论文中英文翻译(译文)

编号：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院

毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

（译文）

系别：电子工程系

专业：电子信息工程

学生姓名：韦骏

学号：0852100329

指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院姓名：梁勇

职称：讲师

2012 年6 月5 日

设计与实现基于Modbus 协议的嵌入式Linux 系统

摘要：随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，新一代工业自动化数据采集和监测系统，采用核心的高性能嵌入式微处理器的，该系统很好地适应应用程序。它符合消费等的严格要求的功能，如可靠性，成本，尺寸和功耗等。在工业自动化应用系统，Modbus 通信协议的工业标准，广泛应用于大规模的工业设备系统，包括DCS，可编程控制器，RTU 及智能仪表等。为了达到嵌入式数据监测的工业自动化应用软件的需求，本文设计了嵌入式数据采集监测平台下基于Modbus 协议的Linux 环境采集系统。串行端口的Modbus 协议是实现主/从式，其中包括两种通信模式：ASCII 和RTU。因此，各种药膏协议的设备能够满足串行的Modbus通信。在Modbus 协议的嵌入式平台实现稳定和可靠。它在嵌入式数据监测自动化应用系统的新收购的前景良好。关键词：嵌入式系统，嵌入式Linux，Modbus 协议，数据采集，监测和控制。

1、绪论

Modbus 是一种通讯协议，是一种由莫迪康公司推广。它广泛应用于工业自动化，已成为实际的工业标准。该控制装置或不同厂家的测量仪器可以链接到一个行业监控网络使用Modbus 协议。Modbus 通信协议可以作为大量的工业设备的通讯标准，包括PLC，DCS 系统，RTU 的，聪明的智能仪表。随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，嵌入式数据采集监测系统，使用了高性能的嵌入式微处理器为核心，是一个重要的发展方向。在环境鉴于嵌入式Linux 的嵌入式工业自动化应用的数据，一个Modbus 主协议下的采集监测系统的设计和实现了这个文件。因此，通信设备，各种药膏协议能够满足串行的Modbus。

2、Modbus 协议简介

Modbus 协议包括ASCII 码，RTU 和TCP 传输模式，支持传统的RS - 232 和RS - 422，RS - 485 和以太网设备。至于串口的Modbus 设备，控制器，在标准的Modbus 网络协议可以建立在两个传输模式：ASCII 模式或RTU 模式种。至于以太网的Modbus 设备，传输模式是Modbus / TCP 协议。相同的传输模式和参数必须选择在网络上所有设备的Modbus。Modbus 协议是独立于硬件。取而代之的是物理层，它只定义了利用结构的资料，该控制器能够区分的。然而，网络式的沟通是没有定义。Modbus 协议规定了信息和数据结构，指挥和响应方式。该协议以主/从方法用于数据通信。主机

发出的请求信息，而从机产生响应信息和主返回到正确的信息作出反应的要求后接收。主机还可以将信息发送到修改了数据的从机。

Modbus 协议需要验证数据。串行协议具有校验，此外，ASCII 模式采用LRC校验，RTU 模式和使用16 CRC 校验。但是，TCP 模式没有额外规定检查，因为TCP 协议是一个可靠的协议，面临的连接。此外，使用的Modbus 主从方式，接收和发送在固定时间内的资料。在实务上，如果某些从属设备分开，主可以诊断它，故障被修复后，网络可以自动连接。因此，Modbus 协议是可靠的。由于Modbus 协议的消息结构，每个控制器需要一台设备的地址，这是用来区分消息和法官会采取什么行动进行。如果响应是必要的，控制器将产生答复和Modbus 协议传送到查询的一面。该系统的设计它是嵌入式数据采集系统的总体结构图。在这个系统中，嵌入式数据采集平台是核心和控制设备的数据通信与嵌入式数据采集平台的Modbus 协议的Modbus 从站通过各种。因此，数据采集，数据分析后，通过TCP /IP 是实现预处理的数据传输给操作员和工程师监测中心站。工业级微处理器是Atmel 公司的AT91RM9200 的作为嵌入式数据采集平台的核心。在嵌入式数据采集平台集成多种周边连接此外，包括串口，CAN 总线接口，使AD / DA 接口，RS485 接口，SD / MMC 卡读写器，JTAG 和调试调试接口等，18 英寸TFT 真彩色液晶显示屏，它可以在数据可能被用于演示，也有触摸屏的功能，也集成在该平台。嵌入式Linux 操作系统中使用的嵌入式数据采集平台，以及Modbus 协议主功能得以实现。因此，嵌入式平台，可以通过串口读了Modbus协议奴隶的数据，并显示在LCD（触摸屏）被处理后，分析和数据。同时，可以传输数据，通过以太网接口的嵌入式平台，以供进一步的监测和管理监测中心经过分析和处理中。

