Unit-3-Lying全新版大学英语综合教程五课文翻译

Unit 3 Lying

Text A The Truth About Lying

1. I've been wanting to write on a subject that intrigues and challenges me: the subject of lying. I've found it very difficult to do. Everyone I've talked to has a quite intense and personal but often rather intolerant point of view about what we can —and can never never — tell lies about. I've finally reached the conclusion that I can't present any ultimate conclusions, for too many people would promptly disagree. Instead, I'd like to present a series of moral puzzles, all concerned with lying. I'll tell you what I think about them. Do you agree?

Social Lies

2. Most of the people I've talked with say that they find social lying acceptable and necessary. They think it's the civilized way for folks to behave. Without these little white lies, they say, our relationships would be short and brutish and nasty. It's arrogant, they say, to insist on being so incorruptible and so brave that you cause other people unnecessary embarrassment or pain by compulsively assailing them with your honesty. I basically agree. What about you?

3. Will you say to people, when it simply isn't true, "I like your new hairdo," "You're looking much better," "it's so nice to see you," "I had a wonderful time"?

4. Will you praise hideous presents and homely kids?

5. Will you decline invitations with "We're busy that night — so sorry we can't come," when the truth is you'd rather stay home than dine with the So-and-sos?

6. And even though, as I do, you may prefer the polite evasion of "You really cooked up a storm "instead of "The soup" —which tastes like warmed-over coffee —"is wonderful," will you, if you must, proclaim it wonderful?

7. There's one man I know who absolutely refuses to tell social lies. "I can't play that game," he says; "I'm simply not made that way." And his answer to the argument that saying nice things to someone doesn't cost anything is, "Yes, it does — it destroys your credibility." Now, he won't, unsolicited, offer his views on the painting you just bought, but you don't ask his frank opinion unless you want frank, and his silence at those moments when the rest of us liars are muttering, "Isn't it lovely?" is, for the most part, eloquent enough. My friend does not indulge in what he calls "flattery, false praise and mellifluous comments." When others tell fibs he will not go along. He says that social lying is lying, that little white lies are still lies. And he feels that telling lies is morally wrong. What about you?

Peace-Keeping Lies

8. Many people tell peace-keeping lies: lies designed to avoid irritation or argument, lies designed to shelter the liar from possible blame or pain; lies (or so it is rationalized) designed to keep trouble at bay without hurting anyone.

9. I tell these lies at times, and yet I always feel they're wrong. I understand why we tell them, but still they feel wrong. And whenever I lie so that someone won't disapprove of me or think less of me or holler at me, I feel I'm a bit of a coward, I feel I'm dodging responsibility, I feel...guilty. What about you?

10. Do you, when you're late for a date because you overslept, say that you're late because you got caught in a traffic jam?

11. Do you, when you forget to call a friend, say that you called several times but the line was busy?

12. Do you, when you didn't remember that it was your father's birthday, say that his present must be delayed in the mail?

13. And when you're planning a weekend in New York City and you're not in the mood to visit your mother, who lives there, do you conceal — with a lie, if you must — the fact that you'll be in New York? Or do you have the courage — or is it the cruelty? — to say, "I'll be in New York, but sorry — I don't plan on seeing you"?

14. (Dave and his wife Elaine have two quite different points of view on this very subject. He calls her a coward. She says she's being wise. He says she must assert her right to visit New York sometimes and not see her mother. To which she always patiently replies: "Why should we have useless fights? My mother's too old to change. We get along much better when I lie to her.")

15. Finally, do you keep the peace by telling your husband lies on the subject of money? Do you reduce what you really paid for your shoes? And in general do you find yourself ready, willing and able to lie to him when you make absurd mistakes or lose or break things?

16. "I used to have a romantic idea that part of intimacy was confessing every dumb thing that you did to your husband. But after a couple of years of that," says Laura, "have

I changed my mind!"

17. And having changed her mind, she finds herself telling peacekeeping lies. And yes, I tell them too. What about you?

Protective Lies

18. Protective lies are lies folks tell —often quite serious lies —because they're convinced that the truth would be too damaging. They lie because they feel there are certain human values that supersede the wrong of having lied. They lie, not for personal

gain, but because they believe it's for the good of the person they're lying to. They lie to those they love, to those who trust them most of all, on the grounds that breaking this trust is justified.

19. They may lie to their children on money or marital matters.

20. They may lie to the dying about the state of their health.

21. They may lie to their closest friend because the truth about her talents or son or psyche would be — or so they insist — utterly devastating.

22. I sometimes tell such lies, but I'm aware that it's quite presumptuous to claim I know what's best for others to know. That's called playing God . That's called manipulation and control. And we never can be sure, once we start to juggle lies, just where they'll land, exactly where they'll roll.

23. And furthermore, we may find ourselves lying in order to back up the lies that are backing up the lie we initially told.

24. And furthermore —let's be honest —if conditions were reversed, we certainly wouldn't want anyone lying to us.

25. Yet, having said all that, I still believe that there are times when protective lies must nonetheless be told. What about you?

Trust-Keeping Lies

26. Another group of lies are trust-keeping lies, lies that involve triangulation, with A (that's you) telling lies to B on behalf of C (whose trust you'd promised to keep). Most people concede that once you've agreed not to betray a friend's confidence, you can't betray it, even if you must lie. But I've talked with people who don't want you telling them anything that they might be called on to lie about.

27. "I don't tell lies for myself," says Fran, "and I don't want to have to tell them for other people." Which means, she agrees, that if her best friend is having an affair, she absolutely doesn't want to know about it.

