搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 英汉语言对比与翻译学期论文

英汉语言对比与翻译学期论文

英汉语言对比与翻译学期论文
英汉语言对比与翻译学期论文

班级:12级英本一班学号:121140141023 姓名:王彦云

英汉对比研究之物称、人称和思维方式的关系

摘要:英汉两种语言存在着物称主语与人称主语的区别,这种区别的形成并不是偶然的,有其深刻的思想根源。物称主语使句子显得客观公正,紧凑严密;人称主语使句子显得自然流畅,合乎逻辑,这与不同的思维方式密不可分。

关键词:思维方式物称人称

首先我们先来解释一下什么是思维方式。我们知道思维是以概念、判断、推理等形式反映客观世界的过程。由此我们可以概括出什么是思维方式。思维方式即人们的思维习惯或顺序。那么思维方式和物称、人称又有什么关系呢?

西方文化认为世界万物是对立的。而在万物中人是处于支配地位的,人要凭借自己的力量征服和战胜自然,故西方人生则与自然相分离,认为自然才是宇宙、世界万物的本位。正是这种以物本为主体,以自然为本位的思想,使西方人形成了客观的思维方式。西方民族的思维方式被描述为:具体的、客观的、辩证的,由此英语注重客体思维,因此常用物称表达法,即不用人称主语来叙述,而是表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。在书面语,如公、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说等文学作品中,多采用物称表达法。这种表达往往使文章显得客观、冷静,结构趋于严密,紧凑,语气较为委婉、间接。

与之相反,我国从道家老子便开始提出这样一种思想:人法地,地法天。到儒家“万物皆备于我”的思想又占据主流。不管是那种说法,其中都渗透着“我为主,物为客”的思想。因此汉语较注重主体思维。在中国人的思维模式中,总有一种“万物皆备于我”的思想在做主导,往往从子我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于人及其行为或状态,因而常用人称。但当人称不言自喻时,有常常隐含人称或省略人称。

英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为以下两类:

1、用抽象名词或无生命的名词做主语,同时又使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语,因而这种句式往往带有隐喻或拟人化的修辞色彩,语气含蓄,令人回味,反映了英美名族的幽默感。非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”,表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”,表示人或社会团体的动作或行为,如see、find、bring、give、escape、surround、kill、等。英语用“无灵主语”和“有灵动词”搭配的句式比汉语多,使用的场合也比汉语广。汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配,因为根据汉人的思维习惯,人或社会团体才有这类意识,有意志的行为,非人类、无生命的事物一班只能有一些无意识、无意志的状态,运动或变化。汉语无灵主语与有灵动词搭配通常用作隐喻或修辞手段——拟人化。

例:The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.

我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。

例:Sleep didn’t not visit him although the silence of a dead world was on the jungle.丛林中死一般沉寂,他还是毫无睡意。

2、英语常用被动式,采用非人称表达法;汉语常用主动式,采用人称泛称或隐称表达法。在英语中,被动式不表明施动者,而让索叙述的事实客观、间接委婉的表达出来。而在汉语中,如果没有确定人称,则会采用泛指人称:人们、大家等。当人称或泛称不言自喻时,则会省略人称。

例:Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.

发现了错误,一定要改正。

例:A tree is known by its fruit, and a man is known by his deeds.

看树看果实。看人看作为。

3、英语中有很多非人称代词it 或there be 做主语的句子用来代替正真的主语或宾语,或表示强调以及时间空间自然现象等。这种句型往往显示出物称倾向。

例:I never occurred to me that she was honest.

我从来没有想到她这么不老实。

例:There was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.

