2015年9月上海高级口译真题解析

2015年9月上海高级口译真题听力部分解析

I. Note-taking Gap filling (NTGF)

从听力的音带文字来看，这次考试的NTGF话题不难，脉络清晰，但词汇难度较大，因此做笔记应该按照“纲目条”的技巧来记录。文章一开始就提出了主题，即对妇女而言，家务活是一种被迫接受的工作(imposed occupation)，而社会对这份“工作”也有不同的两种观点，演讲者对两种观点分别做阐述，值得一提的是，这种“两分法”(dichotomy)也是NTGF部分常见思路，考生需要注意。

演讲者首先提出了做全职主妇的负面看法。很多女性并不是心甘情愿的(not congenial)做“家庭主妇”的，这是一份“奴仆的工作”menial labor, 但是妇女的工作非常重要，因为对于任何社会来讲，男人承担了很多重要的工作，比如造船、伐木和军队，他们在家需要妇女来提供服务，否则社会无法正常运作，但是这些工作没有酬劳、没有晋升的机会，一眼望得到头(dead-endjob, no chance of promotion, no detailed nature)，而这些工作因为没有“详细的工作描述”(detailedjob description), 工作不需要与他人竞争, 妇女感觉自己的能力退化了，被社会边缘化了,人生也就觉得没有成就感(deteriorating,alienating, inadequate) 而因为我们的社会被分成了很多不同的单元(Our society is organized in units)，因此，妇女感觉到了“孤独”(isolation),而这份孤独感对人有负面心理作用(negative psychological effects)。

而对于这份工作的正面看法是，在西方社会，这份工作也并不是那么单调沉闷(full of drudgery) 、也并非让人感觉是“奴仆的工作”，难度也不高，如果从home-builder这个角度看，这份工作也能有成就感。全职主妇的工作没有压力，可以比较自由地安排工作时间，而她们得工作为社会提供实际效益(tangible benefits), 因此她们的工作让家庭成员和社会受益匪浅。

II. ListeningTranslation:

句子听译部分文字及参考翻译

1. Americanswatch television almost every night and attend movies regularly. So naturallyTV shows and latest movies become topics of discussions.Reading magazines such as Time and Newsweek will also keep you up to date on what is popular in America.

美国人几乎每天晚上看电视，并且经常看电影。因此，电视节目和最新的电影就成为了热门话题。阅读包括《时代》和《新闻周刊》在内的杂志也能更新美国最新时尚潮流。

2.What are the similarities, if any, between great sales reps and great leaders? They both have solid listening skills and a very positive attitude. In addition, they never give up and get pass mistakes.

优秀销售和领导的共同之处是什么?他们都具备良好的听力技能和积极的态度。此外，他们从不放弃，从不放过错误。

3. In the late 20th century, people who were concerned with the protection of our environment launched a new form of traveling, namely the ecology-based tourism. Eco-tourism is responsible travel in natural and usually protected area.在20世纪末，关心生活环境的人们发起了一种新型的旅游形式，也就是基于生态的旅游。生态旅游是指在自然以及通常被保护的区域进行负责任的旅游。

4. The universe has no limits. So far, we have probed only a fraction of it. Yet to travel to the frontiers of that fraction, even at 186300 miles per second, which is the speed of light, will take 6000 million years.

宇宙广无边际。至今为止我们只探索到了它很小的一部分。然而要去到我们已探索到的边缘，即使以每秒186300英里的光速行驶，也需要60亿年的时间。 5. At this remarkable moment in history, the global economy is giving more of our own people and billions around the world the chance to work and live and raise their families with dignity. 在这个特殊的历史时刻，全球经济正为越来越多的国民和几十亿世界人民提供机会，让他们能够有尊严地工作，生活，养家糊口。

Passage1

Inmany western societies, including the United States, a person who does notmaintain good eye contact is regarded as being slightly suspicious. Americans unconsciously associate people who avoid eye contact as unfriendly,

insecure,untrustworthy, inattentive and impersonal. However, In contrast, Japanese children are taught in schools to direct their gaze at the region of their teachers’neck or tie-knot. And as adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior, which is a gesture of respect. Latin American cultures, as well as some African cultures,have longer looking time. But prolonged eye contact from an individual of lower status is considered disrespectful.

