Charles曼哈顿 语法笔记

一、对应OG题目分类：

初级部分：

1. Meaning & Concision

8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57

2. Subject-Verb Agreement

2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84

3. Parallelism

6, 11, 14, 15, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 36, 42, 46, 52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77, 81, 83, 88 4. Pronouns

1, 7, 23, 47, 91

5. Modifiers

10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79

6. Verb Tense, Mood, &Voice

3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87

7. Comparisons

9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 100

8. Idioms

4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117, 118, 120

9. Odds & Ends

80, 116

高级部分：

11

Meaning & Concision

93, 98, 135

Subject-Verb Agreement

95, 104, 129, 133, 140

Parallelism

90, 92, 94, 109, 114, 119, 127, 130, 134, 137

12

Pronouns

101, 113, 124, 132

Modifiers

102,103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 126

13

Verb Tense, Mood, & Voice

122, 128, 139

Comparisons

108, 123, 125, 131, 136, 138

二、Basic部分：

Chapter 1: 单复数

1.Additive Phrases:

Along with Polly、In addition to surgery、Accompanied by me together with a tie、As well as the mayor

Only the word and can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects followed by additive phrases remain singular subjects.

2.Or, Either or, Neither n or:

Neither the players nor the coach is going to the beach.

Find the nearest to the verb.

Note that when the words either or neither are in a sentence alone (without or or nor), they are considered singular and take only singular verbs.

3.Collective Nouns: Almost Alway s Singular

People: agency, a rmy, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team

Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

In some rare circumstances, collective nouns can be considered plural (e.g., when you emphasize the individual actors, not their unity). However, on the GMAT, collective nouns are almost always considered singular and therefore require singular verb forms.

Note:in British usage, many of these nouns are normally considered plural.Not so on the GMAT!

The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.

Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.

Each collective noun (crowd, team, and army) takes a singular verb form.

4.Indefinite Pronouns:不定代词Usually Singular

Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every (as pronouns) someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoever, either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)

Technically,none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form. But not one is alway s singular: Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.

5.Each and Every: Singular Sensations

但是，Note that each following a subject has no bearing on the verb form.

They each are great tennis players.

Here, the plural subject they requires the plural verb form are.

Chapter 3:

1.

Wrong:Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.

Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.

2. P49

Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life AND property AND reckless abandon AND it should therefore be shut down.

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

Chapter 5: PRONOUNS

1.

Wrong: She took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because she thought she could use these to get some work done. These them

2.

Wrong: Our cat is cuter than those in the shelter.

Right: Our cat is cuter than the cats in the shelter.

This new, correct version of the sentence contains no third-person pronouns. (Our is a pronoun, but first-person pronouns such as our never have antecedents in the sentence.)

The original sentence is incorrect because those has no antecedent. Those is plural, and therefore cannot refer to cat.

Chapter 6:MODIFIERS

1 .

Wrong: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.

Right: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.

Wrong: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.

Right: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.

Position of Noun Modifiers

Avoid dangling modifiers by making sure the noun you want to modify is in the sentence. To avoid misplaced modifiers, place them next to the nouns they are meant to modify.

2. A NOUN and its MODIFIER should TOUCH each other.

Errors such as these are common in speech. The modifier using the latest technology needs to refer to someone who actually used the technology. To correct this issue, we insert a reasonable noun as the subject of using.

Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was identified.

Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem.

Wrong:

George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

Better:

Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

Best:

Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse.

4. According to the GMAT, clauses led by the pronoun that cannot modify people.

Do not use That or Which to modify people.

Wrong:The scientists THAT made the discovery were rewarded.

Right: The scientists WHO made the discovery were rewarded.

5 .

Condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement. In these cases, use in which where.

6 .

Use WHICH(and commas) if the modifier is non-essential.

Use THAT(and no commas) if the modifier is essential.

Who 同理

Non-essential:This mansion, WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED is owned by the tees.

Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.

7 . which “不能”指代前面一整句话

Sentences such as the following are common in speech, but they are wrong in writing.

Use WHICH only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it-never to refer to an entire clause.

Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values.

Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

8 .

When relative clauses are parallel, they should start with the same relative pronoun.

Mary buys cookies made with Sugar Free, an artificial sweetener, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother loves but which contains fewer calories than does an equivalent amount of corn syrup.