五千个工人参加了罢工。

综上可知:英汉两种语言客体意识与主体意识并不是绝对的,随着东西文化的交流,两种语言必定会存在着相互借鉴和融合的趋势。

参考文献:英汉对比研究增订版(高等教育出版社)

英汉语言对比与翻译练习

英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项: 1.英汉语言句法/句式差别; 2.体会英汉互译句式转换规律; Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上,众老婆们放下车帘,方命小厮们抬起,拉至宽处,加上训骡,出 了西脚门往东,过荣府正门,如一黑油漆大门内,至仪门前,方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

从英汉语言文化差异谈翻译论文

2.称呼方式 近年来,很多说英语的人倾向于用名来称呼别人,这个现象在美国人当中尤其普遍,甚至是初次见面的时候。这个不仅适用于同龄人,也适用于年龄不同的人。听到一个小孩称呼一个年龄很大的人为joe, ben, may, helen是很平常的事。很多大学生直呼他们教授的名字,教授不把这个看作是一种不尊敬或不熟悉,而是把他看作是一种谦恭有礼和平等。 中国人称呼自己的家人、亲戚或近邻为二哥,三姐,四婶,周大伯,而这些不应当被转译成英语。中国人的称呼方式通常是使用一个人的头衔、办公室、职业等,比如,黄局长、林经理、马校长,但是很少听到说英语的人说“bureau director”, “manager jackson”, “principle morris”。 英汉亲属称谓的文化差异与互译 中文摘要 语言是文化的载体,称谓不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化现象。英汉语言中亲属称谓的不同,可以说从一个侧面反映了东西方文化的差异。本文试图从人们较为熟悉的英汉亲属称谓习惯和语义进行比较分析,揭示其中所隐含的文化意蕴。它们属于不同的称谓制度,具有不同的称谓习惯和泛化现象。家庭类型、血缘关系、宗法观念、文化取向、礼貌原则等是造成两者文化差异的主要原因。因此通过对亲属称谓的属性和用法的分析和对比,可以对一个民族的传统文化窥见一斑。汉英称谓在形式、语用意图、文化内涵上存在诸多差异,通过两种语言称谓系统的归纳对比,挖掘各自的文化内涵,对中英称谓语的翻译提出三种方法。关键词: 亲属称谓;文化差异;比较;翻译

Cultural Differences and Translation between English and Chinese Kinship Terms Abstract Language is the carrier of culture, kinship term is not only a part of language but also a kind of culture. The differences between English and Chinese kinship terms reflect the cultural differences between East and West to some extend. From the comparative analys is of usages and meanings of kinship addressing system between Chinese and English which people familiar with,the paper is to reveal the cultural implication in it. They belong to different kinship addressing systems also have different usages of kinship terms and developments. The main reasons for cultural differences lie in the family structure, consanguinity, patriarchy concept, culture adoption and courtesy principle. The comparative analysis of its features and usages can help us to understand the cultural differences between Chinese and English. Based on the great differences in the title and kinship addressing system between Chinese and English, and their complicated pragmatic intentions and cultural implications in use, the paper systematically compares the two systems, and reveals their respective culture specific implications. Finally, three methods are presented on how to translate addressing forms between Chinese and English. Key words: kinship term; cultural difference; comparison; translation 语言是文化的载体,称谓不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化现象。英汉语言中亲属称谓的不同,可以说从一个侧面反映了东西方文化的差异。因此通过对亲属称谓的属性和用法的分析和对比,可以对一个民族的传统文化窥见一斑。 一、英汉亲属称谓的差异 (一)、英汉亲属称谓的复杂程度差异 汉语亲属称谓复杂,英语简单。“亲属称谓(Kinship term)是一定的亲属制度(Kinship system)所产生的文化符号,它以简单的术语形式反映复杂的亲属制度。”[1](P139)汉语称谓语要比英语称谓语繁杂细致得多,汉语要区分血亲姻亲,如伯父、叔父、姨母和伯母、婶母、姨父;区分宗族非宗族,如爷爷、侄儿、孙子和外公、外甥、外孙等;区分父系母系,如叔叔、姑妈、堂兄和舅舅、姨妈、表兄等;区分长幼辈份,如哥哥、姐姐和弟弟、妹妹等。而英语的亲属称谓就显得简单得多,仅用几个词就能全部涵盖,如grandparent(爷爷,外公,奶奶,外婆),brother(哥哥,弟弟),sister(姐姐,妹妹),uncle(伯父,叔父,姨父,舅舅,姑父),另外,英语中的一些亲属称谓非常笼统,没有指明具体关系。所以像Linda?s bother married Michelle?s sister这句话就很难准确地译成汉语,因为不知道brother是Linda的哥哥还是弟弟,sister是Michelle的姐姐还是妹妹。还有cousin这个称谓,有时连男女都不分了。在西方国家,亲属关系的涵盖和延伸范围远没有中国那么广阔。 (二)、英汉亲属称谓关系表达清楚性差异