28. "Are you saying," her best friend asks, "that you'd betray me?"

29. Fran is very pained but very adamant. "I wouldn't want to betray you, so…don't tell me anything about it."

30. Fran's best friend is shocked. What about you?

31. Do you believe you can have close friends if you're not prepared to receive their deepest secrets?

32. Do you believe you must always lie for your friends?

33. Do you believe, if your friend tells a secret that turns out to be quite immoral or illegal, that once you've promised to keep it, you must keep it?

34. And what if your friend were your boss — if you were perhaps one of the President's men — would you betray or lie for him over, say, Watergate?

35. As you can see, these issues get terribly sticky.

36. It's my belief that once we've promised to keep a trust, we must tell lies to keep it. I also believe that we can't tell Watergate lies. And if these two statements strike you as quite contradictory, you're right —they're quite contradictory. But for now they're the best I can do. What about you?

37. There are those who have no talent for lying.

38. "Over the years, I tried to lie," a friend of mine explained, "but I always got found out and I always got punished. I guess I gave myself away because I feel guilty about any kind of lying. It looks as if I'm stuck with telling the truth."

39. For those of us, however, who are good at telling lies, for those of us who lie and don't get caught, the question of whether or not to lie can be a hard and serious moral problem. I liked the remark of a friend of mine who said, "I'm willing to lie. But just as a last resort — the truth's always better."

40. "Because," he explained, "though others may completely accept the lie I'm telling, I don't."

41. I tend to feel that way too.

42. What about you?

关于说谎的真相

朱迪斯·维奥斯特

我一直想写一个令我深感兴趣的话题：关于说谎的问题。我觉得这个题目很难写。所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎——什么事情绝对不可以说谎——持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见。最后我得出结论，我不能下任何定论，因为这样做就会有太多的人立即反对。我想我还是提出若干都与说谎有关的道义上的难题吧。我将向读者阐明我对这些难题的个人看法。你们觉得对吗？

社交性谎言

和我交谈过的大多数人都说，他们认为旨在促进社会交际的谎言是可以接受的，也是必要的。他们认为这是一种文明的行为。他们说，要不是这类无关紧要的谎言，人与人之间的关系就会变得粗野不快，无法持久。他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏，不由自主地用你的诚实使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，这只能说你是傲慢自大。对此，我基本赞同。你呢？

你会不会跟人说：“我喜欢你的新发型，”“你气色好多了，”“见到你真高兴，”“我玩得很

尽兴，”而实际上根本不是这么回事儿？

你会不会对令人憎厌的礼物，或相貌平平的孩子称赞有加？

你婉辞邀请时会不会说“那天晚上我们正好没空——真对不起，我们不能来，”而实际上你是宁肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫妇一起进餐？

虽然像我那样，你也想用“太丰盛了”这种委婉的托辞，而不是盛赞“那汤味道好极了”(其实味同重新热过的咖啡)，但如果你必须赞美那汤，你会说它鲜美吗?

我认识一个人，他完全拒绝说这类社交性谎言。“我不会那一套，”他说，“我生来就不会那一套。”讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：“不对，当然有损失——那会损害你的诚信度。”因此你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见，但除非你想听老实话，否则你也不会去问他的真实想法。当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着“多美啊”的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。我的这位朋友从来不讲他所说的“奉承话、虚假的赞美话和动听话”。别人说些无伤大雅的谎言，他则不。他说社交性谎言还是谎言，无关紧要的小小谎言还是谎言。他认为说谎不合道德。你呢？

息事宁人的谎言

不少人为了息事宁人而说谎：那种意在避免生气或争吵的谎言，意在使说谎者免受可能的责备或烦恼的谎言；意在(或据认为理应)不伤害他人而又能帮助避免麻烦的谎言。

我有时也说这种谎，不过我总觉得不该说。我知道为什么要说这种谎，但说这种谎终究不对。每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己嚷嚷而说谎时，我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫，觉得自己是在逃避责任，觉得……愧疚。你呢？

你由于睡过头赴约会迟到了，会不会说是因为碰上堵车才晚到的？

你忘了给朋友打电话，会不会谎称打过好几次，可电话老占线？

你忘了父亲的生日，会不会说寄给他的礼物准是给耽搁了？

你打算去纽约市度周末，但又不想去看望住在那里的母亲，你会——必要的话用谎言——隐瞒你将到纽约的事实，还是会勇敢地——或者说狠心地——说：“我要来纽约，可是抱歉，我不打算来看望你”？

(戴夫和妻子伊莱恩正是在这个问题上有两种颇不相同的观点。他称她为懦夫。她说自己处理这事是明智的。他说她应该维护自己有的时候去纽约但不去看望母亲的权利。对此她总是耐心地回答说：“我们何必无谓地争吵呢？我母亲年纪大了，不会改了。我对她说个谎，我们相处得就更好。”)

最后一点，你会不会在钱的问题上对丈夫说谎，以求太平？你会不会少报买鞋子的钱？你出了什么荒唐的错误或丢失了物品打碎了器皿时是不是常常想对他撒谎，而且会对他撒谎？

“过去我往往不切实际地以为亲密关系的一个组成部分就是把自己做的每件蠢事都如实告诉丈夫。可这么过了几年之后，”劳拉说，“我就改了主意!”