9 .

If the sentence ended with the wine, it would be incomplete. The clause should therefore begin with that rather than which.

Well-informed people know that Bordeaux is a French region whose most famous export is the wine that bears its name.

10 .

错：The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border between Nepal and Tiber.

对：The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest, which is on the border between Nepal and Tibet.

错：People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains show little respect for other passengers.对：People who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains show little respect for other passengers. 错：Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake, which destroyed Lisbon in 1755, is perhaps the most famous.

对：Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon in 1755 is perhaps the most famous.

对：Regina returned the dress, which was torn at one of the seams, to the store.

11 .

错：The patient's rare disease was treated using novel techniques developed at the medical school.

对：The patient's rare disease was treated through the use of novel techniques developed at the medical school.

OR对：The doctor treated the patient's rare disease by using novel techniques developed at the medical school.

Chapter 7

1.

If you use since, you must use the Present Perfect to indicate continued action or effect:

Since 1986 no one HAS BROKEN that world record.

2.Tense Sequence

The supercollider IS ready, it DID not COST too much, and it WILL PROVIDE new insights into the workings of the universe.

The scientist ANNOUNCED that the supercollider WAS ready, that it HAD not COST too much, and that it WOULD PROVIDE new insights into the workings of the universe.

With a past tense reporting v erb, mov e Present to Past, Past to Past Perf ect, and Future to Conditional (that is w ill to would).

3.

Helen would feel better if she swallowed this pill.

Swallowed is in the present tense of the hypothetical subjunctive mood. The presence of would in the clause Helen would feel better requires that the if-clause be in the hy pothetical subjunctive mood. In other words, the verb in the if-clause takes the hypothetical subjunctive mood because would indicates that Helen is unlikely to take the pill.

Chapter 8

1.Like vs. As

Like is a preposition. This means that LIKE must be followed by nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. Never put a clause or a prepositional phrase after like! (Remember, a clause contains a working verb, one that can be the main verb in a sentence.) You can correctly use like to compare two nouns.

As can be either a preposition (appearing with a noun) or a conjunction (appearing with a clause). You can correctly use as to compare two clauses.

LIKE her brother, Ava aced the test.

AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.

2.

Wrong: A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah.

Right: A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can.

Chapter 9 IDIOMS

1.I value my ABILITY TO SING.

2.Aim at doing…/ with the aim of doing

3.

AS I walked, I became more nervous. (= during)

AS I had already paid, I was unconcerned. (= because, since)

AS we did last year, we will win this year. (= in the same way)

JUST AS we did last year, we will win this year. (= in the same way)

4.

We have AS MANY apples AS need to be cooked.

We have THREE TIMES AS MANY pears AS you.

We have AT LEAST AS MANY apples AS you.

5.JUST AS you practice piano regularly, you should study regularly.

6.

I CONSIDER her a friend. I CONSIDER her intelligent.

Note: You can switch the order of the two objects, if one is long.

I CONSIDER illegal the law passed last week by the new regime.

The law IS CONSIDERED illegal.

7.We ARE IN DANGER OF FORGETTING the past.

8.

The artifact WAS DATED AT three centuries old.

They DATED the artifact AT three centuries old.

9.

LIKE his sister, Matt drives fast cars. (= both drive fast cars)

Matt drives fast cars LIKE his sister.

(= both drive fast cars, OR both drive fast cars in the same way)

Matt drives fast cars LIKE his sister's.

(= both drive similar cars; he does not drive his sister's car)

10.

The state ORDERS the agency TO COLLECT taxes.

11.

He wrote with pencils RATHER THAN with pens.

12.

She REQUIRES THAT her friend DO work. (Subjunctive)

13.

The Caucasus region has several times as many indigenous languages per square mile as most other areas of the world. (X times as many ... as)

14.

The sign in front of the Baker residence forbids anyone to trespass on the property. (Forbid + to do)

The sign in front of the Baker residence prohibits anyone from trespassing on the property. (Prohibit

+from doing)

15.

Her performance is exceeded ONLY by theirs. (Modifies by theirs)

Her performance is ONLY exceeded by theirs. (Technically modifies exceeded)

should be placed just before the words it is meant to modify.

