新职业英语1 Unit1-6 Reading A课文加翻译

Google

Anyone who has ever used the Internet has seen Google, and many people would just “google it”
when they try to find information about something on the Internet.
As the world’s most popular Internet search engine, Google is one of the greatest examples of online success
It all began in January 1996 as a research project at Stanford University by Ph.D. student Larry Page.
Trying to find a better way for web users to search for relevant pages, Page had an idea that this could be achieved by examining the relationships between web pages.
He thought that web pages which had the most links to them from other web pages must be the most popular. The technique appeared to be successful.
Page and his partner Sergey Brin set up their company on September 7, 1998 and registered the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b019005345.html, the following week.
The search engine quickly grew in popularity and in 2000 Google began to sell advertising on their website.
After a few years of growth fueled by eager investors, Google went public. Many Google employees became instant millionaires.
Google has recently acquired https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b019005345.html, which is the Internet’s largest videosharing website and continues to add new features
every day including tool bars, email, and advertising. Of course, with growth and success there also comes competition.
Microsoft has recently tried to acquire Yahoo in order to compete with Google in the Internet search engine area.Google has recently acquired YouTube.
com which is the Internet’s largest videosharing website and continues to add new features every day including tool bars, email, and advertising. Of course,
with growth and success there also comes competition. Microsoft has recently tried to acquire Yahoo in order to compete with Google in the Internet search engine area.
Today, Google owns YouTube, Blogger and other hot websites and has become the leader in terms of ad-based revenue on the web.
The brain child of two students has become a billion-dollar company and one of the best-known trademarks in the world.
Google’s history serves as a perfect model and inspiration for Internet entrepreneurs today
Unit 1 Reading A 谷 歌
上过互联网的人都见过谷歌，许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时，他们都会去“谷歌”一下。作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎，谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。
谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法，佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的，这项技术结果看起来是成功的。
佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司，并在之后的一周注册了https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b019005345.html,这一网址。这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起，2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站

出售广告。在投资者的热情资助下，经过几年的发展，谷歌上市了，谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。
谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b019005345.html,，而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能，如工具栏、邮件和广告。当然，成长与成功也带来了竞争。微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。
随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高，谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计，努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。
现在，谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站，并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司，谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范，也提供了灵感。


Secretaries
Secretaries may be known by a variety of other titles, like administrative assistants, clerks, or personal assistants.
Although all of these titles share the common theme of administrative tasks, they may reflect different types of secretarial jobs.
Secretarial positions are quite old. Greek and Roman businessmen and politicians, for example, used personal secretaries and clerks to manage their affairs.
A secretary’s job is to keep an office running smoothly. Secretaries have a wide range of duties, depending on the offices that they work for.
At a minimum, a secretary handles correspondence, keeps track of schedules, manages a filing system, and operates office equipment like phones, fax machines,
and copiers. Most secretaries answer phones and direct phone calls to the appropriate people.Some secretaries also handle supplies ordering for an office,
and may deal with budgeting, bookkeeping, and personnel paperwork. A secretary is expected to have experience with computers and other electronics,
as he or she will handle a great deal of electronic material, including correspondence.Good secretaries are extremely efficient and well organized.
In addition to having clerical skills, they are skilled managers of time and people.
Although they may not be as well-paid and respected as many higher-ranking people, they are often very important people in their offices.
They anticipate the needs of office staff, solve problems quickly, and work so efficiently that many people do not realize
how valuable they are until they leave the job. Good secretaries also have excellent people skills. They can be trusted in handling confidential material,
top executives, and the day-to-day chaos that is often present in a busy office.Employment prospects for secretarial positions are generally good,
especially for skilled individuals. Many vocational schools offer courses for people who are interest

ed in becoming secretaries.
These courses include classes in typing, document management, filing, and other skills which a good secretary should bring to the job.
Although it is possible to pursue a secretarial position without this education, it can be challenging in a world where professions are becoming more and more
specialized.
Unit 2 Reading A 秘 书
秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔，例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨，但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。秘书岗位十分古老，例如，古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。
秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。秘书的职责范围很广，依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。就最低要求来说，秘书要处理信函，跟踪日程安排，管理文件系统，操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。许多秘书还要接听电话，并将其转给适当的人员。
有些秘书还要负责办公室用品的采购，他们也可能会处理预算、簿记和人事文档。秘书应当具备使用电脑和其他电子设备的经验，因为他们将处理大量的电子资料，包括往来信函。
好的秘书工作效率极高，且有条不紊。除了具备文书技能之外，他们还善于管理时间和人员。尽管他们的薪水和受尊敬的程度也许不如其他更高级别的人员，但在办公室中他们往往起着十分重要的作用。
他们能预估办公室人员的需求，迅速解决问题。他们工作效率非常高，以至于许多人直到他们离开之后才意识到他们的价值所在。好的秘书还善于人际沟通。他们也非常值得信赖，可以委托他们处理机密文件，与高层管理人士打交道并应付在繁忙的办公室里经常会出现的混乱情况。
秘书行业的就业前景通常很好，对有经验者尤其如此。许多职业学校为有意当秘书的人们提供了培训课程。这些课程包括打字、文件管理、文件归档，以及一个好的秘书在工作中所必须具备的其他技能。虽然没有这些培训要获得秘书职位也是有可能的，但这在一个越来越专业化的社会里可能非常具有挑战性。