改主意后，她在不知不觉中说谎话求太平了。没错，我也说这种谎。你呢？

保护性谎言

保护性谎言就是因为人们认为事实真相危害性太大而说的谎言，这类谎言通常事关重大。他们说谎，因为他们认为，人的某些价值观念压倒了说谎这一错误行为本身。他们说谎不是为个人私利，而是因为他们相信，那是为他们对之说谎的人好。他们对自己所爱的人撒谎，对最信任自己的人撒谎，就是因为他们认为这样做是有正当理由的。

他们会在金钱或婚姻问题上对子女说谎。

他们会对垂死者隐瞒真实病情。

他们会对密友说谎，因为关于其才能、其爱子或其精神状态的实话会——不妨说他们坚持这么认为——使其身心受到极大伤害。

有时我也说这种谎，可我明白，声称自己懂得什么事他人应该知道，这未免太自以为是了。这无异于充当上帝。这无异于操纵和控制他人。而我们一旦开始玩起谎言戏法，就再也无法知道谎言何时会收场，究竟会滑向何方。

而且，我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎。

而且——我们不妨直说——如果情形倒过来，我们当然不愿意别人对自己说谎。

不过，话虽如此，我还是觉得有时保护性谎言还非说不可。你呢？

信守承诺的谎言

另一类谎言是信守承诺的谎言，涉及三方的谎言，即A（你）为了C（你答应为其信守承诺者）而对B说谎。大多数人承认，一旦你答应不背叛朋友的信任，你就不能背叛，哪怕你必须说谎。但我与之交谈过的人中也有人不想听那些他们也许得为之说谎的事。

“我不为自己说谎，”弗兰说，“我也不愿为别人说谎。”她承认，这就意味着如果她最好的朋友有风流韵事的话，她绝对不想知道。

“你是说，”她最好的朋友问，“你会出卖我？”

弗兰心里很为难，但态度十分坚决。“我不想出卖你，所以……别跟我说这事。”

弗兰最好的朋友深感震惊。你呢？

你是不是认为，如果你不愿意了解朋友最深的隐密，你仍会有好朋友？

你是不是认为你必须一直为朋友说谎？

你是不是认为，如果朋友透露的一个秘密是违反道德或法律的，而一旦你答应保密，你就得真的保密？

如果你的朋友正好是你的上司——如果你恰好就是总统班底的人——比如说在水门事件这个问题上，你是背叛他还是为他说谎？

可以想见这些问题非常棘手。

我以为，一旦我们答应信守承诺，我们就是说谎也得信守承诺。同时我也认为，在水门

事件这类事情上我们不能说谎。如果你觉得这两点自相矛盾，那你就对了——这两者的确自相矛盾。但目前我只能如此。你呢？

有些人不擅说谎。

“许多年来，我一直试图说谎，”一位朋友解释说，“可我总是露馅，总是为此受罚。我想人家看出我说谎是因为我一说谎就觉得内疚。看来我只能说真话了。”

可是，对我们这种擅于说谎的人来说，对我们这种说谎又不露馅的人来说，说谎还是不说谎会成为一个严肃的道德难题。我颇为赞同一位朋友的话，他说，“我愿意说谎。但只把这作为最后一手——真话总比谎话好。”

“因为，”他解释说，“哪怕别人对我的谎话完全信以为真，我自己可无法相信。”

本人也有同感。

你呢？

Text B White Lies

Sissela Bok

1 White lies are at the other end of the spectrum of deception from lies in a serious crisis. They are the most common and the most trivial forms that duplicity can take. The fact that they are so common provides their protective coloring. And their very triviality, when compared to more threatening lies, makes it seem unnecessary or even absurd to condemn them. Some consider all well-intentioned lies, however momentous, to be white; in this book, I shall adhere to the narrower usage: a white lie, in this sense, is a falsehood not meant to injure anyone, and of little moral import. I want to ask whether there are such lies; and if there are, whether their cumulative consequences are still without harm; and, finally, whether many lies are not defended as “white” which are in fact harmful in their own right.

2 Many small subterfuges may not even be intended to mislead. They are only “white lies” in the most marginal sense. Take, for example, the many social exchanges: “How nice to see you!” or “Cordially yours.” These and a thousand other polite expressions are so much taken for granted that if someone decided, in the name of total honesty, not to employ them, he might well give the impression of an indifference he did not possess. The justification for continuing to use such accepted formulations is that they deceive no one, except possibly those unfamiliar with the language.

3 A social practice more clearly deceptive is that of giving a false excuse so as not to hurt the feelings of someone making an invitation or request: to say one “can’t” do what

in reality one may not want to do. Once again, the false excuse may prevent unwarranted inferences of greater hostility to the undertaking than one may well feel. Merely to say that one can’t do something, moreover, is not deceptive in the sense that an elaborately concocted story can be.

4 Still other white lies are told in an effort to flatter, to throw a cheerful interpretation on depressing circumstances, or to show gratitude for unwanted gifts. In the eyes of many, such white lies do no harm, provide needed support and cheer, and help dispel gloom and boredom. They preserve the equilibrium and often the humaneness of social relationships, and are usually accepted as excusable so long as they do not become excessive. Many argue, moreover, that such deception is so helpful and at times so necessary that it must be tolerated as an exception to a general policy against lying. Thu s Bacon observed: Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of men’s minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?

5 Another kind of lie may actually be advocated as bringing a more substantial benefit, or avoiding a real harm, while seeming quite innocuous to those who tell the lies. Such are the placebos given for innumerable common ailments, and the pervasive use of inflated grades and recommendations for employment and promotion.