在包括美国在内的很多西方国家，避免与人直视会被认为有些可疑。在潜意识中，美国人认为那些避免直视的人不友好、缺乏安全感、不值得信赖、不专心及不近人情。然而，相比之下，日本的孩子从小在学校接受的教育是要求他们将视线落在老师的颈部或领结的位置。因此，当与上级交流的时候，日本人会把目光降低一些，以示礼貌。在一些拉丁美洲和非洲国家，人们注视的时间会稍长些。但，社会底层人士如果长时间的注视则被认为不敬。

Passage2

In the United States today, many college graduates claim bankruptcy sothat they can avoid repaying money they borrowed from the federal government to finance their education. In fact, more than 300,000 student borrowers now owe the government over 500 million dollars. Statistics show that students are not good risks, whereas the student default rate now stands at over 12%. Banks report that student loan deliquency seldom exceeds 3%. Apparently the lack of money is not the only reason for nonpayment. A US government department found that 300 of its employees, some currently earning up to 63,000 dollars, have defaulted on student loans. 如今在美国，很多大学毕业生申请破产，这样他们就不再需要偿还联邦政府的助学贷款。实际上，超过30万学生借款人现在欠美国政府超过5亿美元的贷款。数据显示，学生贷款人是很有风险的，不偿还率现在已经超过12%。银行报告显示，非学生贷款的的不偿还率是很少超过3%的。很明显，缺钱并不是不偿还贷款的唯一原因。一个美国政府部分发现，它有300名员工依然拖欠学生贷款，而其中一些人现在的收入已经超过6万美元。

2015年9月上海高级口译真题阅读部分解析

第一篇：医疗检查

I spent the usual long afternoon at work doing little but ordering tests, far more than I honestly thought any patient needed, but that’s what we do these days. Guidelines mandate tests, and patients expect them; abnormal tests mean medication, and medication means more tests. My tally for the day: five hours, 14 reasonably healthy patients, 299 separate tests of body function or blood composition, three scans and a handful of referrals to specialists for yet more tests.本文作者是一名医生，开篇即陈述了一个医疗行业的问题：医生开太多检查了，而且是Guideline(医疗

指南)要求的，病人所期望的。

Teachers complain that primary education threatens to become a process of teaching to the test. They wince as the content of standardized tests increasingly drives their lesson plans, and the results of these tests define their accomplishments. We share their pain: Doctoring to the tests is every bit as dispiriting.

本段讲述了老师们遇到的类似问题，进行了一个类比：在教育行业，标准测试也变的越来越重要。两种情况都非常dispiriting(使人气馁)。

Some medical tests, like blood pressure checks, are cheap and simple. Some are pricier and more complicated, like mammograms or assays for various molecules in the blood that correlate with various diseases. We order them all at prescribed intervals, and if we happen to forget one, either by accident or design, electronic medical records nag us mercilessly until we capitulate. As in education, our

test-ordering behavior and our patients’ results increasingly define our achievements, and in the near future our remuneration is likely to follow. Still, like all test-based quality control systems, ours can be gamed. Our tests can also inflict unnecessary psychic damage, and occasional physical damage as well. Most distressing: Ordering tests, chasing down and interpreting results, and dealing with the endless cycle of repeat testing to confirm and clarify problems absorb pretty much all our time.

本段进一步说明大量检查给医生带来压力：它作为评价医疗质量的标准，今后还可能与remuneration(薪酬)挂钩。不过检查可能给患者带来损伤，同时也耗费很多时间。

It is all in the name of good and equitable health care, a laudable goal. But if you reach age 50 and I cannot persuade you to undergo the colonoscopy or mammogram you really don’t want, am I a bad doctor? If you reach age 85 and I persuade you to take enough medication to normalize your blood pressure, am I a good one?本段讨论：究竟什么样的医生才是好医生呢?

I am not the only one who wonders. A cadre of test skeptics at Dartmouth Medical School specialize in critically examining our test-based approach to well adult care. If you are confused about mammography, colonoscopy or the PSA test for prostate cancer, these folks deserve much of the blame: They have repeatedly demonstrated that these tests and many others do not necessarily make healthy people any healthier, any more than standardized testing in grade school improves a child’s intellect. Dr. H. Gilbert Welch, a Vermont physician who is part of the Dartmouth group, has

a new book that might serve as the test skeptic’s manifesto and bible. Its title, “Less Medicine, More Health,” sums up his trenchant, point-by-point critique of test-based health care and quality control.

