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新标准大学英语综合教程2课后翻译答案分析解析

新标准大学英语综合教程2课后翻译答案分析解析
新标准大学英语综合教程2课后翻译答案分析解析

Unit 1

Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1. On university campuses in Europe, mass socialist or communist movements gave rise to increasingly violent clashes between the establishment and the college students, with their new and passionate commitment to freedom and justice.

在欧洲的大学校园里,大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去,大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。

2. These days political, social and creative awakening seems to happen not because of college, but in spite of it. Of course, it's true that higher education is still important. For example, in the UK, Prime Minister Blair was close to achieving his aim of getting 50 per cent of all under thirties into college by 2010 (even though a cynic would say that this was to keep them off the unemployment statistics).

现在,政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力,而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然,一点不假,高等教育仍然重要。例如,在英国,布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50%的30岁以下的人上大学的目标(即使愤世嫉俗的人会说,这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外)

3. I never hoped to understand the nature of my generation or how American colleges are changing by going to Lit Theory classes. This is the class where you look cool, a bit sleepy from too many late nights and wearing a T-shirt with some ironic comment such as "Been there, done that and yes, this IS the T-shirt".

我从没指望通过上文学理论课来了解我这一代人的特征,或了解美国大学在如何变化。这门课是让你在课堂上扮酷的——带着一丝熬夜太多的困劲儿,穿着一件T恤衫,上面印着“去过那儿,干过那事儿,对,这就是那件T恤衫”,或诸如此类带有揶揄意味的俏皮话。

4. We're a generation that comes from what has been called the short century (1914–1989), at the end of a century of war and revolution which changed civilizations, overthrew repressive governments, and left us with extraordinary opportunities and privilege, more than any generation before.

我们这一代人来自所谓的短世纪(1914-1989),生于其后期。这个世纪充满了战争和革命,它改变了人类文明,推翻了强权政府,给我们留下了非同寻常的机会和特权。我们所得到的机会与特权比从前任何一代人都要多。

Translate the sentences into English.

1、政府采取的一系列措施不但没有化解矛盾,反倒激起更多的暴力冲突。反对党联合工会发动了一次大罢工,最终导致政府的垮台。( give rise to; form an alliance with; launch; bring about)

Instead of resolving contradictions, the series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes. The Opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government.

2、如今,大学与现实世界的距离越来越小,学生也变得越来越实际。从前,大学是一个象牙塔,学者追求的是学问本身而不是把学问作为达到目的的手段,但这样的时代已经一去不复返了。(shrink; gone are the days; a means to an end)

Nowadays, the gap between the university and the real world is shrinking and students are becoming more and more practical. Gone are the days when the university was an ivory tower in which scholars pursued knowledge as an end

rather than a means to an end.

3、我从未指望靠上课来学好这门课。但我确实去听课,因为在课上我能了解这门课的重点,学会如何组织材料、如何推理。(hope; the place where)

I never hoped to learn the subject well by attending those lectures. But I did go to lectures, for it was the place where I could get the important points of the course and learn how to organize materials and how to reason.

4、我一直想方设法解决这个难题,但就是找不到满意的答案。可是当我去厨房喝饮料的时候,我突然间灵机一动,意识到解决问题的方法实际上可能很简单。(work out; click)

Although I have been trying every means to solve the problem, I cannot work out a satisfactory solution. But when I went to the kitchen to get a drink, something clicked and made me realize that the solution might be quite simple.

Unit 2

Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1. Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titchener's theory was that empathy stemmed from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself

这种所谓的运动神经模仿就是“同感”的原始技术含义,而“同感”这个词于20世纪20年代由美国心理学家E.B.铁钦纳首次使用。铁钦纳的理论是:同感发自对他人痛苦的一种身体模仿,这种模仿继而在自身引起同样的心理感受。

2. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can be felt for the general plight of another with no sharing whatever of what that other person is feeling. Motor mimicry fades from toddlers' repertoire at around two and a half years, at which point they realize that someone else's pain is different from their own, and are better able to comfort them.

他当时在寻找一个与同情有所区别的词;同情是针对他人的一般困境而发的,无须分担他人的任何感受。小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为,那时他们会意识到别人的痛苦与自己的不同,会更有能力安慰别人。

3. I also love the split-second shocked expression on the new people, the hasty smiles and their best imitations of what they think of as their "normal faces". If they do the ritual well enough I turn my head ever so slightly and tuck my hair behind one of my ears, whichever one's closer to them.

我也喜欢生人脸上那瞬间的震惊表情、匆忙的微笑和他们竭力装出的“正常脸色”。如果他们这套仪式做得够好,我就会微微转过头,把头发掖到离他们较近的那只耳朵后面。

4. "I mostly just read lips because it was easier to pick up than signing, although that's not the only reason I was staring at your lips," I told him. He laughed. We talked more, and then the host upped the music volume and dimmed the lights for the "dance floor", and I had to lean in much, much closer to be able to continue reading his lips in the semi-darkness. And read his lips I did.