Deals over Meals
As a form of business entertaining, business meals are increasingly used to build up personal trust and confidence.
/ Westerners do an extraordinary amount of business over meals, from a quick breakfast to “working lunches” to cocktail receptions and formal dinners.
Breakfast meetings rarely last more than an hour. They imply certain urgency and are often convenient during business travels.
/Lunch is usually best for getting to know a guest a bit better. People do not have to talk about business, of course.
/Afternoon tea, or coffee, is a relaxed way to spend 45 minutes or an hour talking about business. /Dinner is a m

ore formal business event. Generally,
this is not a time to talk about business, but rather a time to get to know the other person and enjoy each other’s company.
Business meals are multi-tasking jobs which can often turn out to be nightmares. If you want to make a lasting impression,
then it pays to be on your best behavior at any such meal. Of course, you need to be knowledgeable in your field,
but you also need the style and grace to see you through these events. /During a typical business meal you must be a good listener,
ask and answer questions intelligently, talk about your company confidently and appear pleasant and relaxed.Your mastery of good table manners comes in handy.
It gives you the confidence of knowing that you can conduct yourself properly. After all, you are trying to have a conversation with your guest,
not concentrating on which fork to use. /Choosing the correct silverware from the variety in front of you is not as difficult as it may first appear.
Always start with the knife, fork or spoon that is farthest from your plate and gradually work your way in. A simple rule to remember is that liquids
are to the right and solids are to the left.Polite dining at the table is one of the codes of behavior that people in the West consider important.
By mastering these skills, you become a better representative of your company, a wonderful host, and even more sought-after as a dinner guest
Unit 3 Reading A 饭桌生意经
作为商务宴请的一种形式，商务聚餐被越来越多地用于增进彼此间的信任和信心。从匆忙的早餐到“工作午餐”，从鸡尾酒会到正式的晚餐，西方人大量的商务活动都是在饭桌上进行的。
早餐会晤很少超过一个小时，带有一定的“紧迫”意味，在商务旅行中很方便安排。要加深对客人的了解，午餐则是最好的形式。当然，午餐中并不是非谈生意不可。花上45分钟或者一小时喝喝下午茶或咖啡，可以轻轻松松地谈生意。晚餐则比较正式，通常不宜谈生意，这是个彼此了解并享受相互之间交往的时刻。
商务聚餐背负着重重任务，常有可能演变为噩梦连连。如果想给人留下持久的印象，在任何此类应酬中都拿出最佳表现是非常有利的。当然，你得熟知所从事的领域，还得举止优雅，才能顺利应付这些场合。在典型的商务应酬中，你必须认真倾听，机敏问答，并满怀自信地谈论你的公司，同时表现得轻松自若、心情愉悦。
掌握良好的进餐礼仪非常管用，它能让你充满信心，相信自己可以做到举止得当。毕竟，你是要跟客人交流，而不是专注于用哪只餐叉。正确选择你面前的一堆银餐具并不像一开始看起来那么困难。一定要先取用离你餐盘最远的刀叉和汤匙，然后逐渐地向内取用。要记住一条简单的规则：液体放在右边，固体放在