有研究表明，利用开检查的数量来进行医疗质控是行不通的，算照指南做这些检查并不能使人们更加健康。

In medicine, “true quality is extremely hard to measure,” Dr. Welch writes. “What is easy to measure is whether doctors do things.” Only doing things like ordering tests generates data. Deciding not to do things and let well enough alone generates nothing tangible, no numbers or dollar amounts to measure or track over time. Dr. Welch points out that doctors get to become doctors because they are good with tests, and know instinctively how to behave in a test-focused universe. Rate them by how many tests they order, and they will order in profusion, often more than the guidelines suggest. They will do fine on assessments of their quality, but patients may not do so well. Even perfectly safe tests that are incapable of doing their own damage may, given enough weight, trigger catastrophe.

本段Dr. Welch进一步阐明，开许多检查是为了有效地保障医疗质量，但实际上这样做会使病人们过度检查，甚至造成伤害。

Yes, little blood pressure cuff over there in the corner, that means you. The link between very high blood pressure and disease is incontrovertible, and the drugs used to control blood pressure are among the cheapest and safest around. Even so, as Dr. Welch pointed out in a recent conversation, systems that rate doctors by how well their patients’ blood pressure is managed are likely to invite trouble. Doctors rewarded for treating aggressively are likely to keep doing so even when the benefits begin to morph into harm. That appears to happen in older adults, at least in those who avoid the common complications of high blood pressure and continue on medication. One study found that nursing home residents taking two or more effective blood pressure drugs did remarkably badly, withdeath rates more than twice that of their peers. In another, dementia patients taking blood pressure medication with optimal results nonetheless deteriorated mentally considerably faster.

其他的医疗质控方法，比如检测血压并且使用药物进行调控也不很有效。研究显示血压控制得好的老年人反而死亡率更高

Yet no quality control system that I know of gives a doctor an approving pat on the head for taking a fragile older patient off meds. Not yet, at least. Someday, perhaps, not ordering and not prescribing will mark quality care as surely as ordering and prescribing do today. Children go to school to learn. Adults go to the doctor … why? If they are sick, to get better, certainly. But for the average healthy, happy adult, let’s be honest: We really haven’t completely figured out why you are in the waiting room. And so we offer a luxuriant profusion of tests.

本文的结论是，目前并没有有效的医疗质控手段。而且很多时候，病人来医院除了接受检查也没什么可做的。

2015年9月上海高级口译真题阅读部分解析

第二篇：Los Angeles Times

标题：Gatsby, literature’s party animal, turns 90 (文学)

I was in high school when I first fell for Gatsby, who turns 90 today — an “old sport” by any measure. He was 50 even then, but he appeared to me as Robert Redford in a pink Ralph Lauren suit and those “shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel” that set Daisy sobbing in Chapter 5. How could a freckle-faced, Catholic-raised virgin resist that kind of bad boy: rich and handsome, with the best party house in town, even if he never did mingle?

本文涉及英美文学内容，开篇第一句提及“盖茨比”。第一段采取“故事开篇”结构，从作者青少年时期的感受做切入点，简要回顾盖茨比的故事情节。考生需对“盖茨比”、“黛西”等《了不起的盖茨比》信息有简单的了解。

Gatsby seems the kind of guy who would always have been popular. But the truth is more complicated. “The Great Gatsby” was published on April 10, 1925. Max Perkins, F. Scott Fitzgerald's editor, thought it a masterpiece. The then-29-year-old Fitzgerald wrote of the novel before it was published, “It represents about a year's work and I think it's about ten years better than anything I've done.”

第二段深入介绍小说与作者信息，作为背景知识补充，可快速阅读。

And it did receive some praise in its early days, for sure. The New York Times called it “a curious book, a mystical, glamorous story of today.” But others weren't enamored. The New York World ran a review under the headline “F. Scott Fitzgerald's Latest a Dud” (ouch!), and Perkins wrote at the time that so many people attacked him over the book that he felt “bruised.”

第三段展示媒体对小说的评论。注意文中“But”一词，转折词“but, yet, still, however, nevertheless”的出现意味着文意的转变。“And”句是对小说的赞赏，“But”句提出反面观点，认为小说乏善可陈，受到广泛攻击。

Sales were lackluster too. The first printing of Fitzgerald's debut novel, “This Side of Paradise,” had sold out in days, and Charles Scribner's Sons went back to press 11 more times in two years to sell almost 50,000 copies. Fitzgerald's follow-up, “The Beautiful and the Damned,” also sold well enough to put 50,000 copies into print. But the 20,000-copy first run of “The Great Gatsby” was followed by a mere 3,000 second print run, and no third. “Gatsby” was never out of print in the years before Fitzgerald died — at age 44, 15 years after its publication — only because Scribner's still had unsold copies from those first two printings.