我告诉他说:“我基本上只读唇语,因为这比用手语更容易,但这不是我一直盯着你的嘴唇的唯一原因。”他大笑起来。

我们又说了一会儿话。后来,主人放大音乐的音量,调暗“舞池”的灯光;我不得不凑近他,近得多得多,以便能在昏暗中接着读他的唇语。我的确读到了他的唇语。

Translate the sentences into English.

1. 一看见抽屉里的那些老照片,我的眼泪就涌了出来。它们让我想起了我跟爷爷奶奶、爸爸妈妈、兄弟姐妹一起生活的美好时光。(the moment; well up)

The moment I saw those old photos in the drawer, tears welled up in my eyes, for my memory went back to the days when I lived happily with my grandparents, my parents and my brothers and sisters.

2. 有个学生踩到地上的一滩水滑倒了。周围的人反应各异,有的关心地走上前去看他是否受伤了、能为他做点什么;有的则站在一边不知所措;有的干脆就不理。(diverge from; approach; confuse over; tune out)

When a student slipped on a pool of water and fell over, people's reaction diverged from one another. Some approached caringly to see if he was hurt and if they could help; some just stood there confusing over what to do about it; while others just tuned out.

3. 上星期六上午,我像往常一样去超市购物。我刚要打开车门,却发现没带钱包。我只好回家去找,可是哪儿也找不到。(do the usual; do nothing but; fail to do)

Last Saturday morning, I did the usual and went shopping in the supermarket. When I was about to open the door of my car, I found that I did not have my wallet on me. I could do nothing but go back home in search of it, but I failed to find it anywhere.

4. 我上小学二年级的时候,我们班有个同学得到的生日礼物是一辆红色的遥控车。我们大家只有羡慕的份,却不能也去买一辆,因为那种遥控车很贵,而且还是在香港买的,那时候在我们看来香港和纽约一样遥不可及。(could only; as far as) When I was a second grader, one of my classmates got a red radio-controlled toy car as a birthday gift. The rest of us could only admire, but could not imitate, because the car was expensive and was bought in Hong Kong, a place which seemed to us as far away as New York at that time.

Unit 4

Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1. The objective importance of an event is obviously not enough—there are plenty of enormous global issues out there, with dramatic consequences, from poverty to global warming—but since they are ongoing, they don't all make the headlines on the same day. 9/11, in contrast, was not just international, but odd, unexpected, and (in the sense that it was possible to identify with the plight of people caught up in the drama) very human.

一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够——世界上有大量全球性的大问题,都会造成戏剧性的后果,从贫困问题到全球变暖问题——但由于它们都是进行中的,并不都会在同一天成为头条。对比之下,9/11不仅具有国际性,而且奇特怪异、出人意料,还(可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的痛苦感同身受,从这个意义上讲)极具人性。

2. But TV news is not necessarily more objective or reliable than a newspaper report, since the images you are looking at on your screen have been chosen by journalists or editors with specific objectives, or at least following set guidelines, and they are shown from a unique viewpoint. By placing the camera somewhere else you would get a different picture.

但是,电视新闻未必比报纸报道更客观或更可靠,因为你在屏幕上看到的图像是经记者或编辑根据特殊的目的,或至少是按照预定指示筛选过的;它们是从一个独特的视点展现给观众的。如果把摄像机移到别的地方,你就会看到另一番景

象。

3. The Internet provides an easy outlet for anyone with an opinion, and there's nothing a newspaper editor likes more for reassurance about their work than feedback and opinions, as diverse as possible. Teenagers today don't remember a time when they didn't have the Internet, and reading a newspaper is something they only do if they have an assignment to write about the specific medium of print journalism.

互联网为任何有意见的人提供了一个便利的窗口;报纸编辑最喜欢的莫过于给他们提供各种不同的反馈和意见,他们能从中得到安慰。如今十几岁的少年已不记得曾经没有互联网的日子了;只有在写关于印刷新闻这一特定媒体的作业时他们才去读报

4. So maybe the newspaper won't die without a struggle. Trends for the future of newspaper include an increased demand for local news, and the continued exploitation of lifestyle journalism, which began in the late 1980s, especially within personal finance and travel, will create new revenue streams.

如此看来,报纸是不会轻易消失的。未来报纸发展的趋势包括对本地新闻需求的日益增长,而始于20世纪80年代后期的对生活方式新闻的持续开发利用——尤其在个人理财和旅游方面——将会创造新的收入来源。

Translate the sentences into English.