In both speech and writing, we often place ONLY before the verb, but this placement is generally wrong, according to the GMAT, since we rarely mean that the verb is the only action ever performed by the subject.

Chapter 10 ODDS & ENDS

1.And

Whenever you see an “and”after a comma, check for 2 possibilities:

(1) A list (apples, grapes, AND pears), or

(2) Two main clauses (I like apples, AND she likes grapes).

The term "Eureka," meaning "I have found it" in ancient Greek, WAS famously uttered by Archimedes, AND ever since then, scientists have exclaimed the same word upon making important discoveries.

form a grammatical sentence.

Coordinating Conjunctions: For /And/ Nor/ But/ Or/ Yet/ So

Subordinators: Although/Because/Before/ After/ Since/ When/ If/ Unless/ That/ Though/ While

Conjunctive Adverb: However/Therefore/In addition

三、Advanced部分

Wordy: The townspeople's REVOLUTION WAS AGAINST the king.

Wordy: The hypothesis ABOUT the COMPOSITION OF the universe AS largely dark energy seems strange.

The hypothesis THAT the universe IS largely COMPOSED OF dark energy seems strange.

Wordy: The artist WAS INFLUENTIAL TO the movement.

The artist INFLUENCED the movement.

Wordy: THERE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF funds for school construction.

Funds for school construction ARE ABUNDANT.

Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT.

Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLY

Wordy: Marcos is a professor WHO IS ADMIRABLE.

GMAT avoids such constructions in correct answers.

Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play.

Better: Children should play without fear.

None of these Concision patterns expresses a rule but rather a preference. Make use of these patterns judiciously.

In brief, there are 3 categories of nouns:

(1) Concrete Nouns

(2) Action Nouns and Complex Gerunds

(3) Simple Gerunds

1) Concrete nouns refer to things, people, places, and even time periods or certain events.

Rock, continent, electron, politician, region, holiday, week

2) Action nouns refer to actions, as their name implies. They are often formed from verbs.

Eruption, pollution, nomination, withdrawal, development, change, growth

(a, an, or the) or adjectives(accurate). The object is put into an Of prepositional phrase (e.g., the running of

marathon) or placed in front of the -Ing form (e.g. marathon running).

Only complex ones (gerund phrases) can be parallel to action nouns.

The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions

(1) Working Verbs

(2) Infinitives

(3) Adjectives and Participles Adjectives, Past Participles, and Present Participles (used as adjectives)

(4) Clauses Only clauses starting with the same word should be made parallel

A mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once AND which is still fresh, is on display. Chapter 12

Other Pronouns

did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO.

Alternatively, you can simply repeat the helping verb without so.

Quinn DID NOT eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID.

例句:Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother did IT.

It refers specifically to the homework. Of course, the verb does not have to be do:

例句:Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ATE IT.

这是我第二遍看Manhattan语法的时候整理的，希望对你能有帮助！GOOD LUCK!

Charles 2011/9/1

Manhattan总结(中文)——GMAT语法

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新教材外研版选择性必修第三册Unit2 A life's work学案(单词短语语法总结及配套习题)

Unit 2 A life's work Ⅰ.匹配词义 ()1.grocery A．n.着迷，迷恋 ()2.fashion B．n.食品杂货店 ()3.fascination C．n.时尚 [答案]1－3BCA Ⅱ.默写单词 1．pose v.(使)摆好姿势 2．uncomplicated adj. 不复杂的，简单的，单纯的 3．celebrity n. 名人，明星 Ⅰ.语境填空 posed，fashion，grocery，uncomplicated，celebrities，fascination He was employed at the local grocery store as a delivery boy. 2．This kind of dress is now in fashion． 3．The artist posed his model carefully. 4．Lots of celebrities were at the film premiere. 5．Water holds a fascination for most children. 6．He was an extraordinarily uncomplicated man. Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词 1．I value a natural style and love that which is uncomplicated(complicated). 2．The fascination(fascinate)of the game lies in trying to guess what your opponent is thinking. 3．We ate at a fashionable(fashion)new restaurant. 4．Grocery(grocer)stores sell many foods that have been processed. 1．And yet every member of New York's wealthy high society wanted nothing more than to pose for this man.