左边。
礼貌进餐是西方人认为重要的行为准则之一。通过掌握这些技巧，你会更好地代表公司的形象，会成为一位令人愉悦的东道主，一位更受人欢迎的宾客。


Industrial Design
I’d design an alarm clock with a moving snooze button that would be an easy target the first time I hit it.
Then it becomes harder to locate after each attempt, so that it would keep ringing until I’m fully awake.As industrial designers,
our job is to design products—anything and everything that’s mass-produced, from Ferraris to toasters, from furniture to television sets.
We dream up products through drawings, sketches, even doodles, presenting to the manufacturing client their vision of what a certain product should look like.
One of our goals as a profession is to make the product attractive. The inside of an industrial designer’s sketchbook usually looks like
some kind of flattened mad scientists’ laboratories, filled with doodles of various types of products. We industrial designers also create ideas
with our hands, using studio materials like clay and modeling foam to show what a product should feel like. Michelangelo “discovered” his sculptures
inside blocks of marble; industrial designers find the shape of the latest Walkman inside a chunk of clay, or foam, or occasionally with the help
of computer software. Whatever the studio material may be, designers may spend hours at a time forming it, touching it, holding it, carving and
recarving the lines that will soon be an actual working product, touched and held by millions of users. When you take a brand-new product out of
the box and touch it, the designer’s hands and eyes have already run over the surface, in one way or another, hundreds of times.
We also try not to make the product a pain in the neck. Some products may look cool and work well—a wonderful collection of objects that
subtly enhance your life, while other products may have annoying qualities that nearly outweigh their usefulness, like coffee tables with
corners that draw blood and remote controls that look like maps of Manhattan. The difference is in the way they’re designed, in the way they
look and feel. And it’s industrial design that makes all that difference.
Unit 4 Reading A 工业设计
我想设计一只闹钟，它带有一个移动式闹铃开关，闹铃第一次响时开关触手可及，但之后闹钟一次比一次难触碰到，于是闹钟闹个不停，直到我完全醒来。
作为工业设计师，我们的工作就是设计产品——所有批量生产的各种各样的产品，从法拉利汽车到烤面包炉，从家具到电视机。我们通过画图、素描、甚至涂鸦来构思产品，
将生产厂商想象的某种产品的样子呈现给他们。
我们的职业目标之一是使产品具有吸引力。一位工业设计师草图本里的内容常常看上去就像平面化的科学狂人的实验

室，满是各种各样产品的涂鸦。
我们工业设计师们也用双手来进行创意，用粘土、造型泡沫这些工作室里的材料来展现产品的手感。米开朗基罗在大理石堆中“发现”了他的雕塑作品；
工业设计师们在粘土堆、泡沫堆，或者偶尔在电脑软件的帮助下找到了最新款随身听的形状。
不管用哪种工作材料，设计师们每次都会花上好几个小时去造型，去触摸，去把握，一遍又一遍地雕琢那些线条，不久，这些东西就会成为真正可以使用的产品，被千万个消费者触摸、把玩。
当你抚摸着刚从盒子里取出的全新产品时，它的表面已经被设计师的双手和目光以这样或那样的方式抚摸和打量过成百上千次了。
我们也竭尽全力使产品不会令人生厌。有些产品外形又酷又好用——它们是一系列会在潜移默化中提升你生活品质的奇妙物品。
而另一些产品，其令人讨厌的设计几乎使其实用性变得不值一提，比如桌角伤人的咖啡桌，以及看起来像曼哈顿地图一般令人迷惑的遥控器。两类产品的区别在于其设计方式，在于其外观和手感，而造成这一切不同的正是工业设计。


International Trade
Every time we walk into a store, restaurant, theatre or any other place of business to buy something, we trade. Basically, international
trade does not differ from trade with other people in our country. The key to understanding trade is to remember why it takes place.
The reason people trade regardless of where they live, is that they believe they will be better off by trading. When we consider the alternative---each
of us producing everything for ourselves---trade simply makes more sense.The process of importing and exporting creates a greater variety of goods
and services because it permits countries to specialize in what they do best. By specializing in the goods it can produce more efficiently,
a country can increase production and have the opportunity to make more sales and profits. Profits can turn into increased wages for the work
force and additional investment in plants and equipment. The process also provides consumers with more goods at lower prices.The benefits of trade
can be explained using the economic principles of absolute and comparative advantage. For example, suppose there are a lawyer and a legal assistant.
If it takes the lawyer less time to prepare briefs or to type letters than it does the assistant, in economic language, the lawyer has an “absolute advantage” both
in preparing legal briefs and in typing letters. If we stopped here, we might be inclined to say that the lawyer should produce both, because the lawyer
is better at both.According to comparative advantage, the lawyer should specialize in his or her strongest skill---the law,
and the legal assistant---typing letters. If they do, they actually will produce m