1. 这个消息来得如此突然、如此令人震惊,我在沙发上呆呆地坐了几分钟。我的第一本能反应就是赶紧打电话把这件事告诉领导,看看我们能为那些在这起交通事故中死伤的同事做些什么。(so ... that; first instinct)

So sudden, so striking was the news that I sat motionless on sofa for a few minutes. My first instinct was to call our leaders to tell them what had happened and see what we could do for those colleagues who died or got injured in this traffic accident.

2. 纸版的儿童图书与电子书相比有很大的优势。对孩子们来说,一本印刷精美的纸版书不仅是一本书也是一个玩具。读纸版书的感觉与在屏幕上读书的感觉是很不同的。(have advantage over; be different from)

Paper books for children have an enormous advantage over e-books. For children, a beautifully printed paper book is not only a book but also a toy they can play with. Reading a paper book is rather different from reading a book on the screen.

3. 近年来,传统媒体呈现出衰退的趋势,新媒体迅速发展。尽管如此,这并不一定意味着传统媒体已失去市场。若谈到阅读新闻之类,人们还是习惯于像报纸这样的传统媒体。(in the tendency of; not necessarily; when it comes to ...)

In recent years, traditional media are in the tendency of decline and new media are developing rapidly. However, this does not necessarily mean that trational media have lost the market. When it comes to reading things like news, people are still used to such traditional media as newspaper.

4. 随着金融危机的爆发,许多企业陷入了困境。对于那些因缺乏流动资金无法进行再生产又不想让恶性循环继续下去的企业,他们唯一能做的事情就是向政府求助。(find oneself in difficulty; turn to)

With the explosion of the financial crisis, many enterprises find themselves in difficulties. For those who have no circulating fund to invest in new production and would not let the vicious circle continue, the only thing they can do is to turn to government for help.

Unit7

Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1. I had tossed sticks for him before and knew the approximate distance they would go, depending upon their weight and my motion. This stick, however, caught a gust and, flying where the sheet wanted to go, sailed across the yard, over the fence, and, with a fine skater's touch, glided onto the pond.

我以前也经常这样为他扔木头。根据木头的不同重量和我动作的大小,我知道它们大概能飞多远。但这块木头赶上了一阵疾风,朝着床单想去的方向飞过了院子,越过了围栏,最后以溜冰高手般的优美动作滑进湖水里。

2. The next moment I was standing in the water and Hogahn was swimming toward me, breaking the ice with his front paws. He seemed a little startled by the intrusion of the ice in his path, but definitely in control. I went as far as I could until the pond bottom sank down under my weight and the ice water penetrated my jacket, and I stood and waited.

接下来的一瞬间我已经站在水里,霍根用前爪破冰朝我游过来。一路上冰块的侵扰似乎让他受了些惊吓,但他绝对能控制得住自己。我尽量向前趟,直到我的双脚陷进湖底的烂泥,冰冷的湖水浸透了我的夹克。我站在那儿等着。

3. It can recognize different people and make choices about what to eat or which path to take. But does this mean that an animal is capable of thinking and, if so, can it be proved? Our perceptions of animals are filtered through our own human understanding of the world and we often project human feelings and thoughts onto other creatures.

它会认人、选择食物、识别道路。但这是否意味着它有思维能力呢?如果有的话,又如何证实呢?我们对动物的认知是经过过滤的,是建立在人类对世界的理解的基础上的,我们常常把人类的情感和思想投射到其他动物身上。

4. Many scientists in the 20th century dismissed such findings as unreliable, usually influenced by anthropomorphism, in other words, judging animals by human attributes. However, the pendulum is now swinging away from thinking of animals as machines without intelligence, and back towards Darwin's ideas. A wide range of studies on animals suggests that the roots of intelligence are deep, widespread across the animal kingdom and highly changeable.

许多20世纪的科学家轻视这些发现,认为它们不可靠,这是受了拟人说的影响,即根据人的特征来判断动物。但是,现在舆论的天平已经不再向那些认为动物像机器一样没有智慧的观点倾斜了,而是向达尔文的观点倾斜。大范围的动物研究表明:智慧之根在动物界的分布既深又广,变化多端。

Translate the sentences into English.

1. 夜贼们忙着往皮卡里扔赃物,急着想尽快开车逃走。正在这时,负责看守小区的保安发现了他们,并报了警。(just about; watch over)

The burglars were throwing the stolen items to the pickup and were just about to drive away when the guards watching over the living quarters found them and called the police.

2. 三个士兵在密林深处艰难地行走了一整天,试图走向河的东岸,结果却发现他们只在树林里打转,离目的地仍有几十英里之遥。(only to find; short of)

The three soldiers had walked with difficulty through the woods for a whole day, trying to navigate to the east bank of the river, only to find that they had been circling in the woods and were still dozens of miles short of their destination.