第四段关注小说销售业绩。第一句中的“too”是个提示词，表示该段的观点与上一段相仿。“debut”首秀, “press”出版社, “first run”第一版等专业术语可做了解。

In fall 1940, Fitzgerald, writing to his wife, Zelda, of a new novel he was working on, lamented, “I don't suppose anyone will be much interested in what I have to say this time and it may be the last novel I'll ever write.” The last Scribner's royalty check before he died that December was for $13.13.

本段介绍小说作者菲兹杰拉德写给妻子的最后一本小说。

Fitzgerald's friend, the literary and social critic Edmund Wilson — who said of Fitzgerald's death that he “felt robbed of some part of my own personality”— helped with the posthumous publication of Fitzgerald's unfinished “The Last Tycoon.” He and Perkins, together with other Fitzgerald friends and fans, worked to keep critical attention on Fitzgerald's work. Without them, “Gatsby” might have disappeared altogether from the American literary canon.

本段介绍菲兹杰拉德的朋友对他小说出版的帮助。段落中出现“双破折”，考察标点符号的阅读方式，“双破折”起解释说明、重复介绍的作用，可以省略。

It was World War II, though, that gave “The Great Gatsby” a real boost in readership. As the war came to a close, 150,000 pocket-sized “Armed Service Edition”paperbacks were sent to soldiers, men who were perhaps left dreaming of swapping their uniforms for all those monogrammed shirts, and almost certainly of Daisy.

本段介绍二战对小说出版的推动力。第一句为主题句，“a real boost”, 高频词“boost”再次出现，同义词“promote”, “thrust”, “hoist”等均为促进的含义。

How the almost-forgotten novel ended up being chosen for this distribution isn't clear. Maureen Corrigan, in her book about “Gatsby,”“So We Read On,” speculates that Nicholas Wreden, a member of the book industry's Council on Books in Wartime who also happened to be the manager of Scribner's bookstore, may have had a hand in it, a hand perhaps guided by Perkins. The cover of the soldiers' edition, in selling Gatsby as “the greatest of the ‘racketeers' in American fiction,” may have led some to open it expecting Dashiell Hammett. That idea was perpetuated by the movie tie-in edition released by Bantam a few years later; on its cover, Howard Da Silva, as the character George Wilson, points a gun at a bare-chested and very buff Alan Ladd as Gatsby — a paperback that was reprinted five times by 1954.

The Bantam success influenced Scribner's reissue of the novel, first in collected-work volumes, then in a 1957 student paperback. Sales of the latter —designed for baby boomers needing something beyond textbook excerpts to test their literary mettle — rose from 12,000 in its first year to 36,000 in 1958, 100,000 each year by 1960, and three times that before Robert Redford donned that pink Lauren suit.

多段落评讲《了不起的盖茨比》小说获得成功的原因。段落内结合部分金融知识，如“baby boomers”出自美国二战后著名的“baby boom”婴儿潮一词，大量的数字作证小说的销售进步。

Were students reading “Gatsby” because of its literary heft or because it was teachable? Likely both, but in any event the result was an explosion of scholarly analysis paralleling the growth in sales and the dawning recognition of an American classic. This week, 90 years after its publication, “The Great Gatsby” is a phenomenon, having spent 476 weeks — more than nine years in total — on one national bestseller list, and “timed out” of most of the others. Internationally

it has sold more than 25 million copies. It's impossible to say how many scholarly articles it has given rise to, but a Google search of “Gatsby” returns 34 million hits.

Happy 90th, Old Sport. And many more.

末尾总结升华，强调《了不起的盖茨比》的成功经历了时间的考验，展示出全文的“积极正面”态度，与对该小说的肯定观点。

第三篇：《贫困、犯罪、教育、贫民窟的悖论》

来源：经济学人标题：Poverty, crime and education.

The paradox of the ghetto.THE poorest people in Leicester by a wide margin are the Somalis who live in the St Matthews housing estate. Refugees from civil war, who often passed through Sweden or the Netherlands before fetching up in the English Midlands, they endure peeling surroundings and appalling joblessness. At the last census the local unemployment rate was three times the national average. But Abdikayf Farah, who runs a local charity, is oddly upbeat. Just look at the children, he says.