ore than if each of them had tried to do both tasks alone.
Specializing in what they do best and then trading their products for the other things they need will make both parties better off.
Through international trade, countries exchange goods they produce most efficiently for goods other countries produce most efficiently.
The more consumers there are in the market, the greater the ability of each country to specialize in what it does best. It is important
to note that both the lawyer and the legal assistant would benefit from specialization and trade. Likewise, international trade is a
win-win situation for all countries that participate.
Unit 5 Reading A 国际贸易
每当我们走进商店、餐馆、剧院或者任何别的商业场所进行消费的时候，我们就在进行交易。从根本上说，国际贸易同我们在国内进行的贸易并无差别。理解贸易的关键是牢记贸易发生的原因。不管是哪里的人，他们进行贸易的理由是因为他们相信通过贸易可以获益。
当我们想想另一种选择，即我们每个人都自给自足，那么贸易的意义就更容易理解了。
通过进出口可以创造出更加多样化的商品和服务，因为各个国家都可以专注于自己最有优势的产品。一个国家通过专门生产自己生产效率最高的商品，就能提高产量，就有机会来提高销量，并增加利润。更多的利润则可转化为员工更高的工资和对工厂及设备更多的投资。进出口也会为消费者提供更多廉价的商品。
我们可以用绝对优势和相对优势的经济学原理来解释贸易带来的好处。假设有一名律师和一名法律助理，如果这个律师准备案情摘要或打印信件所花费的时间比法律助理少，那么用经济学术语来说，该律师在准备案情摘要和打印信件方面都拥有“绝对优势”。如果到此为止，我们就有可能会说这个律师两件事都应该做，因为他这两方面都更在行。
按照相对优势的原理，该律师应专注于发挥其最强项——打官司，而法律助理则应专注于打印信件。如果各取所长，他们实际的工作效率会比各自都做这两项工作要高。通过专门从事各自最擅长的事情，然后以自己的产品去换取所需，双方均可获益。
通过国际贸易，不同国家得以用自己最高效生产的产品去换取别国最高效生产的产品。市场上的消费者越多，每个国家专营自己优势产品的能力就越强。需要着重强调的是，律师和法律助理都会从专业化分工和贸易中获益。同样，国际贸易对所有参与国来说都是一个双赢的局面。


Transportation
Goods must be transported from where they are produced to where their consumers are. There are five major modes of transport for goods, namely,
rail transport, water transport, road transport, pipeline transport and air transport.

Each mode of transport is characterized by different carriers.
Railroads carry an important part of the total freight. The advantage of rail transport lies in its ability to meet different needs. Railroads can carry
the heaviest and the lightest products and can run at different speeds. For special types of goods railroads provide adapted cars. Thus for perishables
refrigerator cars are used, for oil products there are tank cars, for different other materials dumper cars are used. The freight rates of railroads compare
favorably with the other modes of transport.Waterway carriers offer a low-cost means of shipping bulky products which have a low transportation value
in relation to weight. They are especially used when speed of transportation is not what matters the most. Container ships are commonly used for the
transport of goods between countries. Ore-carriers are specially designed for transporting ore, while tankers are used for crude oil transport.Motor-freight
carriers are less advantageous for the transport of bulky, low-value goods. However, they can perform door-to-door delivery, as they can reach even the most
faraway places. Thus repeated handling and transshipment can be avoided, which is one of the advantages of transport by road. Tank lorries are used for liquids,
refrigerator lorries for perishables, and vans for furniture and valuables.Pipelines carry liquids, gases, or solid/liquid mixtures over great distances.
They can be laid on land or under water. In comparison with other carriers, they offer an economical way to transport crude oil and natural gas,
especially when the volume is large. But the cost of construction and maintenance requires a large amount of investment.Air freight is used for goods where the
higher cost of transport by air gives way to other considerations. For example, speed is the most important factor for the transportation of perishables,
medicines and spare parts, while safety is the key to the transport of goods of high value.
Unit 6 Reading A 我们如何运输货物
货物必须从产地运往消费者所在地。目前有五种主要的货物运输方式，即：铁路、水路、公路、管道和航空运输。每种运输方式都有其不同的运载工具。
铁路在整个货物运输中占据了重要的地位。铁路运输的优势在于这种运输方式能满足不同的需求。货物无论轻重均可通过铁路运输，速度亦可变化。特殊货物可使用改装车厢运输。冷藏车厢用来运输易腐货物，油罐车厢运输油品，其他各种原料可使用自卸车厢。相对于其他运输方式，铁路运输的运费是比较优惠的。
水路运输工具为大宗货物提供了廉价的运输方式，相对于其重量而言，这些大宗货物的运输价值较低。如果运输速度不是最主要考虑因素的话，人们特别愿意使用水路运输方式。集装箱货轮常用于国家之间运输货物，特别设计的

矿石货船用于运输矿石，而运输原油则使用油轮。
公路货车不太适合运输体积大、价值低的货物。不过，它们能实现门到门的递送，因为连最偏僻的地方它们都能去，这样避免了反复的搬运和转运，而这也正是公路运输的一个优势。人们使用罐车运输液体，用冷藏车运输易腐货物，而厢式货车则用来运输家具及昂贵的商品。
管道可远距离运输液体、气体或固液态混合体，可铺设于地上或水下。与其他运输工具相比，用管道运输原油和天然气经济实惠，运输量大时尤其如此。然而，管道建设及维护却需要大量的资金投入。
当其他考虑优先于高昂的航空运费时，则可选择航空货运。例如，运输易腐货物、药品或机器备件时，速度是最重要的因素；而对于昂贵商品的运输，安全性则最为关键。