6 A large number of lies without such redeeming features are nevertheless often regarded as so trivial that they should be grouped with white lies. They are the lies told on the spur of the moment, for want of reflection, or to get out of a scrape, or even simply to pass the time. Such are the lies told to boast or exaggerate, or on the contrary to deprecate and understate; the many lie s told or repeated in gossip; Rousseau’s lies. In Reveries of the Solitary Stroller, Jean Jacques Rousseau says: “Never have I lied in my own interest; but often I have lied through shame in order to draw myself from embarrassment in indifferent matters…wh en, having to sustain discussion, the slowness of my ideas and the dryness of my conversation forced me to have recourse to fictions in order to say something.”]1 told simply “in order to say something”; the embroidering on facts that seem too tedious in their own right; and the substitution of a quick lie for the lengthy explanations one might otherwise have to provide for something not worth spending time on.

7 Utilitarians often cite white lies as the kind of deception where their theory shows the benefits of common sense and clear thinking. A white lie, they hold, is trivial; it is either completely harmless, or so marginally harmful that the cost of detecting and

evaluating the harm is much greater than the minute harm itself. In addition, the white lie can often actually be beneficial, thus further tipping the scales of utility. In a world with so many difficult problems, utilitarians might ask: Why take the time to weigh the minute pros and cons in telling someone that his tie is attractive when it is an abomination, or of saying to a guest that a broken vase was worthless? Why bother even to define such insignificant distortions or make mountains out of molehills by seeking to justify them?

8 Triviality surely does set limits to when moral inquiry is reasonable. But when we look more closely at practices such as placebo-giving, it becomes clear that all lies defended as “white” cannot be so easily dismissed. In the first place, the harmlessness of lies is notoriously disputable. What the liar perceives as harmless or even beneficial may not be so in the eyes of the deceived. Second, the failure to look at an entire practice rather than at their own isolated case often blinds liars to cumulative harm and expanding deceptive activities. Those who begin with white lies can come to resort to more frequent and more serious ones. Where some tell a few white lies, others may tell more. Because lines are so hard to draw, the indiscriminate use of such lies can lead to other deceptive practices. The aggregate harm from a large number of marginally harmful instances may, therefore, be highly undesirable in the end—for liars, those deceived, and honesty and trust more generally.

9 In the post-Watergate period, no one need regard a concern with the combined and long-term effects of deception as far-fetched. But even apart from political life, with its peculiar and engrossing temptations, lies tend to spread. Disagreeable facts come to be sugar-coated, and sad news softened or denied altogether. Many lie to children and to those who are ill about matters no longer peripheral but quite central, such as birth, adoption, divorce, and death. Deceptive propaganda and misleading advertising abound. All these lies are often dismissed on the same grounds of harmlessness and triviality used for white lies in general.

10 It is worth taking a close look at practices where lies believed trivial are common. Triviality in an isolated lie can then be more clearly seen to differ markedly from the costs of an entire practice—both to individuals and to communities.

无伤大雅的小谎

西塞拉·博克

无伤大雅的小谎处于欺骗这个范畴的另一端，与重大时刻撒谎大不一样。它们是最常见的、最轻微的欺骗行为。这类小谎经常听到，这一事实本身就使之披上一层保护色。相比那

些更具危害性的谎言，小谎的无关紧要使得对其进行谴责都显得没有必要甚至荒唐。有人把所有用心良善的谎言，无论多么事关重大，都看作是无伤大雅的小谎。在本书中，笔者取的是较为狭窄的意义：在这一意义上，无伤大雅的小谎指的是无意伤害他人的、没有道德含义的谎言。我想问, 是否真有这类谎言；如果有的话，其日积月累的最终结果是否果然不具有伤害性；最后，许多实际上原本就具有伤害性的谎言是否没有被说成“无伤大雅”。

许多无关紧要的遁词也许根本就无意误导他人。它们不过勉强算是无伤大雅的小谎。如许多客套话：“见到你真高兴!”或信末写的“你至诚的”。这些和许许多多其他礼貌用语并无不妥，理当使用。要是有人为了要绝对诚实决定不用的话，他很可能给人一种为人冷漠的印象，而实际上此人并非如此。一直使用这些公众认可的套语的理由是它们骗不了人，那些并不通晓这一语言的人或许是例外。

一种显然更具有欺骗性质的社会惯例是假造一个理由，以便不伤害邀请人或请求者的感情：对自己其实不欲为的事推托说“不能为”。同样的，这一假造的理由或许会防止他人莫须有地推断自己对所说之事抵触多多。再者，仅仅说一句自己不能做某事，不像煞费苦心编造的一通谎话那样带有欺骗性。

还有一些无伤大雅的小谎旨在讨好他人、对令人沮丧的境况做出使人高兴的解释，或者对别人赠送的无用礼物表示感谢。在许多人看来，这类无伤大雅的小谎没有害处，给人以必要的支持和安慰，有助于驱除忧郁和厌烦。它们保障人际关系的平衡，而且常常帮助人们在交往中保住人情味。只要不过分，这类谎话一般被看作是可以原谅的。更有甚者，许多人认为，这类欺骗行为裨益良多，有时还必不可少，故应作为反对撒谎这一总原则的例外加以容忍。培根曾这样说：如果把自视过高的看法、奢望、不实的评价、一厢情愿的想法等等都从人们的脑海里赶走，那会使一些人感到空虚、悲哀、不舒服、讨厌自己，对此有人怀疑过吗？