4、设计与Modbus 协议的嵌入式Linux 环境下执行

4.1、嵌入式Linux 系统及移植随着Linux 的发展方向之一，嵌入式Linux 有许多成功和成熟的产品。稳定性，可靠性和高效率的嵌入式Linux 正在证明了的事实。嵌入式Linux 开放的源代码，提供技术支持，具有良好的可扩展性广泛，支持多种硬件。所有这些都是嵌入式Linux 的优势。该系统采用嵌入式的硬件环境为Linux 操作系统和ARM9。目前，臂Linux 支持公司的一系列的ARM 处理器，包括ARM610，ARM710，ARM720Tcores，ARM920Tcores，StrungARM110，SrtongARM1100，XScale 和等是Atmel 的AT91RM9200 的板的使用为目标，在这个文件。从标准Linux 不同，它必须开始从闪存或ROM 中。美国启动用作本文启动程序。为了手动移植Linux 操作系统，它也需要各种资源Linux 驱动程序。如果该设备是由他们自己设计的，它需

要编写相应的驱动程序。Linux 的移植的一般步骤如图2。至于到了ARM 内核和文件系统的Linux，u - boot 的是先通过串口下载到开发板，然后使用串口或网络的方法。由于内核和文件系统的反映是相当大的文件，通过串行端口传输速度缓慢;以太网模式用于下载内核和文件系统。当然，网络的U - Boot 的参数需要在下载前处理。根据建立的u - boot 命令模式的u - boot 的网络参数：TFTP 服务是运行在服务器上，然后编译内核和文件系统映像的图像被添加到服务器的目录。服务器和网络开发板与电缆连接，然后，内核和文件下载到系统的内存通过运行启动命令行下面的命令下的u - boot：已编译的Linux 可以操作臂后进行bootm 21000000。内核和文件系统中内存可以通过闪存写入启动处长秩序的u。该系统能自动运行后，设置启动参数。然后程序操作的开发板。

4.2、串行配置的Modbus 协议在Linux 环境下标准的Modbus 串行协议使用的RS232/RS485 传输。串行设备设备节点为/dev/ttyS0 来（COM1 端口）dev/ttyS1 COM2 端口）Linux 环境。和/（在由于Modbus串行协议包括两种传输模式：ASCII 和RTU 模式。起始标记和结束标记的两种模式是不同的。此外，每个信息包数据的位置也不同。因此，必须单独处理。以RTU 模式为例，介绍在Linux 环境下的Modbus 串行协议配置。头文件由串行操作需要的是：当Modbus 协议的特点是采用RTU 传输模式下，串行波特率，数据位，停止位置，检查位置和控制应根据设定的框架特征的信息。建立串口波特率：在设计中，以使其得到方便。功能参数，是一个结构的定义如下凡

slave_address 就是从站地址。一个Modbus 网络允许最多255 个从站。该函数是服务模式的选择特点，并有六种服务模式在本系统提供的，分别为1-6。该start_address 是16 位字符，这是目前从站供电设备的起始地址。该pointnum_or_setdata 包括2 种文字，服务1-4 是点头人数增加经营，服务 5 和6 是16 位字符正在建立。该方案首先确定了格式字符值，建立了传输模式，用户需要，这将决定哪些串行配置功能和服务功能什么样的选择。然后设置串口参数在Linux 环境。相应的服务结构功能是通过判断用户的请求服务类型的选择。例如，如果格式为0，采用RTU 模式。该函数是1，这意味着用户请求读取线圈。该方案通过使用construct_rtu_frm 构造函数是rtu_read_status 函数调用的Modbus 的请求帧。该方案保留了串行传输缓冲区mod_tx_buf，这是事先定义它，然后把通过调用命令的Modbus 串行传输请求帧。如果程序设定的时间内得到答复框架，该方案将处理答复帧通过调用相应的模式解析函数。举例来说，当是ASCII 传输模式，在ascii_data_anlys 函数被调用，如果传输模式是RTU 模式，然后

rtu_data_anlys 函数被调用。解析函数的分析数据，接收缓冲区接收串行。如果答复框架分析是正确的，该函数将数据加载到目标缓冲区。如果是错误的，该函数将终止这项服务，并处理错误，打印错误信息了。