第一段开篇点题，介绍文章主题为穷苦的难民在英国面临的艰难处境。出现的词汇多为当下国际热门词汇，如“refugee, joblessness, civil war, unemployment”。

Close to Mr Farah's office is Taylor Road Primary School—which, it turns out, trumps almost every school in Leicester in standardized tests. Its headmaster, Chris Hassall, credits the Somali immigrants, who insist that their children turn up for extra lessons at weekends and harry him when they seem to fall behind. Education is their ticket out of poverty. Poor district, wonderful school, well-ordered children: in Britain, the combination is not as unusual as one might suppose.

第二段将话题导向教育层面，以一所小学为例，介绍难民儿童在英国的新生活，提出教育对孩童的影响。

Britain has prized the ideal of economically mixed neighbourhoods since the 19th century. Poverty and disadvantage are intensified when poor people cluster, runs the argument; conversely, the rich are unfairly helped when they are surrounded by other rich people. Social mixing ought to help the poor. It sounds self-evident —and colors planning regulations that ensure much social and affordable housing is dotted among more expensive private homes. Yet “there is absolutely no serious evidence to support this,” says Paul Cheshire, a professor of economic geography at the London School of Economics (LSE).

第三段为观点议论，不同经济水平的人比邻而居，利大于弊。对于这一观点，作者在简单介绍后，提出了质疑。“Yet”这一转折词，需引起大家的注意。

And there is new evidence to suggest it is wrong. Researchers at Duke University in America followed over 1,600 children from age five to age 12 in England and Wales. They found that poor boys living in largely well-to-do neighbourhoods were the most likely to engage in anti-social behavior, from lying and swearing to such petty misdemeanors as fighting, shoplifting and vandalism, according to a commonly used

measure of problem behavior. Misbehavior starts very young (see chart 1) and intensifies as they grow older. Poor boys in the poorest neighbourhoods were the least likely to run into trouble. For rich kids, the opposite is true: those living in poor areas are more likely to misbehave.

第四段佐证了第三段作者的质疑。“And”这一连接词的作用，表明前后观点一致。前文质疑比邻而居的好处，该段则用实际数字和案例证明，贫富相互依靠而住，有高概率引起不良行为与少年犯罪。段落中出现了如“anti-social behavior,”“vandalism”, “misbehave”等社会、法律词汇。

The researchers suggest several reasons for this. Poorer areas are often heavily policed, deterring would-be miscreants; it may be that people in wealthy places are less likely to spot misbehavior, too. Living alongside the rich may also make the poor more keenly aware of their own deprivation, suggests Tim Newburn, a criminologist who is also at the LSE. That, in turn, increases the feelings of alienation that are associated with anti-social conduct and criminalbehavior.

本段分析前一段结论诞生的原因。

Research on England's schools turns up a slightly different pattern. Children entitled to free school meals—a proxy for poverty—do best in schools containing very few other poor children, perhaps because teachers can give them plenty of attention. But, revealingly, poor children alsofare unusually well in schools where there are a huge number of other poor children. That may be because schools have no choice but to focus on them. Thus in Tower Hamlets, a deprived east London borough, 60% of poor pupils got five good GCSEs (the exams taken at 16) in 2013; the national average was 38%. Worst served are pupils who fall in between, attendingschools where they are insufficiently numerous to merit attention but too many to succeed alone (see chart 2).

第六段提出新观点，从英格兰学校中贫困学生的表现指出，当贫困学生有足够多关爱和照顾的时候，他们往往表现良好。“GCSE”这一词汇为高频词，指英国中学考试，多次在教育话题中出现。

Mr Cheshire reckons that America, too, provides evidence of the limited benefits of socialmixing. Look, he says, at the Moving to Opportunity program, started in the 1990s, through which some poor people received both counseling and vouchers to move to richer neighbourhoods. Others got financial help to move as they wished, but no counselling. A third group received nothing. Studies after 10-15 years suggested that the incomes and employmentprospects of those who moved to richer areas had not improved. Boys who moved showed worse behavior and were more likely to be arrested for property crime.

第七段跳出英国，从美国角度证明混合社会有局限性。

In Britain, this pattern might be partly explained by the existence of poor immigrant neighbourhoods such as St Matthews in Leicester. The people who live in such ghettos are poor in means, because they cannot speak English and lack the kind

of social networks that lead to jobs, but not poor in aspiration. They channel their ambitions through their children.