3. 我觉得今天早晨做动物心智报告的那位学者显然高估了动物的智慧,她甚至认为黑猩猩能够用电脑跟人进行交流。(go so far as to)

It seems to me that the scholar who talked about animal intelligence this morning has obviously overestimated the animal intelligence. She went so far as to suggest that chimpanzees can communicate with humans through computers.

4. 作为志愿者,我们不仅仅要对前来询问或寻求帮助的人微笑服务,我们还应该具备跨文化交际的技巧,否则我们就干不好这个工作。(be limited to)

As volunteers, what we need to do is not just limited to smiling to those who come to us for information and help. We must also learn skills for cross-cultural communication, without which our performance cannot be satisfactory.

unit 9

Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1. There can be no doubt that this sort of cooperative approach can help many students develop personal skills which will help improve their prospects in their search for a job. One of the most well-known personality tests used by employers when interviewing candidates, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), puts the extrovert / introvert dichotomy at the top of the list of personality traits it tries to analyze.

毫无疑问,这种合作学习法能帮助许多学生培养有助于改善就业前景的个人技能。公司在面试应聘者时使用的最有名的人格测试之一是“迈尔斯—布里格斯性格分类法”(简称MBTI),这种分类法把外向/内向性格两分法置于它所分析的人格特征列表之首。

2. For students who choose to offer their talents in this way, one side effect is to gain a wealth of experience to be added to the CV, which will not go unnoticed by future employers. But a word of warning is in order: You should remember what your priorities are.

对那些选择在这些方面施展才能的学生而言,还有个意外的收获:可以把他们获取的丰富经验写进个人履历里,而未来的雇主是不会不注意到这些经验的。不过提醒一句:你应该记住自己的首要目的是什么。

3. We set up their annual cataract eye camp, with free cataract surgery for the local elderly or anyone that needed an eye check. We helped set up the school, cleaned it out, and turned the classroom into the surgery room. It was called the "operation theater." The first two days were dedicated to the eye surgery, and the rest of the week to the eye camp. 我们帮他们搭建每年一度的白内障治疗营地,为当地老年白内障患者免费做手术,或为有需求的人检查眼疾。我们帮他们在学校里安装设备,打扫环境,将教室变成外科手术室,称为“手术教室”。头两天帮忙做眼科手术,后五天在白内障营地帮忙。

4. They were a bit unorganized, which could have been improved with better communication between the local agencies and VFP. The best part was bonding with the volunteers, and the agencies did a good job in varying our tasks ... We got to know the locals. Every time I think about riding through the rice fields, being invited in for tea, it makes me smile.

他们做事不太有条理,如果地方机构与和平志愿者组织之间能够更好地相互沟通的话,事情就会顺利一些。最好的经历是与其他志愿者建立友情,地方机构尽量给我们分配不同工种的活。……我们结识了很多当地人。每当想起骑车穿过稻田应邀去当地人家喝茶时的情景,我就会发自内心地微笑。

Translate the sentences into English.

1. 如今对中国的中学毕业生而言,上大学已经不是什么太困难的事情了,因为现在大学的数量已经是二十年前的三倍。但是,要被一流大学录取,你还是要比同龄人有更强的竞争力才行。(times ... as many ...)

Nowadays in China, it's no longer so hard for high school graduates to go to university, because there are three times as many universities as there were 20 years ago. But to be admitted by a first-class university, you still need to be more competitive than your peers.

2. 你花钱参加这个项目是很值的,因为你从中获得的职业技能可以改善你的就业前景,而且你所有的努力终将会得到回报。(acquire; prospects; pay off)

It is worthwhile to spend money on this project, for the career skills you acquire in the process are bound to help improve your prospects in your search for a job and all your efforts will eventually pay off.

3. 虽然通过和这些志愿者并肩工作,我可以学会怎样与他人合作,但我得交参加费。我不得不承认为此我正在花更多的时间去兼职挣钱,这让我总觉得时间不够用。(work side by side with / alongside ...; acknowledge; save up for) Though I can learn teamwork by working side by side with other volunteers, I need to pay for the participation. I have to acknowledge that I am now spending more time doing part-time jobs to save up for the project, which makes me feel a shortage of time.

4. 不同的运动在身高、年龄、力量、耐力等方面对参加者有不同的要求。因此有多少种运动就有多少类型的运动员。想参加运动的人总能找到合适的项目。(in terms of; as many... as ...; no doubt)

Different sports have different requirements in terms of height, age, strength and stamina. Therefore, there are as many types of athletes as there are sports. There can be no doubt that anyone who wants to get some exercise can find the right sport.

