positive by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner’s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy . III. Contrast and Translation : Enlightenment on translation from the contrast

英汉对比与翻译作业答案

The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段: 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲,他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活,早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展,维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一:姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二:他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一:开车他没有经验。 译文二:他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一:我眼下有口饭吃,还不是多亏了你吗? 译文二:还不是多亏了你,我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一:婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二:婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三:我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一:Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二:Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三:Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话,多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二:We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二:German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋,已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二: It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着,扶了洪教头,羞颜满面,自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵,沉默!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意:请大家在做作业之前,仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” (Static vs. Dynamic)两章内容。

70-英汉语言对比与翻译

中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 课程属性:公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能,课程性质:必修、选修 一、课程介绍 1. 课程描述 要想学好翻译,最有效的办法莫过于充分了解两种语言之间的相同之处和不同之处。著名语言学家吕叔湘曾指出:“我相信,对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别,在每一个具体问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上,都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较,让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会”。只有对英汉两种语言之间的差异有了深刻的体会,才能培养出语言之间的转换意识,翻译也才能够顺利进行。可以说,双语认知能力与差异观念、语言对比与转换意识构成了翻译能力的基本要素。一切翻译理论、方法和技巧均建基于此。英汉两种语言在词法、句法、语篇和文体层面迥然有别,英语是综合语,可以充分利用形态变化、虚词、复句等表情达意,而汉语属于分析语,在表达同样意思时,主要借助语序、短句、散句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句、并列句,按照时间顺序或事理顺序,逐层叙述。在句法层面,英汉两种语言在主谓结构、局部与整体、形合与意合等方面不尽相同;语篇层面, - 7 -

英汉两种语言在时间性和空间性、连贯与衔接等方面均有差异。本课程将从英汉语之间的显著差异切入,探究两种语言之间的转换机制与转换方法。 The most effective way of mastering translation is to fully understand the similarities and dissimilarities between the source language and the target language. Lv Shuxiang, a famous linguist once remarked: “I firmly believe that the most useful way for Chinese students is to make them be aware of the differences between English and Chinese on every category including lexicon, semantics, grammar, and sentence structure. Only by this way can they have a deeper understanding”. This remark holds truth. A deep understanding of the differences between English and Chinese ensures a sense of shift and successful translation. We can safely conclude that the bilingual cognition between the source language and the target language, the sense of comparison and shift constitute the basic elements of translation competence. All translation theories, strategies and techniques are based upon them. There are huge differences on morphology, syntax, discourse and stylistics between English and Chinese. English belongs to synthetic language, conveying meaning by means of formal devices, function words and complex sentences while Chinese, an analytic language, conveys meaning chronologically and logically through word order, short sentence, loose sentence, contracted sentence, ellipsis sentence and coordinate sentence. At the syntactic level, English and Chinese differs in subject-verb structure, ways of expressing partiality and wholeness, and ways of connection. At the discoursal level, the two languages differ in temporality and spatiality, cohesion and coherence. The course will start from the most obvious differences between English and Chinese, exploring the shifting mechanism and methods. - 7 -

英汉对比翻译

英汉对比翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测,除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外,大脑功能下降并 非源于往常以为的衰老,实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种 惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险,进到森林不远处,你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻 耕过的林地边缘,春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under . law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律,所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证, 除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由,是在申请一种非移民种类的签 证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to communicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信,图兰多在北京上演,将进一步说明,无论歌剧还是电影,艺术 是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流,分享情感的最佳媒介”,图兰 多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章,我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落,我都仔细品 玩,一唱三叹;对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词,我都流连徘徊、 依依不舍;书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画,一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥,雇了一只小船,荡起双桨。朝北不远,便到了历 下亭前。上岸进去,入了大门,便是一个房子,油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像,而且 他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家,后来,又得病瘫痪在 床,家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼,天资聪颖,从小就学习成绩优

英汉成语对比及其翻译策略

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Chapter 4 Chapter4 英汉对比与翻译(二)

Chapter 4 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese (Part II) Teaching aims: to learn about the linguistic differences of Chinese and English so as to translate them accurately. Main Language points: Comparative studies of syntactic structure in Chinese and English Difficult teaching points: hypotactic & paratactic; subject-prominent & topic prominent; static & dynamic. Teaching references: 1. 方梦之. 翻译新论与实践[M]. 青岛出版社,2002 2. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社;彭长江. 英汉-汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社; 3. 陈宏薇,新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社,2004 Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice 1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合) As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so fa r as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis. Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives; Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them; Examples: 1. That is our policy and that is our declaration. —— W. Churchill 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。 2. First, we make clear what is doing the travelling —— a car, a bus, a plane or whatever it may be. 首先,我们要搞清旅行工具,例如小汽车、公共汽车、飞机或别的可用工具。 3.发展体育运动,增强人民体质。 Promote physical culture and build up people’s health. 4.东海缺少白玉床,龙王请来金陵王。 If the Dra gon King wants a white jade bed, he applies to the Wangs of Jinling, it’s said. 2. Complex vs. Simplex (简约与繁复) The English complex sentences are often like chains with clauses linking clauses. On the other hand, the Chinese sentences or clauses tend to be short and simple in structure. They are flowing and simplex, with one clause following the other rather in a line. Illustrative examples: 1. The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have yet been invented. 月球离地球非常遥远,即使那边山上长着大树,有大象在移动,我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜,也不能看见它们。

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