Another probable explanation lies in the way that the British government hands out money. Education funding is doled out centrally, and children in the most indigent parts tend to get the most cash. Schools in Tower Hamlets receive 7,014 ($10,610) a year for each child, for example,compared with the English average of 4,675. Secondary schools also get 935 for each poor child thanks to the “pupil premium” introduced by the coalition government. Meanwhile Teach First sends top graduates into poor schools. In America, by contrast, much school funding comes from local property taxes, so those in impoverished areas lose out.

“In Britain”, “Another”, 属并列结构，两段为并列段落，主题句皆为第一句话。

As the Duke University researchers are keen to point out, all this does not in itself prove that economically mixed neighbourhoods are a bad thing. They may be good in other ways—making politicians more moderate, for example. But the research does suggest that the benefits of such districts are far from straightforward. Patterns of social segregation reflect broadersocial inequality, argues Mr Cheshire, who has written a book about urban economics and policy. Where mixed neighborhoods flourish, house prices rise, overwhelmingly benefiting the rich. Spending more money on schools in deprived areas and dispatching the best teachers there would do more to help poor children. Assuming that a life among wealthy neighbors will improve their lot is too complacent.

最后一段反向分析，杜克大学研究者指出，上述论述并不能证明，经济混合社区必然带来害处。全文为正反论述，提出多项数据与案例进行辨析，作者的态度ambivalent，模棱

两可。

第二部分question and answer的三篇文章，前两篇为美国社会问题的探讨。第一篇为美国孩童在没有父母监控下单独玩耍，美国警方未通知孩子家长的情况下，就将孩子逮捕入狱，揭示了美国警方的冷漠强硬。

第二篇介绍一名美国人意图自杀，遭到大量围观，且没有人上前制止，文章批判现代美国人缺乏同情心，为人处世过于冷漠无情的现实。

最后一篇文章为经济话题，介绍沃尔玛对员工进行涨薪这一话题，并且将沃尔玛与多年前的美国福特汽车涨薪事件进行对比，指出两家公司都没有能解决目前美国面临的宏观经济问题。2008年后美国经济迅速滑坡，失业率飙升，各大公司深陷经济危机，至今仍受到极

大影响，因此经济金融的话题经久不衰。

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高级口译英译中参考译文

Often mistaken, never in doubt.” That wry phrase describes us all more than we'd like to admit. The psychological study of misconceptions shows that all of us possess many beliefs that are flawed or flat-out wrong---and also that we cling to these fallacies with remarkable tenacity. As a result, just hearing the correct explanation isn't enough. Most methods of instruction and training assume that if

you provide people with the right information, it will replace any mistaken information listeners may already possess. But especially when our previous beliefs(even though faulty) have proved useful to us, and when they appear to be confirmed by everyday experience, we are reluctant to let them go.

“经常出错，却从不质疑”。这句俗话说的是我们都不愿承认的一件事。心理学家对人类的错误观念做了研究，结果发现，尽管人类对很多事物的认知或多或少存在缺陷，有些甚至是完全错误的，但对于这些错误，人类通常却固执己见。结果是，仅听正确概念的解释是不够的。多数指导和培训理论认为，如果给人类灌输正确的观念，这将取代他们原有的错误。但只要我们原有的观念(哪怕是错误的)对我们有帮助，尤其是那些通过日常经验所得，我们并不愿意放手。

Donna Alvermann, a language and literacy researcher at the University of Georgia, notes that in study after study, "students ignored correct textual information when it conflicted with their previously held concepts. On measures of free recall and recognition, the students consistently let their incorrect prior knowledge override incoming correct information." It's what our mothers called "in one ear and out the other." We have to actively disabuse ourselves or others of erroneous conceptions, and research from cognitive science and psychology points the way. Although much of this research concerns misguided notions of how the physical world works, the techniques it has produced can be used to correct any sort of deficient understanding.