另一种谎言，实际上人们也许认为，既能带来更为实在的好处，或能避免真正的伤害，而对那些撒谎者又看似无害。比如对无数常见疾病开的并无药效的安慰剂，以及为了求职或提升而普遍拔高的成绩和多有溢美之词的推荐信。

然而，许多谎言并不像上述那样尚有好处可言，但人们常常认为它们无关紧要，所以应归为无伤大雅的谎言一类。那都是些脱口而出、不假思索的谎言，或是为了摆脱窘境、甚或仅仅是为了打发时间而说的谎言。这类谎言有的出于溢美夸大，有的则相反，出于有意贬低或缩小事态；许多来自流言蜚语；而卢梭式的谎言仅仅是“为有话可说”；有的则是对本身太乏味的事实添油加醋；还有的则是因为与其为了不足道的事情费过多口舌还不如找个简短的托词了事。

功利主义者常称，说无伤大雅的小谎说明你思维清晰、明白事理，他们的理论表明，这样的欺骗有好处。他们认为，无伤大雅的小谎无关紧要；这种谎言没有丝毫害处，即使有也是微乎其微，若去探究、估计它的害处，其代价比微小的害处本身要大得多。再者，无伤大雅的小谎其实常常会有助益，这就使它的实用性显得更加突出。尘世间本已烦恼多多，功利

主义者或许会问：在恭维一个人领带很漂亮其实很难看时，或宽慰客人说那个打破的花瓶并不值钱时，又何苦去耗费时间衡量这样做的微不足道的得失？何苦为了试图证明说无伤大雅的小谎是合理的就费心去解释这类无关紧要的失实，去使并不重要的事显得那么重要？

事物的琐碎性质的确限制了什么时候作道德质询是理智的。但如果我们仔细观察说安慰话这样的行为，很显然，不是所有被辩解为无伤大雅的小谎都能轻易开脱的。首先，众所周知，谎言的无害性大可商榷。说谎者认为无害甚或有益的在被欺骗者看来未必如此。第二，对某种行为不看整体效果，只看孤立的个案常常使说谎者对日积月累的伤害、日渐加剧的欺骗行为视而不见。那些起初撒些无伤大雅的小谎的人渐渐地可能会经常说谎，谎言越发出格。只要有人撒几个无伤大雅的小谎，其他人就可能说更多这类谎。由于界限如此难以划分，随意撒这类谎能导致其他的欺骗行为。最终，大量微小伤害合在一起形成的总的伤害会招致相当大的麻烦——对说谎者、被欺骗者是如此，更笼统地说，对诚实、信任也是如此。

在水门事件之后的年代里，谁也不会对欺骗行为造成的多方面的、长远的影响表示忧虑看作很离奇。可是即使不把政治生活考虑在内，由于说谎具有独特的诱惑力，谎言也呈现蔓延之势。令人不快的事实被裹上了糖衣，使人伤心的消息被粉饰，或干脆被掩盖。许多人对孩子撒谎，对那些有疑难问题的人撒谎，且涉及的问题已并非无关紧要，而是关系到出生、收养孩子、离婚等大事。骗人的宣传以及误导的广告比比皆是。所有这些谎言，如同普通无伤大雅的小谎一样，往往以无害和不值一提为理由而听之任之了。

被认为无关紧要的谎言时常能够听到，这种说谎行为值得仔细研究一下。一经研究，我们就可以更加清楚地看到，在一个孤立的谎话中看到的极轻微伤害，与整个欺骗行为付出的代价之间有着明显的差异——对个人和对社会都如此。

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新视野大学英语3课文翻译 第一课无限的爱 我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产，因为缺氧导致大脑受损。两年后，我出生了。 从此以后，我的生活便围绕我哥哥转。 伴随我成长的，是“到外面去玩，把你哥哥也带上。” 不带上他，我是哪里也去不了的。因此，我怂恿邻居的孩子到我家来，尽情地玩孩子们玩的游戏。 我母亲教吉米学习日常自理，比如刷牙或系皮带什么的。 我父亲宅心仁厚，他的耐心和理解使一家人心贴着心。 我则负责外面的事，找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子们的父母，告他们的状，为我哥哥讨回公道。 父亲和吉米形影不离。 他们一道吃早饭，平时每天早上一道开车去海军航运中心，他们都在那里工作，吉米在那搬卸标有彩色代号的箱子。 晚饭后，他们一道交谈，玩游戏，直到深夜。 他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调。 所以，父亲1991年因心脏病去世时，吉米几乎崩溃了，尽管他尽量不表现出来。 他就是不能相信父亲去世这一事实。 通常，他是一个令人愉快的人，现在却一言不发，无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了解他的心事。 我雇了一个人和他住在一起，开车送他去上班。然而，不管我怎么努力地维持原状，吉米还是认为他熟悉的世界已经消失了。 有一天，我问他：“你是不是想念爸爸？” 他的嘴唇颤抖了几下，然后问我：“你怎么看，玛格丽特？他是我最好的朋友。” 接着，我俩都流下了眼泪。 六个月后，母亲因肺癌去世，剩下我一人来照顾吉米。 吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着，因此搬来纽约和我一起住了一段时间。 我走到哪里他就跟到哪里，他好像适应得很好。 但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里，继续干他原来的工作。我答应把他送回去。 此事最后做成了。 如今，他在那里生活了11年，在许多人的照料下，同时依靠自己生活得有声有色。 他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物。 如果你有邮件要收，或有狗要遛，他就是你所要的人。 当然，母亲的话没错：可以有一个家，既能容纳他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心。