英汉对比研究读书报告

英汉对比研究读书报告

摘要:英语和汉语的对比,通过对两这种语言的语法特征、修辞手段、翻译技巧、思维方式等等方面的具体讲解,把语言和文化结合起来,对中西方思维方式的不同加以对比分析讲解,清晰、不显枯燥的同时又具有说服力。众所周知,要想学好外语,对其特点的了解是必须的,而要了解其特点,最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。英语学习,尤其是翻译,不是一蹴而就的,它需要不断地理解学习和练习,更多时候,了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的,因为学习一门语言语言,在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。Speaking of English and Chinese comparison,the language of the two rhetorical devices, translation skills, thinking mode and so on,they combine language with culture. As we all know, in order to learn a foreign language, it is necessary to understand its characteristics, and to understand its characteristics, the best way is to compare with the mother tongue. There are many factors influencing the way of thinking. Learning English, especially translation, not overnight, it needs to understand the study and practice, more often, understanding between English and Chinese and Western cultures, different thinking on the back is necessary, because learning a foreign language is the way of thinking and learning. 关键词:思维方式语法特征修辞手段翻译技巧逻辑思维抽象思维英语注重形合,且注重环环相扣的逻辑关系,所以汉译英时往往要加入连词和对句子进行扩展和组合,形成复合句或长句;相反,由于汉语句子一般结构较为简化,无拖沓,所以在英译汉时也应当注意,常常需要将英语句子进行分解、拆散和重组。英语文章多为长短句交错使用,了解这一特点对平时汉译英和写作时也大有益处。又如,英语通常为物做主语,而汉语则为人,所以在英汉互译的时候要注意其人称、物称主语的转换。文化上的不同也是需要注意的,如在写作的时候,西方人喜欢引用专家学者,尤其是有科学依据的观点,而中国人则频繁使用领袖和伟人的话。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。其中最为明显的,概括而言是中国人的思维方式受到儒、道和佛三家的影响,形成了中国人的悟性,重人文,轻科学,而西方则讲求逻辑思维,以判断推理为主,提倡理性思辨和科学探索。英语学习,尤其是翻译,不是一蹴而就的,它需要不断地理解学习和练习,更多时候,了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的,因为学习一门语言语言,在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。The way of thinking,Performance method, rhetorical device,translation skill,logical thinking,abstract thinking, Pay attention to the logical relationship of interlocking, So the translation often join conjunctions and extension and combination of the sentence on the contrary, the Chinese sentence structure is simplified, without procrastination, so in English Chinese translation should also be noted that the English sentence often needs to be decomposed and detached and reassembled. English articles for the length of sentence interlaced, understanding of the characteristics of the usual translation and writing is also helpful. Cultural differences also need to be noted,