GMAT曼哈顿语法---精华汇总

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SentenceCorrection笔记概要

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2021年GMAT学习方法总结

一. gmat前期准备 考生在这阶段时间要去学习以下几个gmat知识点，为中期的gmat专项突破做准备。 1)og + manhattan(逻辑和语法) 一至两周看完上面的书单，og做完语文+数学;manhattan只看逻辑和语法，而且不要做题。 ① og语法 首先要仔细体会og中语法一致，逻辑清晰，语言简洁和有效表达的方式。语法方面，根据答案中的错误类型(即答案中的黑体字如:agreement, parallelism)进行分类并深入理解每一个错误类型的概念。记住一点，前面的所有试题只是答案中错误类型概念的解释，让考生能够更清楚这个概念的例子。因此，建议大家不要在乎试题对错结果如何，过分纠结无异于浪费时间;而是希望大家能够把每个错误类型的概念运用到每一个例题中去并深刻理解。 ② og逻辑 思路指导通过对每到题目的深刻理解。把握住逻辑题目里面的逻辑链条，知道假设题和削弱题，加强题，结论题到底指的是什么。og给gmat的逻辑题进行分类和对题型进行讲解。 ③ og阅读 思路指导通过对og文章的梳理，把握出gmat文章的逻辑框架和主题思路。 了解gmat的题目如何解答，把握住每种提醒的解题方法。 ④曼哈顿语法 国外机构一套非常不错的教材。帮助大家从西方人的思维角度正确认识gmat 考试。所设计的知识点非常的体系化。语法从gmac的角度(语法，语义，正确度，简洁等角度展开，从每一个语法的知识点拓展) ⑤曼哈顿逻辑 逻辑从对基本概念和语义判断入手。是一本相当不错的逻辑书，帮助大家理解基本原理和概念知识点。是一本相当不错配合og看的逻辑参考书。 2)gmat数学og

建议大家把gmat数学认真做一遍。做完一道题目要达到两层效果 ①这套题目我用什么样的数学公式解决 ②这套题目我是用什么数学思想来解释的 3)经济学人 每天坚持读1小时的文章。 多看严谨的文章帮助理解和更好的学习gmat语法和gmat阅读。在读经济学人的时候，好好体会里面所涉及的语法知识点是否规范和考点。阅读对文章的整体思路的把握，是否在很短的时间内，对文章的主旨结构有所把握。 二. 中期 考生要在四到六周的时间完成以下任务 1) 《prep 9》 prep是gmac为gmat考生提供的官方考试准备材料;里面所设计的语法，逻辑和阅读考点和og都很类似在难句理解上也比og上了一个层次。本资料有套题版和专项解析版，对大家的学习十分有帮助。 ①语法在读懂语义的基础上，熟悉语法知识点，强化对gmat语法的学习 ②逻辑体会prep的各种题型的解决方案的不同。 ③阅读清晰把握gmat阅读文章的题材和各种题目的解题技巧。 ④数学认真体会gmac想要考察的数学思想。牢记数学公式和英语表达。 2) 《gwd》的31套题 考试中期复习的时候必须完成15套题目。 ①语法 gwd的语法语言难度和实战非常接近;考生需要好好练翻译能力。 ②逻辑正确理解每一句话;分析清楚逻辑题目每句话在文章中所起的作用。 ③阅读认真梳理每篇文章的脉络;把握住文章的逻辑关系类型。 ④数学 gwd数学和实战考试非常接近，要好好体会每一道题目。

Unit 6 Going Offline

6Going Offline 1 全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1 NEW PROGRESSIVE COLLEGE ENGLISH 1

Unit Goals Contents Part One Opener Pair Work Part Two Reading & Interacting Getting Prepared Text Study Focusing on Language in Context Part Three Integrated Skills Practicing Listening Speaking Writing

Pair Work: Describe the two cartoons below. Then work with your partner and answer the questions that follow.

1 Can you say a few words about the people in the pictures above? 2 If you forgot to bring your smartphone with you or you had no Wi‐Fi service, how would you feel? 3 Do you sleep with your smartphone under your pillow or next to your bed? If your phone beeps, will you get up and check it?

Watch the video clip about “Phubbing (低头族现象)” and discuss the following questions with your classmates. 1. At the beginning of the video clip, why does the man say that that he has so many friends but he’s still lonely? 2. According to the man, how does the Internet do harm to our kids? 3. What does the man want to express by telling a different imaginary life story without phubbing? 4. What are we suggested to do to “live life in a real way”?