4.3、Modbus 协议的串行软件设计

这里主要介绍了方案的设计与实现串行Modbus 协议，其中包括两种传输模式RTU 和ASCII。在Modbus 主机服务包括人机交互模块，功能选择模块，功能处理模块和返回处理模块。每个模块的功能是实现了在嵌入式Linux 环境。人机交互模块是为用户和平台的通信模块。它主要实现了网页打印功能，用户信息的输入和指导等。该函数的选择模块是平台选择的Modbus 主函数的选择参数根据用户输入的信息。这些参数包括传播方式的，服务类型，从站地址等。该函数处理模块是这个平台的核心。它包括串口初始化的功能，结构的Modbus 帧，模态分析的Modbus 帧，各类业务处理和业务处理等6 种主要的设计，其中包括：为串行的Modbus 设备在这个平台阅读线圈状态，读输入状态，读保持寄存器，读输入寄存器，写，写单线圈单登记。这 6 种的模式涵盖了Modbus的基本功能需求。而这是非常方便的扩大，如果必要的其他职能。返回处理模块流程操作平台的结果。如果用户请求的服务流程成功，服务结果将通过标准打印输出设备，，否则错误信息打印。

4.4、服务的结构和功能分析框架

以读持有注册服务为例，介绍了施工过程中要求的Modbus 帧。该函数读取保存寄存器数是03 和建设要求的Modbus 帧是实现通过rtu_read_hldreg 和ascii_read_hldreg 功能。前者实现了RTU 的框架结构，而后者的ASCII 框架结构。该rtu_read_hldreg 结构如下所示：输入参数board_adr 就是从站地址，用户需要访问的。是缓冲区的com_buf 了Modbus 帧传输领域。该start_address 是访问的起始地址和长度lenth 是访问的。所有这些变量，则是通过结构模块参数的人机互动。高（）和低（）是两个定义的函数。该高（）是为了获得高的8 位，低（）是获得低8 位。该construct_rtu_frm 功能是RTU 的框架结构。所有的服务都是通过调用此函数实现，形成RTU 的请求帧。其结构如下所示：经过这些步骤，一帧请求已完成制作。最后，为了写（fd，mod_tx_buf，tx_len）是通过调用串行端口发送和传输缓冲区的请求的Modbus 帧传输。tx_len 是服凡务构造函数返回值。请求帧传输后，该方案将等待从站回应。为了避免无休止的循环机制，通过检测从站没有回应，建立一个加班。如果从站并没有在预定时间响应，程序产生一个错误消息并停止该服务。如果服务程序在预定的时间收到答复框架，分析了通过调用

解析函数的答复时限。

5、结论

Modbus 通信协议的广泛使用，已成为事实上的工业标准，其实。它是用大量的工业设备作为它们之间的通讯标准，包括DCS，可编程控制器，RTU 通讯，智能仪表及监控系统等新一代工业自动化数据采集采用高性能嵌入式微处理器为核心。因此，它适应应用程序很好地满足功能性，可靠性，成本，体积，功耗等严格要求，为了达到嵌入的数据监测的工业自动化应用，系统采集要求Modbus协议的主站上的嵌入式数据采集监测Linux 环境下的平台，是本文设计的基础。每个从站之间的通信实现。根据掌握的Modbus 的嵌入式Linux 环境服务程序运行稳定，可靠的测试后，Modbus 协议。它提供了良好服务的Modbus 主站，并符合标准的Modbus 协议。其在工业自动化数据采集监测系统的新一代应用前景非常好。

6、鸣谢

这项工作支持的项目一部分由上海科技攻关项目（编号061111004），上海曙光跟踪计划（第06GG13）和上海领先学科项目。

7、参考资料

[1] 第十一波，方艳6 月应用嵌入在串口设备联网技术[J]。电力自动化设备，2007，27（8）99-101。

[2] 张浩，黄云彦，彭道岗。EGI 立足于预警系统研究[J] Modbus 协议。机电一体化，2007，13（2）:15

- 18。

[3] 李娟，张波，丘东元。多机通信与Modbus RTU 的总部设在电能质量监测系统[J]。电力自动化

设备，2007，27，（1）:93 - 96。

[4] 岳杨，张春光，袁爱进。设计和嵌入式人机界面的实现基于Modbus 的研究[J]。工业控制计算

机，2006，19（1）:8 - 10。

[5] 闵华松，刘光临。嵌入式状态监测与故障诊断系统的高速旋转机械的研究[J]。信息与控制，2006,35

（3）：309 - 313。

[6] 鲍可进，邬建勇。对权力的执行情况与嵌入式Web 服务器系统[J]远程监控。计算机工程与设计，

2007,28（13）：3178 -3180。

中英文论文对照格式

英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式

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中英文对照版合同翻译样本

1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b513391878.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:

文献翻译英文原文

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b513391878.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

论文中英文翻译

An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the

中英文翻译

附录A：英文原文 Website Design (Xiao Xiang Zhang) Abstract：Website construction is divided into several aspects: set theme site and collect data, establish the site directory structure, to set up the web page link relations, page design and web production, site testing, web site As well as the promotion and maintenance. Each step in the process of website construction are play an role instead. Keywords:the directory structure; Web site production; Site tests; Web site Based on the needs of the society now a days, this paper mainly introduces how to create a static web site. And in the process of establishing personal website gradually over the years at the university of understanding and strengthen the learning of all kinds of knowledge points about creating a website. In my personal understanding, to create a distinctive personal website, can have their own personality and characteristics. In this way can attract people. Only one goal, that is, do yourself. 1 the website construction of stages website localization is the ultimate goal of web site design and guidelines. Who established the theme of the site to solve design for, attract, communication. making web pages through the web page design of web site overall coordinated style. Website of colour fundamental key color, color schemes, page style and page composition and image, animation, repeated research. Convenient navigation design users easy access to the site of the resources. the release and maintenance of the site to complete the site test of all files and uploaded to the server, website promotion and publicity,

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

论文外文翻译

Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that

中英文翻译混凝土配合比的选择英文原文

规范 5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 5.2.1－混凝土配比的确定有以下规定： （a）和易性和稠度使混凝土在浇筑时，易于成型和易于与钢筋粘结，不会离析或泌水。 （b）按第四章的要求，混凝土具有抵抗侵蚀的性能。 （c）符合5.6节中强度试验要求。 5.2.2－不同材料用在不同部分，起不同作用，要评测每一个组合。 5.2.3－混凝土配比要与5.3节或5.4节相一致，而且要满足适用性。 5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料 注释 R5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 “普通混凝土，重混凝土，大体积混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.1给出了选择混凝土配比的细节规则。（提供了两种选择和调整普通混凝土配比的方法：估计重量和绝对体积方法。给出了两种方法的计算实例。按绝对体积方法配制的重混凝土的配比查看附录。）“结构用轻骨料混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.2给出了轻质混凝土选料的方法。（提供了选择和调整不同建筑等级轻骨料混凝土的配比方法。） R5.2.1－所用水灰比要足够低，或者轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度足够高,以满足强度标准（见5.3或5.4）和特殊环境（第四章）的要求。该条规范不包括极恶劣暴露环境的要求，如：酸性条件，高温条件，同时也没考虑美学效果，如表面装修。这些方面超出了该规范的范围，应包含在工程技术要求中。混凝土配比要满足该规范的最低要求，以及合同附加的条款。 R5.2.3－本规范强调混合物的现场试验或试验室试拌（见5.3）作为首选的混凝土配比方法。 R5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料 在选择合适的混凝土混合料时，遵循以下三步。第一，确定样品标准偏差。第二，确定要求的混凝土平均抗压强度。第三，根据传统配制试验或合理的经验记录，选择满足该平均强度要求的混凝土配合比。Fig.R5.3是选择配料的流程图。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

英文翻译(小论文)

A virtual instrument based measurement and control platform for vibration analysis of motor LI Wen1, LI Li2 Abstract:This paper describes the establishing process of motor vibration analyzing system based on virtual instrument. This system consists of data acquisition module, vibration spectrum analysis module, and control module. Real-time collection of data acquisition module can be operated during motor running process. Power spectrum, harmonic analysis and STFT intensity spectrum can be done with vibration spectrum analysis module; and the performance of motor under different control laws can be easily studied by call control algorithms with control module. The test results show that the platform is feasible and effective. Key words: motor vibration; virtual instrument; spectrum analysis module; control module 2.1 data acquisition module Place DAQ Assistant Express VI and Write to Measurement File .vi into While Circulation in program block diagram while set the cycle time as 60s, then set the channel, sensitivity, sample rate and other parameters in DAQ Assistant . Run the program can collect experimental data and the data can be stored by the designated route in the folder. Fig.4 shoes its program Fig.4. program of DAQ Data acquisition

中英文对照版合同翻译样本

1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the