英汉对比论文

英汉定语比较和翻译 一.引言 有人认为,翻译可以“无师自通”,“自学成才”;“外文词不认识可以查字典,只要有点外语基础,就能搞翻译”。一言以蔽之,翻译容易,但是对于真正从事翻译的工作者来说,翻译无不很难。因为中英文属于两种完全不同的语系,以及中西方人在思维方式上存在差异等。这些原因导致了各种现象,如很难在中文中找到一个完全与英语对等的单词,英语重型合,汉语重意合,句子成分之间存在很大等差异。为了翻译工作者更好的理解中英定语的差异,本文讨论中英语种 在英语中,定语是附加在主语和宾语的前面,用来修饰或限制主语宾语的词或词组。主要有形容词,此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。而在汉语中,定语常由形容词、数量词、名词、代词充当,也可有其他词或短语充当。由此可以知道,在英汉语中,充当定语的成份是有差异的,这种差异是由英汉语的本质性差异决定的,汉语是重意合,而英语是重型合,在汉语中,语言组织以意御型,无词性变化,所有的动词都是动词原形,没有动词不定式,分词和过去式之分,汉语的动词,至少相当于英语的谓语动词、现在在分词、不定式、动名词五种可能。如“去”,既可能是watch(watches), watching(现在分词), watched , to watch, watching(动名词)中的任何一种,因为汉语中缺乏词形变化标记,也不像英语一样,要求成分(主谓宾)和词性(名动形)之间的严格一致。 例(1)正在看的,将要去看的,已经看过的电影 the movie ( which is) being watching, the movie to be watched, the movie that will be watched, the movie that has been watched. 从上面的句子中可以看出,英语的动词发生了各种变化(现在分词,过去式,不定式等)而汉语的动词并没有变化,都是“看”。英汉两种语言之间的本质性差异决定了其句子定语也会产生差异。 二、英汉定语的位置的差异 定语是修饰主语和定语的语法成分,说明事物的属性,类型或特征。在英语里,单个词做定语时一般放在被修饰词前面,但是介词短语,不定式短语,分词短语,从句做定语时一般放在被修饰成分的后面。汉语则不然,只要是定语,它一般只能放在被修饰词之前,放在后面的情况绝少。因此,翻译时,需要调整语序。而英语中 1)前置定语 前置定语指置于定语中心语之前对之起修饰作用的成分。英汉语种都有前置定语,但两种语言中充当定语的语言单位不同,英语的前置定语一般以词为主(包括复合词和带前置修饰语的词),这和汉语定语顺序相同,因此,在这种情况下,汉译时一般可以直接按照原来的顺序翻译成汉语而不会影响其意思如: (1)a famous university.(形容词)一所著名的学校(2)our class(代词)我们班

英汉语言对比与翻译2

幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影(×) ●淫秽电影(√) ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子(×) ●绿头苍蝇(√) ●greenfly 绿苍蝇(×) ●蚜虫(√) ●common criminal 普通罪犯(×) ●臭名昭著的罪犯(√) ●common informer 一般的告密者(×) ●职业告密者(√) 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动(×) ●(监禁)苦役(√) ●free love 自由恋爱(×) ●(无婚约的)自由性爱(√) ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩(×) ●宠儿(√) ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维(×) ●天马行空式的(√) 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准

1. 支谦与《法句经序》(229年) “天竺言语,与汉异音。云其书为天书,语为天语,名物不同,传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难,即语言不同,语境不同,名物不同,翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本,三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦,有五失本也。 一者,胡语尽倒,而使从秦,一失本也。 二者,胡经尚质,秦人好文,传可众心,非文不合,斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者,经委悉,至于叹咏,叮咛反复,或三或四,不嫌其烦,而今裁斥,三失本也。 四者,胡有义说,正似乱辞,寻说向语,文无以异,或千五百,刈而不存,四失本也。 五者,事已全成,将更傍及,反腾前辞,已乃后说,而悉除此,五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是: ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的,汉译时改从汉语语法,容易失本; ●二、佛经文字质朴,而汉人喜欢文采,为适合汉语读者,译文作了润饰,容易失本; ●三、佛经的论述,往往不厌其烦,颂文更是翻三覆四,翻译时删繁就简,容易失本; 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”(长行之后,另加的偈颂复述)类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”(总结),