新世纪大学英语综合教程5-8单元课后翻译以及课文56单元翻译

1)He consults for our company and we often consult him when we encounter problems in our work. 2)Don’t try to cheat--- you’ll never get away with it. 3)My father is always optimistic, regardless of the difficulties that he may face. He is a positive role model for us. 4)This novel describes the ups and downs of a big family during China’s 1920’s and 1930’s. 5)It is not enough to act in good faith. We also need to act reasonably. 6)You may score good marks by burning the midnight oil before the exams, but in the long run you have to study hard every day to achieve academic excellence. 7)Don’t stare at the computer screen for too long. Raise your eyes once in a while and look into the distance. 8)It’s to your advantage to learn from the mistakes of others. U6 1)It is only by trail and error that we learn and progress / make progress. 2)You should know that the education of the heart is very important. It will distinguish you from others. 3) A person who strives for perfection tends to have a low threshold of pain. Things around bother them. 4)They regard honesty as a matter of principle and they are willing to sacrifice everything for its sake. 5)People judge you by the company you keep. You are inviting trouble if you get into bad company. 6)Speaking your mind without regard to other pe ople’s feelings is not a virtue. 7)Her sensitivity exposes her to more suffering and pain than ordinary people can imagine. 8)8)We must awaken people to the need to protect our environment. U7 1)We have worked together for a long time and have never let our differing opinions get in the way of our friendship. 2)This agreement will pave the way for a lasting peace between the two countries. 3)They usually don’t mention their requirements until you are beginning to let your defenses down. 4)You should have the courage fo r face your own mistakes. Don’t try to shift the blame onto others when things go wrong. 5)If you are more often than not affected by fear and worry, you will find this book very useful. 6)Now that I have accepted the position, I shall certainly do to the best of my ability all that is required of me. 7)If you don’t have a plan of what you will do every day, chances are high that you won’t do much. 8)Great minds think alike. Your ideas are completely in line with his.

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unit 6 The Last Leaf When Johnsy fell seriously ill, she seemed to lose the will to hang on to life. The doctor held out little hope for her. Her friends seemed helpless. Was there nothing to be done? 约翰西病情严重，她似乎失去了活下去的意志。医生对她不抱什么希望。朋友们看来也爱莫能助。难道真 的就无可奈何了吗？ 1 At the top of a three-story brick building, Sue and Johnsy had their studio. "Johnsy" was familiar for Joanna. One was from Maine; the other from California. They had met at a cafe on Eighth Street and found their tastes in art, chicory salad and bishop sleeves so much in tune that the joint studio resulted. 在一幢三层砖楼的顶层，苏和约翰西辟了个画室。“约翰西”是乔安娜的昵称。她们一位来自缅因州，一 位来自加利福尼亚。两人相遇在第八大街的一个咖啡馆，发现各自在艺术品味、菊苣色拉，以及灯笼袖等方面趣 味相投，于是就有了这个两人画室。 2 That was in May. In November a cold, unseen stranger, whom the doctors called Pneumonia, stalked about the district, touching one here and there with his icy fingers. Johnsy was among his victims. She lay, scarcely moving on her bed, looking through the small window at the blank side of the next brick house. 那是5月里的事。到了11月，一个医生称之为肺炎的阴森的隐形客闯入了这一地区，用它冰冷的手指东 碰西触。约翰西也为其所害。她病倒了，躺在床上几乎一动不动，只能隔着小窗望着隔壁砖房那单调沉闷的侧墙。 3 One morning the busy doctor invited Sue into the hallway with a bushy, gray eyebrow. 一天上午，忙碌的医生扬了扬灰白的浓眉，示意苏来到过道。 4 "She has one chance in ten," he said. "And that chance is for her to want to live. Your little lady has made up her mind that she's not going to get well. Has she anything on her mind? “她只有一成希望，”他说。“那还得看她自己是不是想活下去。你这位女朋友已经下决心不想好了。她有 什么心事吗？” 5 "She -- she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples some day," said Sue. “她――她想有一天能去画那不勒斯湾，”苏说。 6 "Paint? -- bosh! Has she anything on her mind worth thinking about twice -- a man, for instance?" “画画？――得了。她有没有别的事值得她留恋的――比如说，一个男人？” 7 "A man?" said Sue. "Is a man worth -- but, no, doctor; there is nothing of the kind." “男人？”苏说。“难道一个男人就值得――可是，她没有啊，大夫，没有这码子事。” 8 "Well," said the doctor. "I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral procession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines." After the doctor had gone Sue went into the workroom and cried. Then she marched into Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling a merry tune. “好吧，”大夫说。“我会尽一切努力，只要是科学能做到的。可是，但凡病人开始计算她出殡的行列里有 几辆马车的时候，我就要把医药的疗效减去一半。”大夫走后，苏去工作室哭了一场。随后她携着画板大步走进 约翰西的房间，口里吹着轻快的口哨。 9 Johnsy lay, scarcely making a movement under the bedclothes, with her face toward the window. She was looking out and counting -- counting backward. 约翰西躺在被子下几乎一动不动，脸朝着窗。她望着窗外，数着数――倒数着数！ 10 "Twelve," she said, and a little later "eleven"; and then "ten," and "nine"; and then "eight" and "seven," almost together. “12，”她数道，过了一会儿“11”，接着数“10”和“9”；再数“8”和“7”，几乎一口同时数下来。 11 Sue looked out of the window. What was there to count? There was only a bare, dreary yard to be seen, and the blank side of the brick house twenty feet away. An old, old ivy vine climbed half way up the brick wall. The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare. 苏朝窗外望去。外面有什么好数的呢？外面只看到一个空荡荡的沉闷的院子，还有20英尺开外那砖房的侧墙，上面什么也没有。一棵古老的常青藤爬到半墙高。萧瑟秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎光秃秃的。