课文翻译:

Unit 1

大学已经不再特别了

有这么一种说法:“要是你能记得20 世纪60 年代的任何事情,你就没有真正经历过那段岁月。”对于在大麻烟雾中度过大学时光的那些人,这话可能是真的。但是,20 世纪60 年代有一件事人人都记得,那就是:上大学是你一生中最激动人心、最刺激的经历。

20 世纪60 年代,加州的高校把本州变成了世界第七大经济实体。然而,加州大学的主校园伯克利分校也以学生示威、罢课以及激进的政治氛围而著名。1966 年,罗纳德·里根竞选加州州长,他问加州是否允许“一所伟大的大学被喧闹的、持不一意见的少数人征服。”自由派人士回答说,大学之所以伟大正是因为它们有能力容忍喧闹的、持不同意见的少数人。

在欧洲的大学校园里,大学生以新的姿态和激情地投入到自由和正义的事业中去,大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。许多抗议是针对越南战争的。可是在法国,巴黎大学的学生与工会联盟,发动了一场大罢工,最终导致了戴高乐总统辞职。

20 世纪60 年代大学生活的特点并不仅仅是激进的行动。不论在什么地方,上大学都意味着你初次品尝真正自由的滋味,初次品尝深更半夜在宿舍或学生活动室里讨论人生意义的滋味。你往往得上了大学才得以阅读你的第一本禁书,看你的第一部独立影人电影,或者找到和你一样痴迷吉米·亨德里克斯或伦尼·布鲁斯的志同道合者。那是一段难以想象的自由时光,你一生中最无拘无束的时光。

可如今那份激情哪儿去了?大学怎么了?现在,政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力,而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然,一点不假,高等教育仍然重要。例如,在英国,布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010 年让50%的30 岁以下的人上大学的目标,(即使愤世嫉俗的人会说,这是要把他们排除在失业统计数据之外)。不过,大学教育已不再是全民重视的话题了。如今,大学被视为人们急于逃离的一种小城镇。有些人辍学,但大多数已经有些麻木,还是坚持混到毕业,因为离开学校实在是太费事了。

没有了20 世纪60 年代大学生发现的令人头脑发热的自由气氛,如今的大学生要严肃得多。英国

文化促进会最近做了一项调查,研究外国留学生在决定上哪所大学时考虑的因素。这些因素从高到低依次是:课程质量、就业前景、学费负担、人身安全问题、生活方式,以及各种便利。大学已变成实现目的的手段,是在就业市场上增加就业几率的一个机会,上大学本身不再是目的,它给你提供一个机会,让你暂时想象一下:你能够改变世界。

童年与大学之间的距离已缩小了,大学与现实世界之间的距离也缩小了。其中的一个原因可能是经济方面的。在一个没有保障的世界里,现在的许多孩子依赖父母资助的时间比以前的孩子更长。21世纪的学生大学毕业后根本无法自立门户,因为那太昂贵了。另一个可能的原因是通讯革命。儿子或女儿每学期往家里打一两回电话的日子一去不复返了。如今,大学生通过手机与父母保持着脐带式联系。至于寻找痴迷无名文学或音乐的同道好友嘛,没问题,我们有互联网和聊天室来帮助我们做到这一点。

“在那黎明时分活着是至福,

但年轻就等于身在天堂!”

华兹华斯的诗句说的可能是法国大革命,但是对于20 世纪60 年代的大学生而言,这样的诗句同样真实生动。可是为什么对于如今的大学生来说,它们怎么就不真实了呢?

Unit 2

同感是怎样表露的

霍普才九个月大,一见到另一个婴儿摔倒,泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰,就好像是她自己摔疼了。 15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗;保罗不停地大哭的时候,迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明,同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上,从出生的那天起,婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。

成长心理学家发现,甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前,婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月,婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应,就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样,看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。到了一岁左右,他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的,而是别人的,可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如,在纽约大学的马丁?L. 霍夫曼所做的一项研究中,一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友,却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到,他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦,也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如,如果别的婴儿伤了手指,一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里,看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭,婴儿即使没有眼泪,也会擦拭自己的眼睛。

这种所谓的运动神经模仿就是“同感”的原始技术含义,而“同感”这个词于20世纪20年代由美国心理学家E. B. 铁钦纳首次使用。铁钦纳的理论是:同感发自对他人痛苦的一种身体模仿;这种模仿继而在自身引起同样的心理感受。他当时在寻找一个与同情有所区别的词;同情是针对他人的一般困境而发的,无须分担他人的任何感受。

小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为,那时他们会意识到别人的痛苦与自己的不同,会更有能力安慰别人。下面是摘自一位母亲日记里的典型事例:

邻居家的婴儿哭了,珍妮走上前去,试图给他一些小甜饼。她跟着他转,开始带着哭腔低声自言自语。然后她试图抚摸他的头发,可是他躲开了……他平静下来,但是珍妮仍然面带忧色。她继续给他拿来玩具,轻拍他的头和肩膀。

