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翻译研究基本术语

翻译研究基本术语
翻译研究基本术语

翻译研究基本术语

源语/译出语source language(SL), original language

译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language

原作者SL author, original author

译者(笔译者)translator

译者(口译者)interpreter

读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience

文本text

原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition

译本/译著translated text/translational work

源语读者source-language reader/SL reader

源语文化source-language culture/source culture

译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience

译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture

语境context

笔译written translation

口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting

同声传译simultaneous interpreting

交替口译consecutive interpreting

翻译原则translation principle

标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)

翻译过程translation process

翻译程序/步骤translationprocedures

反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response

对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence

等值/对等equivalence

对等物(词语)equivalent

形式对等formal equivalence

功能对等functional equivalence

动态对等dynamic equivalence

等效equivalent effect

充分性adequacy

可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)

可读性readability(readable)

可译性translatability(translatable)

不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)

表层结构surface structure

深层结构deep structure

理解understanding/comprehension

表达expression

再现reproduction/representation

转换transformation

传译/转移transferral/transfer

误解misunderstanding

误译mis-translation

异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation

归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 词汇空缺lexical gap

文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap

直译literal translation/direct translation

意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation

直译派a literalist/a sourcerer

意译派a free-hander/a targeteer

重复法repetition

增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition

减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission

词类转移法/词性转换conversion

反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation

移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation

音译法transliteration

具体化specification

概括化generalization

抽象化abstracting

明析化explicitation

译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)

加注法annotation

夹注intratextual note

脚注footnote

尾注/文后注endnote

注释性翻译annotated/commented translation 释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase

引申法extension

替代法substitution/replacement

借用borrowing

推演法deduction

缀合法combination

分译法division

逆序法/倒置法reversing

合译法combination

综合法mixture of methods

包孕embedding

切断/分切cutting

拆离splitting-off

插入inserting

重组recasting

回译back translation

还原法finding the original

原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor 词序调整inversion

选词diction

补偿compensation

视点转换shift of perspective

套译/仿译/仿拟imitation

信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity

达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness

通顺smoothness

流畅fluency

自然naturalness /idiomaticity

雅/优美elegance/gracefulness

简洁brevity

明析clarity

简明conciseness

内涵connotation

含义implication

言外之意allocution

本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)

译者隐形translator’s invisibility

透明(度)transparency

宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rahter to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)

神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance

化境(钱钟书语)sublimation

信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)

三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning 东方语言Oriental languages

西方语言Occidental languages

佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra

梵语Sanskrit

鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva

泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler

奈达(Eugene A.) Nida

机器翻译machine translation(MT)

人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)

翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn

翻译学translatology/Translation Studies

翻译体/翻译腔translationese

死译/硬译mechanical translation

逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation

乱译/胡译excessively free translation

歪译(意义扭曲)distortion

惯用法usage

搭配collocation

约定俗成convention

形合hypotaxis

意合parataxis

语料库翻译学研究内容

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小议科技英语翻译技巧

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研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译8

Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症?一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大,这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是,问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候,一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前,我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智,等到我们意识到它的时候,我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力?更重要的是,我们怎么才能够控制它? 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来,科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素,也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑,让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果,他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲,它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗,不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说,你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重,不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。

浅析语料库对于翻译研究的意义

浅析语料库对于翻译研究的意义 【摘要】基于语料库的翻译研究在当今已进入一个全新模式,多种语料库被开发应用在人工翻译和机器翻译等实践领域当中。本文对语料库的概念以及某些种类语料库在翻译活动中具体实用情况做出分析,揭示语料库对于翻译研究的意义。 【关键词】语料库;翻译;双语语料库;平行/对应语料库 An Analysis on the Significance of Corpus to Translating Research CHEN Dan (Eastern Liaoning University,Dandong Liaoning 118000,China) 【Abstract】Translating research based on corpus has stepped into a new mode today,and many kinds of corpora are developed and applied in practical fields of manual translation and machine translation. The thesis analyzes the concept corpus and the application of some corpora in translating,which exemplify the significance of corpus to translating research. 【Key words】Corpus;Translating;bilingual corpus;Parallel corpus “语料库”的英语单词corpus来源于拉丁语,意思是body,有“全集”的含义,即“语料的集合”。有的学者认为语料库是基于形式和目的的存储于电子数据库中的文本集合,是描述自然发生语言的集合;也有人认为它是按照明确的语言学标准选择并排序的语言运用材料的汇集,旨在用作语言的样本。国内语料库学者杨惠中对语料库的定义做了较为详细的界定。他指出,“语料库是指按照一定的语言学原则,运用随机抽样方法,收集自然出现的连续的语言运用文本或话语片段而建成的具有一定容量的大型电子文库”。 语料库所收集的语料是真实、自然的语言。不同于普通的文本数据库,它的设计和建设是以系统的理论语言学原则为依据,并且具有明确的目的性。语料库的结构严格依照既定程序设定,以一定研究目的为基础,按学科或语篇类型分类存储。语料库中的语料必须符合科学的语言研究,语料可以随机抽取或按统计学方法采集。 语料库的类型和分类标准很多。按用途分,语料库可分为通用语料库(general corpus)和专用语料库(specialized corpus);按语料选取时间,语料库可分为历时语料库(diachronic corpus)和共时语料库(synchronic corpus);按不同结构,语料库可分为平衡语料库(balanced corpus)和自然随机结构语料库(random structure corpus);按语料库的性质,语料库可分为原始语料库(raw corpus)和标注语料库(annotated corpus);按语言种类,语料库可分为单语语料库

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论,那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说,高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里,转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上,转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计,美国去年所种植玉米的1/3,大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年,美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是,显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样,转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里,由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择,而且供应远远超过需求,所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家,问题比较简单,也更加紧迫:生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has

科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.

翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法

西南交通大学研究生科技英语翻译期末复习题

科技英语翻译联系200句 transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy. 传送电磁波需要能量 control will do most of things in pest control. 化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。 is not until wires are connected that the path is completed. 直到导线接上以后,此电路才接通。 odds are heavily against any man being able to do the work in the field of abstract theory that Einstein is doing. 对任何能从事爱因斯坦正在进行的抽象理论研究的人来说,条件都是极为不利的。 design is of an art rather than an exact science. 与其说振荡器的设计是一门严谨的科学,不如说它是一门艺术。 rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到(了)1/7。 and animals which hunt at night have eyes which contain few or no cones at all,so they cannot see colors. 凡是夜间觅食的飞禽走兽,因为眼睛中的视维细胞数量极少或根本没有,所以不能辨别颜色。 is sometimes powerful enough to destroy a coastwise building it strikes. 海啸有时威力很大,足可摧毁它所冲击的沿岸的建筑物。 everybody is convinced the Leaning Tower of Pisa really can be saved. 并非每个人都相信比萨斜塔真的能免于坍塌。 crane has a certain hitting

西南交通大学研究生 科技英语翻译 期末复习题

科技英语翻译联系200句 1.To transmit electromagnetic waves takes energy. 传送电磁波需要能量 2.Chemical control will do most of things in pest control. 化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。 3.It is not until wires are connected that the path is completed. 直到导线接上以后,此电路才接通。 4.The odds are heavily against any man being able to do the work in the field of abstract theory that Einstein is doing. 对任何能从事爱因斯坦正在进行的抽象理论研究的人来说,条件都是极为不利的。 5.Oscillator design is of an art rather than an exact science. 与其说振荡器的设计是一门严谨的科学,不如说它是一门艺术。 6.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. 发现迅速减少到(了)1/7。 7.Birds and animals which hunt at night have eyes which contain few or no cones at all,so they cannot see colors. 凡是夜间觅食的飞禽走兽,因为眼睛中的视维细胞数量极少或根本没有,所以不能辨别颜色。 8.Tsunami is sometimes powerful enough to destroy a coastwise building it strikes. 海啸有时威力很大,足可摧毁它所冲击的沿岸的建筑物。 9.Not everybody is convinced the Leaning Tower of Pisa really can be saved. 并非每个人都相信比萨斜塔真的能免于坍塌。 10.Every crane has a certain hitting capacity, ranging from a few tons to many hundreds of tons. 每台起重机均有一定的起重力(量),该起重力(量)从几吨到几百吨不等。 11.The best solution is continue to reduce all sources of pollution affecting our atmousphere. 最好的方法是继续减少影响大气层的各种污染物。 12. Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。 13.It is these drawbacks which need to be eliminated and which have led to the search for new processes. 正是因为这些缺点需要消除,才导致了对新方法的探求。 14.Real-time systems often need extraordinary precautions to guard against possible break down of computer. 实时系统往往需要特别小心,以防止计算机可能发生故障。 15.The steam engine uses a fire in a boiler rather than inside the engine. 蒸汽机所利用的是锅炉中的火,而不是发动机里边的火。 16.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。17.Our primary purpose in studying fatigue is to understand why failures occur so that we can guard against them in an optimum manner. 我们研究疲劳的主要目的在于了解产生失效的原因,以便能以最佳的方式加以预防。 18.This system will build on the knowledge and experience gained in developing the existing suite of software products. 这个系统的基础是从开发现有的成套软件产品中所获得的知识和经验。 19.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. 并非所有的金属的导电性能都同样好。20.It means that the mass of the comet cannot have amounted to as much as one ten-thousandth of that of the earth. 这表明这颗彗星的质量甚至不到地球质量的万分之一。 21.Inspection programs help to determine when to replace parts. 检验计划有助于确定更换零件的时间。

2012年北航SDLTRADOS杯研究生科技英语翻译比赛原文

2012年北航SDL TRADOS杯研究生科技英语翻译比赛原文 The Fermi–Hart Paradox: Where are the Aliens? Fermi is reported to have mused over lunch that there could not be intelligent life forms elsewhere than Earth because they would have colonized space and already be here. Conversely, the presence of life on the Earth implies its presence elsewhere. This problem, though it originated with Fermi, has been worked on by many people, most notably Hart. Over the years, the absence of evidence for aliens has emerged as one of the few solid data in the field of exobiology. In this section, we therefore confine our attention to the Fermi–Hart paradox and how it may be resolved. An immediate suggestion for a resolution is, of course, that alien civilizations are sparse in the universe. Indeed, Tipler and others have argued that human civilization may be unique and that we are truly alone. This view is distasteful to many, and some researchers such as Clarke and Sagan have reached the opposite conclusion, that life (and by implication civilization) is common. The reason for this divergence of opinion lies simply in a lack of data. Drake’s formula is the traditional way to quantify the frequency of extraterrestrial civilizations. It involves a product of probabilities, ranging from the astrophysical (e.g. the fraction of stars which have habitable planets) to the sociological (e.g. the relative timescale for the development of technology). However, each of the component probabilities is poorly known, so the result has a high degree of uncertainty. The nearest technological civilization to us may be around a nearby star, or in one of the most remote galaxies.

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译

Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论,那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说,高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里,转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上,转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计,美国去年所种植玉米的1/3,大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年,美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是,显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样,转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里,由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择,而且供应远远超过需求,所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家,问题比较简单,也更加紧迫:生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has declined steadily since 1960 and will decease by

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