大学英语综合教程5课文翻译

One Writer's Beginnings 1 I learned from the age of two or three that any room in our house, at any time of day, was there to read in, or to be read to. My mother read to me. She'd read to me in the big bedroom in the mornings, when we were in her rocker together, which ticked in rhythm as we rocked, as though we had a cricket accompanying the story. She'd read to me in the dining room on winter afternoons in front of the coal fire, with our cuckoo clock ending the story with "Cuckoo", and at night when I'd got in my own bed. I must have given her no peace. Sometimes she read to me in the kitchen while she sat churning, and the churning sobbed along with any story. It was my ambition to have her read to me while I churned; once she granted my wish, but she read off my story before I brought her butter. She was an expressive reader. When she was reading "Puss in Boots," for instance, it was impossible not to know that she distrusted all cats. 作家起步时 我从两三岁起就知道，家中随便在哪个房间里，白天无论在什么时间，都可以念书或听 人念书。母亲念书给我听。上午她都在那间大卧室里给我念，两人一起坐在她那把摇椅里， 我们摇晃时，椅子发出有节奏的滴答声，好像有只唧唧鸣叫的蟋蟀在伴着读故事。冬 日午后，她常在餐厅里烧着煤炭的炉火前给我念，布谷鸟自鸣钟发出“咕咕”声时，故事便结束了；晚上我在自己床上睡下后她也给我念。想必我是不让她有一刻清静。有时她在厨 房里一边坐着搅制黄油一边给我念，故事情节就随着搅制黄油发出的抽抽搭搭的声响不断展开。我的奢望是她念我来搅拌；有一次她满足了我的愿望，可是我要听的故事她念完了，她 要的黄油我却还没弄好。她念起故事来富有表情。比如，她念《穿靴子的猫》时，你就没法 不相信她对猫一概怀疑。 2 It had been startling and disappointing to me to find out that story books had been written by people, that books were not natural wonders, coming up of themselves like grass. Yet regardless of where they came from, I cannot remember a time when I was not in love with them — with the books themselves, cover and binding and the paper they were printed on, with their smell and their weight and with their possession in my arms, captured and carried off to myself. Still illiterate, I was ready for them, committed to all the reading I could give them. 当我得知故事书原来是人写出来的，书本原来不是什么大自然的奇迹，不像草那样自生 自长时，真是又震惊又失望。不过，姑且不论书本从何而来，我不记得自己有什么时候 不爱书——书本本身、封面、装订、印着文字的书页，还有油墨味、那种沉甸甸的感觉， 以及把书抱在怀里时那种将我征服、令我陶醉的感觉。还没识字，我就想读书了，一心想 读所有的书。

综合教程课文翻译

U n i t 1 Something for stevie I try not to be biased, but I had my doubts about hiring Stevie. His placement counselor assured me that he would be a good, reliable busboy. But I had never had a mentally handicapped employee and wasn’t sure I wanted one. I wasn’t sure how my customers would react. Stevie was short, a little dumpy, with the smooth facial features and thick-tongued speech of Down’s syndrome. I wasn’t worried about most of my trucker customers. Truckers don’t generally care who buses tables as long as the food is good and the pies are homemade. The ones who concerned me were the mouthy college kids traveling to school; the yuppie snobs who secretly polish their silverware with their napkins for fear of catching some dreaded “truck-stop germ;”and the pairs of white-shirted businessmen on expense accounts who think every truck-stop waitress wants to be flirted with. I knew those people would be uncomfortable around Stevie, so I closely watched him for the first few weeks. I shouldn’t have worried. After the first week, Stevie had my staff wrapped around his little finger. Within a month my trucker regulars had adopted him as their official truck-stop mascot. After that I really didn’t care what the rest of the customers thought. He was a 21-year-old in blue jeans and Nikes, eager to laugh and eager

新标准大学综合英语2 unit1 课文翻译

NUIT1 大学已经不再特别了 有这么一种说法：“要是你能记得20世纪60年代的任何事情，你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人，这话可能是真的。但是，20世纪60年代有一件事人人都记得，那就是：上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。 20世纪60年代，加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而，加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966年，罗纳德?里根竞选加州州长，他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、唱反调的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说，大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、唱反调的少数人。 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国，巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟，发动了一场大罢工，最终导致戴高乐总统辞职。 20世纪60年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方，上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味，初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才能阅读你的第一本禁书，看你的第一部独立影人电影，或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米?亨德里克斯或兰尼?布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光，你一生中最无拘无束的时光。 可如今那份激情哪儿去了？大学怎么了？现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50％的30岁以下的人上大学的目标（即使愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外）。不过，大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今，大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学，但大多数已经有些麻木，还是坚持混到毕业，因为离开学校实在是太费事了。 没有了20世纪60年代大学生所发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛，如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国文化协会最近做了一项调查，研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时所考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是：课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式，以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段，是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会，上大学本身不再是目的，不再是给你提供一个机会，让你暂时想象一下：你能够改变世界。 童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了，大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能和经济有关。在一个没有保障的世界里，现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户，因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今，大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友，没问题，我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。