在这个年龄,幼儿对于他人感情波动的总体敏感度开始有所不同,有些像珍妮一样,感同身受,有些则不予理睬。美国国家心理健康研究所的玛丽安?拉德克-亚罗和卡罗琳?察恩-瓦克斯勒所做的一系列研究表明,这种在同感关注方面的差异大部分与父母怎样教养子女有关。她们发现,如果在家教中让孩子特别注意他们的恶作剧给别人造成的痛苦,比如对孩子说“瞧你让她多伤心啊”,而

不是说“你真调皮”,孩子就比较有同感心。她们也发现,观看别人遇到痛苦时其他人的反应,儿童的同感心也会受到影响。通过模仿亲眼所见,儿童能培养出一套同感反应行为,尤其是在帮助那些痛苦的人的时候。

Unit 4

上新闻头条

世界各地的媒体都以头条报道同一新闻的情形并不很常见。这样的事件得具有巨大的国际影响力。但是这正是2001年9月恐怖分子袭击纽约世贸中心双塔之后发生的情形。从那一刻起世界改变了模样,这样说也许并不夸张。

但是,使9/11值得纪念并(用媒体喜欢的话来说)具有新闻价值的不仅仅是它的历史性和国际性。还有震惊和恐惧。这一消息极度震撼,极具爆炸性。事发多年以后,许多人还能清楚地记得他们第一次听到这一消息时身在何处、当时正在做什么。他们能记得自己的反应:对世界各地的许多人来说,他们的第一本能是去把这一消息告诉别人。这就证实了那句老话:“坏事传千里”。

一切重大新闻都是如此。我记得上小学的时候,老师脸色煞白地向一班吃惊的七岁孩子通报说,肯尼迪总统死了。我并不知道肯尼迪总统是谁,但是我听到这一消息后非常不安,后来就跑回家去告诉了父母(当然,他们已经知道了)。事实上,这是我最早的记忆之一。

那么,新闻到底是什么?一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够——世界上有大量全球性的大问题,都会造成戏剧性的后果,从贫困问题到全球变暖问题——但由于它们都是进行中的,并不都会在同一天成为头条。对比之下,9/11不仅具有国际性,而且奇特怪异、出人意料,还(可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的痛苦感同身受,从这个意义上讲)极具人性。

奇特怪异并不意味着重大。就拿今天的《中国日报》上关于一只老鼠延误了一架从越南飞至日本的航班这条消息为例吧。在河内机场有人发现那只老鼠在一架飞机的过道里奔跑。它最终被12 名技术人员合力逮住,他们怕它会咬破电线,造成短路。飞机晚点了四个多小时才起飞。

你也许会说,这并不是具有重大国际影响的事件(除了少数乘客到另一国赴约迟到以外)。但是全球却颇有反响,从亚洲经苏格兰到美洲的电子版报纸都有转载(《爱丁堡晚报》的标题是《捉老鼠延误航班》)。

新闻价值的另一个元素是即时性。这是指事件发生的时间近。一周前发生的事件一般来说就不是新闻了——除非你刚刚读到它。“何时”是受训记者常被教导用以勾勒新闻故事的五个“何”问题之一(其余是“何人”、“何事”、“何地”和“何故”);今天、今晨、昨天很可能在新闻报道所使用的时间副词中名列前茅。同样,即将发生的事件(今天、今晚或今夜)也可能具有新闻价值,虽然,从定义上讲,它不出人意外,也就不那么耸人听闻了。

说到即时性,能够实时播报新闻的媒体,如电视、广播和互联网,就比报纸的优势大多了。眼看着事件在你眼前展开与次日早餐时在报上读到它的感觉大不相同。但是,电视新闻未必比报纸报道更客观或更可靠,因为你在屏幕上看到的图像是经记者或编辑根据特殊的目的,或至少是按照预定指示筛选过的;它们是从一个独特的视点展现给观众的。如果把摄像机移到别的地方,你就会看到另一番景象。这就是为什么人们通常会谈到“媒体霸权”——或多或少地暗中影响公众。

但也许在第三个千年,这种权力正在减弱,或至少下放给普通民众。个人博客的大量出现,通过像YouTube这样的网站自我广播的可能性,以及权限开放网页(wiki网)的增长都意味着任何人有任何话要说——或有任何东西要展示——现在都能立刻让全世界的观众看到。

当然,这并不意味着报纸和电视即将在一夜之间消失。但是,在它们永不休止的搜寻有趣新闻——奇特怪异、出人意外和极具人性的新闻——的过程中,报纸和电视将越来越多地借助网站来收集资料,为全球信息网络提供极具地方色彩的视角。

Unit 7

动物比我们想象的更聪明吗?