叙事文本分析的语言学模式 罗钢

叙事文本分析的语言学模式 罗钢 当代叙事学受到结构主义语言学极为深刻的影响，本文拟介绍一种叙事学家们在文本分析中惯常采用的语言学模式。 一 过去，人们在分析叙事作品时，注重的是作品的情节、人物、主题等等，而叙事学的文本分析，是从文本语言的有机构成开始的。 在语言中，有一种对于确定其诗歌功能意义深远的对立，这就是隐喻与转喻的对立。1956年，雅各布森在《语言学基础》一书中对二者的关系作了系统的阐发。在这方面，雅各布森吸取了索绪尔结构主义语言学的一个基本观念。索绪尔认为，语言，就像人类其它符号行为一样，具有双重性质，分别涉及两种行为，这就是选择和组合，这种选择和组合构成符号行为的基础。举例来说，如果我们看见一位少女身着T恤和牛仔短裤，穿白色网球鞋，少女的这身装束便构成一个信息，依据特定的语境，它可以告诉我们少女的性格，她此时此刻的心情以及她将要去作什么。这个信息的构成便不可避免地要涉及选择与组合两种行为，少女先从她的各种上装如大衣，衬衫等中选择了T恤；又从各种裙子和裤子里面选择了牛仔短裤；再从她的各种鞋里选择了白色网球。这种选择依赖于她对自己的服装的了解，同时也依赖于她对自己的需要的认识。选择之后紧接着便是组合，组合的过程依赖于她对各种服装搭配的知识和公众的服装惯例的了解。例如，身着深色西装再穿白色网球鞋使显然是不符合服装惯例的(尽管这种惯

例在不断变化)，这种服装的正确搭配，就类似我们根据语法正确地组成一个句子。一句中国古诗，例如“僧敲月下门”，它的构成也要涉及类似的选择和组合的行为。首先：诗人要从一系列具有同样语法功能(名词)，和属于同一语义域的词汇(如和尚、僧、道、尼等)中选出“僧”这个词，然后从意义接近的系列动词，如“敲”“打”“拍”“推”中选出“敲”这个动词，最后再从另一系列名词，如“扉”、“门”“闼”等中选出“门”这个词，然后将这些个别的词汇单位根据中文的语法规则组合起来，例如我们不能说，“门敲月下僧”，就如我们不能把裤子笼到身上，衣服套在腿上一样，如果这样作，就违反了语言和服装的惯例。 与选择相关的是相似性，它们暗含着某种替换的可能，(衬衫替换T恤，“推”替换“敲”)，选择的过程产生隐喻，因为隐喻的基础使是某种植根于相似性的替换。诗云“桃之夭夭，其灼华华，之子于归，宜其室家”，盛开的桃花与容光焕发的新嫁娘之间存在某种相似性，二者才能构成一种隐喻，换言之，一种替换。 隐喻是以人们在实实在在的主体(新嫁娘)和它的比喻式的代用 词(桃花)之间发现的相似性为基础的，而转喻则以主体与它邻近的代用词之间的接近或相继的联想为基础。如转喻“北京提出了一项新的建议”，便是以主体(中国政府)和它“邻近”的代用词(政府所在地)之间的接近联想为基础的。转喻与举隅法有空切关系，如“记得绿萝裙，处处怜芳草”句中的绿萝裙，便是诗人心爱的姑娘的举偶的描写，这种举隅法依赖的也是接近联想。

Ron 笔记 gmat 语法

Ron 笔记 1、平行 first two both 2 are correct ＊the parallel structures are indicated by “parallel tags” Most fossils of species X were found in Tennessee or Kentucky Most fossils of species x were found in T or in K. FOLLOW the tags are included. *proceed from RIGHT to LEFT in your analysis Look at the words following the tag

tags: the list of 3 or more items, the COMMAS and the “AND” are tags!! Focus on the sentence ” ITS ”

USAGE OF “COMPARED TO/WITH” with statistics/quantities: *DO NOT include any other words of comparison “28 percent of American husbands were married to wives with more years of schooling, compared to 6 percent in 1971.” NO additional word re: ” more “ “ less” ”N times” etc