2020年整理英汉对比翻译.pdf

Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes () are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “ I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. Unit2 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,

英汉语言对比研究论文

摘要 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济全球化,各国人们之间的交流已是一个必然趋势,我们对外交往中,跨文化的言语交际也显得愈发重要。 语言是文化的载体,文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异,不同的国家和民族的语言表现出的文化背景和思维模式都有所不同,因此我们有必要把英语与母语进行对比分析,进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异,从而促进文化交际。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合,四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析,从细节之处去感受两种语言的微妙差别,从而对英语的学习有更深刻的认识。 关键词:语言与文化综合语与分析语刚性与柔性 形合与意合英汉两种语言

内容 一、引言 二、教材篇 1.语言与文化 2.综合语与分析语 3.刚性与柔性 4.形合与意合 三、课堂篇 四、疑惑篇 五、结语

英汉对比研究 语言是一面镜子,它反映着一个民族的文化,揭示该民族文化的内容;语言既是社会的产物,又是人类历史和文化的结晶。同时语言与文化互相影响,互相作用;理解语言必须了解文化,理解文化必须了解语言。 汉语和英语则是在不同的历史背景和社会形态中形成 的两种截然不同的语种,本质上都浸透着各自民族文化的特征,但是由于东西方不同的历史文化背景又使得汉英两种语言在交流中产生了碰撞。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合,四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析,进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异从而对英语的学习有更 深刻的认识,进而促进文化交际。 一、教材篇 1.语言与文化 语言和文化之间有着必不可分的内在联系:一方面,语言是文化的一个重要的因素,另一方面,文化的许多要素需要借助语言来表达,即:语言是文化的重要载体,文化是语言的管轨。语言是文化的基石——没有语言,就没有文化;语言又受文化的影响,反映文化。可以说,语言反映一个民

英汉语言对比与翻译作业

英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译:认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译:他有一种令人不安的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。 3.While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译:(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上,天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具,一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子,赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。(萨克雷)

语用学论文(英汉指示语对比分析)

本科生课程论文 论文题目 Pragmatic Analysis on expressions Chinese and English ------- From thePerspective of Deixis 完成时间 课程名称《语用与交际》 授课教师__________________ 专业 年级

Pragmatic Analysis on expressions Chinese and English ------- From the Perspective of Deixis 摘要:指示语是语言中最基本的要素,也是日常生活里使用频率较多的语言慨念。本文拟从对比语言学的观点出发,对英汉两种语言中的指示语进行对比和分析,从中找出它们之间的一致性和分歧性,其目的是提高对英汉两种语言的认知能力和应用能力。 关键词:英汉;指示语;对比;分析 Abstract:Deixis is the most basic elements of the language, but also the frequency of use in everyday life are more generous concept of language. This paper from the viewpoint of comparative linguistics, on the instructions in both English and Chinese language for comparison and analysis, to find out the consistency and differences between them, and its purpose is to improve the cognitive abilities of both English and Chinese and application. Key words: English and Chinese; deixis; comparison; analysis I Introduction Deixis appears to be a universal component of human communication, linking utterances to the context in which they are used. It is highly context-dependent. The strong context-dependency nature of deixis constantly reminds us of the fact that natural languages are primarily invented for use in face-to-face exchange.And deixis belongs to pragmatic study since it reveals a very close relationship between language and context and non-linguistic context). The understanding of indexical expressions relies on the utterance context. In linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning,for example, English pronouns are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. While this