大象照镜子时到底看到了什么?显然是它自己。以前,人们认为这样的自我意识仅存于人类、灵长类动物以及动物智慧世界的明星——海豚。在这项大象和镜子的研究里,大象起初只把镜子当作物品来把玩。最后,它们可能意识到它们在镜子里看到了自己。它们会反复触碰画在它们头上的印记,这是一些没有镜子就不可能看见的印记。亨特大学的戴安娜?雷斯认为,这是自我意识的很有力的说明。

过去,科学家认为动物和机器一样,能根据事先编排好的程序对外界的刺激作出反应。还认为它们不具备感受和思考能力,绝对没有理解抽象概念的能力。但是,养狗的人是不会同意这种看法的,他们在宠物狗的眼睛里看到了爱,知道它有情感。狗能通过训练接受指令做有益的事情。它会认人、选择食物、识别道路。但这是否意味着它有思维能力呢?如果有的话,又如何证实呢?我们对动物的认知是经过过滤的,是建立在人类对世界的理解的基础上的,我们常常把人类的情感和思想投射到其他动物身上。

最早研究动物心智的科学家之一是英国博物学家查尔斯?达尔文。在1871年出版的《人类的起源》一书中,他质疑是否只有人类才具有高级思维能力——如自我意识和记忆。达尔文猜测人脑和动物脑没有那么大的差别。他认为,动物和人一样面对相同的常规挑战和相同的基本需求:寻找食物和伴侣,在天空、森林和海洋中旅行时不迷失方向。要完成这些任务,就需要有解决问题和甄别分类的能力。例如鸟类必须有分辨颜色的能力,以确定果实什么时候成熟,什么东西能吃,什么东西不能吃。了解捕食动物的形状能帮助它们避开危险,有数字概念可帮助他们了解本鸟群的情况,了解哪些鸟已有伴侣。

从1977年起就从事动物智慧研究的艾琳?佩珀伯格认为,所有这些技巧不仅需要本能,还需要认知能力。

她研究一只叫“亚历克斯”的非洲灰鹦鹉,从它一岁开始整整研究了30年。鹦鹉以模仿语言的能力著称;在她的实验里,佩珀伯格利用鹦鹉这方面的才能来了解亚历克斯对世界的理解。她的目标是教会它英语,以便能够和它对话。“我想如果它学会如何交流,我就可以问它是如何看待这个世界的了。”

记忆、语言、自我意识、情感和创造性是高智力的关键标志。科学家已经一点一滴地揭示并记录了其他物种在这些方面的才能。佩珀伯格发现亚历克斯不仅能够数数,还能分辨形状、大小、颜色及材料(如木头、羊毛和金属)。直到最近,只有高等哺乳动物,如灵长类,才会被认为具有理解“相同”和“不同”这些概念的能力。但鹦鹉和灵长类一样长期生活在复杂社会里,因此抽象的智力对它们而言似乎也同样是有价值的生存技巧。

达尔文认为,动物的心智和它们的身体一样因为要适应环境而进化了。他甚至说:即便是虫子也有一点点智慧,因为他观察到虫子能判断什么样的叶子适合用来堵它们的洞口。许多20世纪的科学家轻视这些发现,认为它们不可靠,这是受了拟人说的影响,即根据人的特征来判断动物。但是,现在舆论的天平已经不再向那些认为动物像机器一样没有智慧的观点倾斜了,而是向达尔文的观点倾斜。大范围的动物研究表明:智慧之根在动物界的分布既深又广,变化多端。

人们吃惊地发现黑猩猩及其他灵长类动物都很聪明,它们会制造工具。红毛黑猩猩能用树叶当斗笠挡雨;在爬带刺的树时,它们知道如何保护自己的手。科学家把这种现象归结为灵长类动物和人类拥有共同祖先这一事实。但是,现在让他们吃惊的是:智慧似乎并不仅仅体现在与人同祖的物种身上。进化似乎能够在不同物种身上重新创造出相似的意识形式。令人吃惊的是,这种智慧并非高等哺乳动物的专利。目前的研究提出了一个重大的问题:如果这一切都是真的,如果动物具有情感和智力,这会改变人类对待动物的方式吗?

Unit 9

你适合做这个工作吗?

过去,大学生活很轻松。那将是你一生中最美好的三年,你知道这一点。你是这样消磨时光的:在咖啡馆和酒吧里与新结交的朋友聊到深夜,在壁球场和板球场上尽情地挥舞球拍,或是作为大学戏剧社的大腕在舞台上昂首阔步。不管你有什么爱好,大学生活都能为你创造条件。而且,别忘了,你的学习还总能跟得上,能完成指定的阅读,并在最后一分钟匆忙草就那一周的文章。你唯一没有时间考虑的是过完这激动人心的三年后要做什么。不过这个问题并不需要考虑,因为无论选择什么职业,都有一大堆公司排着队来聘用你。