用M-C 方法求积分

《数理统计》 课程设计 题目：用M-C 方法求积分1 () f x dx ? 【题目要求：f（x)自定，n≥500,考虑n对结果的影响，即做多组n下的模拟值，并作模拟值与n的散点图，同时比较模拟值与真实值的差异，散点图表示。并做差异值序列的描述性统计（均值、方差、标准差、峰度系数、偏度系数、众数、中位数、四分位数等）。积分区间可根据需要调整。】 学院：数学学院 专业班级：应用数学09-2班 姓名：李明 学号： 20096312 指导教师：谭常春 2012.6.20

一、M-C方法概述 M-C方法即蒙特卡洛方法，或称计算机随机模拟方法，是一种基于“随机数”的计算方法。这一方法源于美国在第二次世界大战中研制原子弹的“曼哈顿计划”。该计划的主持人之一、数学家冯·诺伊曼用驰名世界的赌城—摩纳哥的Monte Carlo来命名这种方法，为它蒙上了一层神秘色彩。 该方法基本思想很早以前就被人们所发现和利用。17世纪，人们就知道用事件发生的“频率”来决定事件的“概率”。19世纪人们用投针试验的方法来决定π。高速计算机的出现，使得用数学方法在计算机上大量模拟这样的试验成为可能。其实质是通过大量随机试验，利用概率论解决问题的一种数值方法，基本思想是基于概率和体积间的相似。 Monte Carlo方法计算结果收敛的理论依据来自于大数定律，且结果渐进地服从正态分布的理论依据是中心极限定理。以上两个属性都是渐进性质，要进行很多次抽样，此属性才会比较好地显示出来，如果Monte Carlo计算结果的某些高阶距存在，即使抽样数量不太多，这些渐进属性也可以很快地达到。 二、M-C方法与数值积分 用数值积分方法计算积分，如 2 1() x x f x dx ?，如果我们能够得到f(x)的原函数F(x)，那么直接由表达式: F(x2)-F(x1)可以得到该定积分的值。但是，很多情况下，由于f(x)太复杂，无法计算得到原函数F(x)的显式解，这时我们就只能用数值积分的办法。数值积分的基本原理是在自变量x的区间上取多个离散的点，用单个点的值来代替该小段上函数f(x)值。 常规的数值积分方法是在分段之后，将所有的矩形小块的面积全部加起来，用这个面积来近似函数f(x)与x轴围成的面积。这样做当然是不精确的，但是随着分段数量增加，误差将减小，近似面积将逐渐逼近真实的面积。 Monte Carlo方法和上述类似。差别在于，Monte Carlo方法中，我们不需要将所有方柱的面积相加，而只需要随机地抽取一些函数值，将他们的面积累加后计算平均值就够了。随着抽取点增加，近似面积也将逼近真实面积。 三、M-C方法的形式与一般步骤 做Monte Carlo时，求解积分的一般形式是： 2 1()() x x f x x d ψ ?；x为自变量，它应该是随机的，定义域为(x1, x2)，f(x)为被积函数，ψ(x)是x的概率密度。 Monte Carlo方法分为一下四个个步骤：

曼哈顿FOV笔记

曼哈顿FoV. CR笔记 目录 1.All about the Argument (1) Sound argument vs. valid argument (1) On the GMAT (2) The arguer’s job and your job (2) List of the twelve flaws (2) Details of the twelve flaws (3) A. Unjustified Assumptions (3) B. Causation Errors (4) C. Comparison Errors (5) D. Math Errors (6) E. Communication Errors (7) Find the gaps in arguments (7) 2.Decoding the Question Stem and Stratege (8) 1. All about the Argument Sound argument vs.valid argument Every complete argument has two components written down on paper: ? Premises—supporting statements ? Conclusion— the main point or biggest claim of the argument A sound argument is successful on every level: the premises are true, and the conclusion logically follows from the premises. When a conclusion follows logically from true premises, that conclusion is therefore true. A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises—but the premises may or may not be true. In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the conclusion will also be true. In a good, valid argument, the premises lead to the conclusion in a direct way. They provide enough evidence to guarantee the truth of the conclusion (which is occasionally implied rather than stated explicitly).