乔治亚大学的语言和识字研究学者Donna Alvermann指出，一次次的研究调查发现，“对于正确的文字信息，学生通常视而不见，因为这些信息和他们原有的观点有冲突。记忆和认知调查显示，学生始终如一地坚持原有的观点”。这就是妈妈们经常唠叨的“一个耳朵进一个耳朵出”。很多研究人类认知科学的心理调查证实了一个观点，即我们不得不经常去说服自己和他人的错误观点。该项目研究的是人类对物质世界的认知错误，而作为研究产物的一些方法可被用来如何纠正人类的认知方面的错误。

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中文是世界上最古老的文字之一。传说中的仓颉造字让中国人有了共同的根。从甲骨文到简体汉字，中文伴随着中华民族绵延至今。中文铸造类中华民族的精神品格。比如说，中文书写各笔每画都要伸缩有度，相互映衬，取长补短，以使整个字浑然一体。这体现了中国人谦让包容、合作共赢的处事风格。

中文富有哲理，很多字由意生字，寓意丰富。中文的“信”字由“人”和“言”组成，意思就是“人要言而有信”。这是中国人的做人原则，也是中国与世界各国的相处之道。中文的优美、简练举世公认。中文是从象形字演变而来，逐步发展成一种可以欣赏的书写艺术。这是世界上是独特的。

Chinese language is one of the most time-honored languages in the world. Legend has it that CangJie created the Chinese characters, which formed the common root for Chinese people. Chinese, from the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells in the earliest times to the simplified characters in the present, has been the thread along the progress of Chinese nation. It has forged the common spirit of the Chinese nation. For example, Chinese calligraphy requires every stroke to be flexible and

complementary to each other so that in combination these strokes form the harmonious whole. It is a vivid symbol of Chinese people’s modesty and inclusiveness, cooperative and win-win mindset.

Chinese is a philosophical language, with many characters entailing profound meaning based on their ingredients of significance. For instance, “integrity”(信)in Chinese is composed of two parts: person (人) and word (言), signifying that a person should be as good as his word. It is the basic principle for Chinese people to conduct themselves and for China to coexist with other nations in the world. Chinese language enjoys worldwide renown of elegance and conciseness. It develops from pictograph to the calligraphic art for general appreciation, which is quite unique in the world.

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2015年9月高级口译汉英翻译部分考到了人文话题，涉及中文的发展演变历史。正如著名语言学家吕淑湘先生曾经指出，“汉语多流水小句”，中文的这一竹节式的结构特色在本次人文主题的翻译文章中也是得到了极致的体现。在翻译成英文时，考生还是要把握中英两种语言的差异，得其“意”而忘其“形”，即在意思上尽量与原文靠拢，而使结构达到整饬美。

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一. 词性转换，语意依旧。词性转换法是中高级口译翻译部分所考到的最重要的翻译技巧，每次考试必有涉及，本次也不例外。例如：“传说中的仓颉造字让中国人有了共同的根”，此句中仍然体现了汉语中多用动词“造字”，而英文中多用名词，显得行文正式，因此翻译时可用到转性译法的名转动，译为 creation; 再如，“中文伴随着中华民族绵延至今”，也用到了动态化的结构“绵延至今”，在翻译时亦可转译为英文中的名词’the thread along the progress of the Chinese nation’; 再如：“这体现了中国人谦让包容、合作共赢的处事风格。”其中“体现”这一动词在翻译成英文时也可以转译为名词 symbol，凸显出行文的正式。

二. 有增有减，张弛有度。如文中“从甲骨文到简体汉字”，翻译时需把时间增译进来，即译为” from the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells in the earliest times to the simplified characters in the present”; 再如，汉语是意合的文字，并不注重形式上的关联词，在译为英文时可适当增补逻辑关系词。“中文的“信”字由“人”和“言”组成”这一句是对前一句“中文富有哲理，很多字由意生字，寓意丰富”的举例阐述，增补for instance。

三. 有分有合，相得益彰。比如，文中“传说中的仓颉造字让中国人有了共同的根”这一句，如果考生觉得转性处理有难度，亦可将其进行拆分，即采用“传说中仓颉造字，这让中国人有了共同的根”，译为Legend has it that CangJie created the Chinese characters, which formed the common root for Chinese people，用定语从句进行连接。再如，中文富有哲理，很多字由意生字，寓意丰富。此句为典型的汉语竹节式小句结构，翻译时可用到谓语最小化原则，比如用到with结构，译为Chinese is a philosophical language, with many characters entailing profound meaning based on their ingredients of significance.再如，中文的“信”字由“人”和“言”组成，意思就是“人要言而有信”。同样可用到谓语最小化原则，译为’For instance, “integrity” (信) in Chinese is

composed of two parts: person (人) and word (言), signifying that a person should be as good as his word.

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