英汉语言对比论文

引言 语言是文化的载体,称谓不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化现象。英汉语言中亲属称谓的不同,可以说从一个侧面反映了东西方文化的差异。因此通过对亲属称谓的属性和用法的分析和对比,可以对一个民族的传统文化窥见一斑。不同文化由于历史传统、民族心理等差异导致了称谓语体系的不同。英语言文化的差异导致两种亲属称谓系统的不同。如果直接把汉语亲属称谓移植到英语中,往往会引起意想不到的文化困惑甚至震惊。因此,了解汉英亲属称谓的差异以及差异背后的社会文化根源有助于我们从语用对等的层面正确地翻译称谓语。 “称谓”与“称呼”是两个不同的概念但又有密切联系,应当加以区分。祝畹谨在《汉语称呼研究》一文中指出,这两个词的含义和侧重点是有区别的,“称谓”是由于亲属和别的方面的相互关系,以及由于身份、职业等等而得来的名称;“称呼”是当面招呼用的表示彼此关系的名称。称呼语更多用于当面称呼,称谓语更多用于背面指称。一般说来,称谓可分为亲属称谓和社交称谓两大类型。亲属称谓指的是以本人为中心确定亲族成员和本人关系的名称,是基于血亲姻亲基础上的如父亲、母亲爷爷、伯父、姨父、姑父等等。本文将依照梁真惠(2002)的观点,把亲属称谓再分为亲属称谓和仿亲属称谓(也称类亲属称谓)。 一英汉亲属称谓语的差异 各种语言都相应地具有表示家庭成员关系的亲属称谓系统,它包括父系称谓、母系称谓、姻系称谓和类亲属称谓四种(黎昌抱,2001)。英语亲属称谓语属类分型,而汉语亲属称谓语属叙述型(曲彦斌,1996)。在英语中,亲属称谓语概括、笼统;而汉语中的亲属称谓语清楚、细致,每一种亲属关系都给予叙述。英汉亲属称谓的具体差异概括为以下7点: (一)直系旁系区别 从表1中我们可以看到爷爷、奶奶、孙子、孙女是直系亲属,是属于同宗的;但其英语表达却分别与旁系亲属外公、外婆、外孙、外孙女一样 (二)父系母系区别

英语语言学论文题目

英语语言学论文题目 13论国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧 33成人世界的童话——从文体学角度解析现今童话再度流行的现象49论文化差异与英汉商标互译 55浅谈英汉句子结构差异 59诗意的美和喜剧性幽默 62试论广告英语的语言特点 65统觉团对英语初学者词汇学习的影响 67外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用 69新闻报道中的转述动词研究 73英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究 74英汉数字习语的对比研究 76英译汉中词序的变动 78英语广告的语言特征 80英语双关语汉译的可译性限度 101词义演变的原因与方式 137从汉语中英语借词的翻译看文化交流 138从价值观转换看斯佳丽的角色特征 142从礼貌准则看中英文化的异同 146从习语看英汉民族的文化差异 149从英语人名中看性别歧视 157动词过程类型的选择和话语隐性态度的表达 161对母语在英语写作中词汇负迁移现象的思考 162对严复译作中“信”的质疑 167法律英语用词特征分析 168法律语言翻译与法律文体 177副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征 180功能语法视角下的英语报纸新闻标题的功能 183广告口号语的语言特点 189国际商务文化之对比研究 204汉语中双关语的翻译 213基于概念隐喻的诗歌解读 228论广告英语中的幽默 265论广告英语的语言特点 268论汉英谚语的语言特征 280论清教理念与美国西进运动 282论莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间 300论英语广告中几种常用修辞格及其汉译 310论尤金?奥尼尔的表现主义手法 324名词化的语篇功能 330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响 339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能 340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能 345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点

英汉对比与翻译作业答案

The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段: 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲,他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活,早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展,维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一:姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二:他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一:开车他没有经验。 译文二:他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一:我眼下有口饭吃,还不是多亏了你吗? 译文二:还不是多亏了你,我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一:婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二:婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三:我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一:Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二:Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三:Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话,多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二:We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二:German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋,已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二: It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着,扶了洪教头,羞颜满面,自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵,沉默!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意:请大家在做作业之前,仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” (Static vs. Dynamic)两章内容。

相关主题