曼哈顿语法笔记讲解学习

Chapter 3: 主谓一致 注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合 Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. 主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合 Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读) 没有必要的句子成分尽量少读 介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分 善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数 The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart. And和additive phases （注意mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus都是单数的形式） Media是medium的复数形式。 Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数） 集体名词 People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture. 用单数 Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy. 不定代词 SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most 这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数 Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son. Not one of my friends is here this weekend. Every and each Every dog has paws. Every dog and cat has paws.

GMAT语法知识点归纳

OCEAN的语法知识点总结 By Roxas605（ChaseDream）资料来源：OG12、OG12-verbal、OG10、Prep07、Prep08、GWD、Manhattan 一、独立主格 总结：独立主格只做状语，放在句首或句尾，表示伴随原因、条件、状态、目的、时间、补充说明等 ●独立主格三种形式： 1)一般形式：n.+n.，n.+V-ed/v-ing，n.+介词短语/形容词短语 独立部分与主句部分无太多关联 2)with形式：with+宾语+宾补，如：with+n.+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语 与主句主语有紧密的逻辑关系 3)each形式：each+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语；each+n.+介词短语 必须前面有复数名词 *：with型独立主格在GMAT中常常被判累赘 ●另外，存在一种with+n.+/with+n.+定语从句,可以看做概括性同位语 分析：放在句首，一定修饰主语，放在句尾既可以修饰主语也可以修饰谓语 二、同位语 总结：类似定语，修饰名词或者名词短语、代词（不是核心词指代） 1)名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词） i.N., n.; ii.n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.; iii.the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构） 2)内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句 that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样) 3)概括性同位语：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done... （+doing、done形式和独立主格相同） 用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象： ※同位语和独立主格的区别： 1. 同位语修饰名词，独立主格修饰句子 2.同位语表示前面名词的具体内容和特征，而独立主格是一种伴随状态，描述与伴随分局同步发生的事情（原因、条件）

GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

目录 Subject-verb agreement (7) Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist (7) Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together (8) Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number (9) Additive phrases (9) Or, either…or, neither…nor: nearest . 9 Collective nouns: almost always singular (9) Indefinite pronouns: usually singular.9 SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; (9) Each and every (9) Quantity words and phrases (9) Subject phrases and clauses: always singular (10) Parallelism (10) Parallel markers (10) Parallel elements (11) You can split apart the expressions:.. 12 Parallel clauses should start with the same word (12) Lists with AND (13) Idioms with parallel structure (13) Superficial parallelism vs. actual parallelism (13) Watch out for linking verbs (14)

GMAT语法笔记

GMAT语法笔记 May 18, 2013 综述 Gmat语法在verbal中是最重要的部分，16/41。是最严格的美式书面英文。做题时间1:10/Q 规律性强 比如：maybe一定错，一般改为probably , perhaps。因为maybe是口语词，但是may be不一定错，may be 不是口语词。 句式复杂，难句多，考法新 是最严格的美式书面英文 Eg. 1）表“建议”suggest that S（subject,主语）should V-原型 这是虚拟语气的句型 表“建议”或“命令”的词（suggest, order, demand, mandate, require, insist, dictate, propose, recommend, stipulate）后，跟的从句should+V-原型，should必须省! 【注】suggest表“暗示”的时候，不是虚拟语气 2）team, family, group, army等这些词全部是单数，用is。 99%的名词只要加了s就是可数名词，少数1%如某种疾病diabetes:糖尿病。 3）定语从句that可以指人，也可以指物，但是Gmat考试中that只可以指物，不能指人，因为人要用who。 五种简单句 1）SV 主语+动词 2）SCP 主系表 3）SVO 主谓宾 4）SVOO 主谓双宾 Eg. Tom gave Jerry a book. Tom advises Jerry that the movie (should) start early. 错！ 没有advice sb that, 只有tell, persuade, convince,这三个词可以+ sb that SVO(SVO表从句)，其他的单词均不能用+sb that的结构，同时这三个单词不能直接+that,且这三个词可以用自己的固定搭配Eg. Persuade sb to do sth或persuade sb into doing. 5）SVOC 主谓宾宾补 Eg.We call him Tom I think I love you. 错！that宾语从句的that在句中不能省略，但是是相对错，因为一般 say that中的that都省略。 LIKE

语言学作业

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