全新版大学英语综合教程5课文翻译

Unit 1 PartⅡTextAOne Writer's Beginnings 作家起步时 我从两三岁起就知道，家中随便在哪个房间里，白天无论在什么时间，都可以念书或听人念书。母亲念书给我听。上午她都在那间大卧室里给我念，两人一起坐在她那把摇椅里，我们摇晃时，椅子发出有节奏的滴答声，好像有只唧唧鸣叫的蟋蟀在伴着读故事。 冬日午后，她常在餐厅里烧着煤炭的炉火前给我念，布谷鸟自鸣钟发出“咕咕”声时，故事便结束了；晚上我在自己床上睡下后她也给我念。想必我是不让她有一刻清静。有时她在厨房里一边坐着搅制黄油一边给我念，故事情节就随着搅制黄油发出的抽抽搭搭的声响不断展开。我的奢望是她念我来搅拌；有一次她满足了我的愿望，可是我要听的故事她念完了，她要的黄油我却还没弄好。她念起故事来富有表情。比如，她念《穿靴子的猫》时，你就没法不相信她对猫一概怀疑。 当我得知故事书原来是人写出来的，书本原来不是什么大自然的奇迹，不像草那样自生自长时，真是又震惊又失望。不过，姑且不论书本从何而来，我不记得自己有什么时候不爱书——书本本身、封面、装订、印着文字的书页，还有油墨味、那种沉甸甸的感觉，以及把书抱在怀里时那种将我征服、令我陶醉的感觉。还没识字，我就想读书了，一心想读所有的书。 我的父母都不是来自那种买得起许多书的家庭。然而，虽然买书准得花去他不少薪金，作为一家成立不久的保险公司最年轻的职员，父亲一直在精心挑选、不断订购他和母亲认为儿童成长应读的书。他们购书首先是为了我们的前程。 除了客厅里有一向被称作“图书室”的书橱，餐厅的窗子下还有几张摆放百科全书的桌子和一个字典架。这里有伴随我们在餐桌旁争论着长大的《韦氏大词典》、《哥伦比亚百科全书》、《康普顿插图百科全书》、《林肯资料文库》，以及后来的《知识库》。“图书馆”书橱里的书没过多久我就能读了——我的确读了，全都读了，按着顺序，一排接着一排读，从最上面的书架一直读到

综合英语三课文翻译

Unit 1 Changes in the Way We Live 在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life Jim Doherty 有两件事是我一直想做的――写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。 这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。 这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。 但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降

到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。 在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃，堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲――贤德之人也歇不了。 我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。 开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆

全新版大学英语综合教程3课文原文及翻译(20200701193003)

unit 4 Was Einstein a Space Alien? 1 Albert Einstein was exhausted. For the third night in a row, his baby son Hans, crying, kept the household awake until dawn. When Albert finally dozed off ... it was time to get up and go to wor k. He couldn't skip a day. He needed the job to support his young family. 1. 阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦精疲力竭。他幼小的儿子汉斯连续三个晚上哭闹不停，弄得全家人直到天亮都无法入睡。阿尔伯特总算可以打个瞌睡时，已是他起床上班的时候了。他不能一天不上班，他需要这份工作来养活组建不久的家庭。 2 Walking briskly to the Patent Office, where he was a "Technical Expert, Third Class," Albert w orried about his mother. She was getting older and frail, and she didn't approve of his marriage to Mileva. Relations were strained. Albert glanced at a passing shop window. His hair was a mess; he had forgotten to comb it again. 2. 阿尔伯特是专利局三等技术专家。在快步去专利局上班的路上，他为母亲忧心忡忡。母亲年纪越来越大，身体虚弱。她不同意儿子与迈尔娃的婚事，婆媳关系紧张。阿尔伯特瞥了一下路过的商店的橱窗，看见自己头发凌乱，他又忘了梳头了。 3 Work. Family. Making ends meet. Albert felt all the pressure and responsibility of any young h usband and father. 3. 工作，家庭，维持生计——阿尔伯特感受到了一位年轻丈夫和年轻父亲所要承担的全部压力和责任。 To relax, he revolutionized physics. 他想放松下，却使物理学发生了突破性进展 4 In 1905, at the age of 26 and four years before he was able to get a job as a professor of physic s, Einstein published five of the most important papers in the history of science--all written in his " spare time." He proved that atoms and molecules existed. Before 1905, scientists weren't sure abo ut that. He argued that light came in little bits (later called "photons") and thus laid the foundation for quantum mechanics. He described his theory of special relativity: space and time were threads in a common fabric, he proposed, which could be bent, stretched and twisted. 4. 1905 年，在他被聘为物理学教授的前四年，26岁的爱因斯坦发表了科学史上最重要论文中的五篇——这些论文都是他在“业余时间”完成的。他证明了原子和分子的存在。1905 年之前，科学家们对此没有把握。爱因斯坦论证说光以微粒形态出现 (后来被称为“光子”)，这为量子力学奠定了基础。他把狭义相对论描写为：时空如同普通织物中的线，他提出，这些线可以弯曲、拉长和交织在一起。 5 Oh, and by the way, E=mc2. 5. 对了，顺便提一下，E = mc2 。 6 Before Einstein, the last scientist who had such a creative outburst was Sir Isaac Newton. It ha ppened in 1666 when Newton secluded himself at his mother's farm to avoid an outbreak of plagu e at Cambridge. With nothing better to do, he developed his Theory of Universal Gravitation. 6. 在爱因斯坦之前，最近一位迸发出如此创造性思想的科学家当数艾萨克牛顿