那是过去英国大学生校园生活的情形,现在情况已经改变了。最近一项对英国各大跨国公司的研究表明,即使拥有一个优良的学位,大学生再也不可能一毕业就得到最好的工作了。今天的大学数量比30年前翻了一番,40%的年轻人接受高等教育。由于并不缺少大学毕业生,拥有一个优良的学位对找工作就变得尤其重要了。竞争很激烈,结果是如今的大学生花了比任何时候都要多的时间来复习功课,为那些可怕的期末考试做准备,做报酬低的兼职以偿还债务。

然而,这恰恰是问题之所在。英国二百多家公司的经理认为,学生花在学习或挣钱维持生计上的时间太多了。他们本应该去参加各种俱乐部,学习一些基本的技能,如团队合作和现场演示。这些经理还说,他们宁可让职位空缺,也不愿意聘请那些缺乏必要技能,无法在国际市场上占领商机的毕业生。

该怎么做才能解决这个问题呢?经理们相信,解决的办法就是在学位课程里增加社交能力的训练。有的大学已经开始这样做了,例如南安普敦大学历史系学生必须做一个为期十二周、六人一组协同工作的项目——通常与当地的生活有关。项目内容包括:做一次演示、写一篇集体论文、做一项公众服务——可以是给中、小学生讲课,或做一期有关中、小学教学的广播节目。

毫无疑问,这种合作学习法能帮助许多学生培养有助于改善就业前景的个人技能。公司在面试应聘者时使用的最有名的人格测试之一是“迈尔斯—布里格斯性格分类法”(简称MBTI),这种分类法把外向/内向性格两分法置于它所分析的人格特征列表之首。测试中没有“正确答案”,但是它认为:性格外向者更适合做团队工作或与他人打交道的工作。

南安普敦大学项目中同样有趣的一个理念是:学生应该关注比校园更广阔的社区,并设法为之做出自己的贡献。在当今越来越小的世界里,学生们越来越清楚地意识到大学并不是与社会现实问题完全脱钩的学术象牙塔。正相反,大学本身可以促使世界变得更加美好。在学学位课程之前、期间、之后,学生们都可以通过多种渠道成为志愿者。正如我们所知,大学课程需要学生花费大量的时间,一般人会选择腾出上大学前或大学毕业后的一年时间作为实践年。

通常,志愿者工作指帮助病人或老年人、在假日营里招待贫困儿童、在第三世界国家教书,或者做农业或环境研究项目。

对那些选择在这些方面施展才能的学生而言,还有个意外的收获:可以把他们获取的丰富经验写进个人履历里,而未来的雇主是不会不注意到这些经验的。不过提醒一句:你应该记住自己的首要目的是什么。曾经在巴布亚新几内亚工作了两年的谢恩?欧文指出:“志愿者的工作能教给你宝贵的职业技能,但我认为你不应该只想着通过志愿者工作来给自己的履历表增添光彩——你做志愿工作的主要原因是因为你想帮助别人。”

全新版大学英语综合教程1课后翻译题答案

Unit 1 Growing Up Ⅱ. Translation 1.那是个正规宴会,我照妈妈对我讲的那样穿着礼服去了。(formal) As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2.他的女朋友劝他趁抽烟的坏习惯尚未根深蒂固之前把它改掉。(take hold) His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold. 3.他们预料到下几个月电的需求量很大,决定增加生产。(anticipate) Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4.据说比尔因一再违反公司的安全规章而被解雇。(violate) It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. / Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5.据报道地方政府已采取适当措施避免严重缺水(water shortage)的可能性。 (avoid, severe) It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. 苏珊(Susan)因车祸失去了双腿。有一段时间,她真不知如何面对自己再也不能行走的事实。 一天,苏珊在浏览杂志时,被一个真实故事吸引住了。那个故事生动地描写了一个残疾(disabled)姑娘是如何成为一位作家的。苏珊读后深受鼓舞,开始相信她最终会成为一个有用的人生活下去。 Inspire vivid scan face up with finally Susan lost her legs because of / in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never (be able to) walk again. One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye /she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be bale to lead a useful life. Unit 2 Friendship II. Translation 1)半个小时过去了,但末班车还没来。我们只好走路回家。(go by) Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home.

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1) 史密斯太太对我抱怨说,她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。 Mrs. Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter. 2) 我坚信,阅读简写的 (simplified) 英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。 I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary. 3) 我认为我们在保护环境不受污染 (pollution) 方面还做得不够。 I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution. 4) 除了每周写作文外,我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。 In addition to/Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation. 5) 我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。 We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester. 6) 经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力,而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。 Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. 7) 如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题,请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。 If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me. And I’ll explain them in greater detail. 8) 那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。 The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese. That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years.

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大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语,然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差?其实,责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑,必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习,有用的词汇必须牢记,而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2.密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过,为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English",而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"?你可曾问过自己,为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret",而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时,你不仅必须注意词义,还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3.每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力,而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外,你还可以听英语广播,看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段,你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意,然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4.抓住机会说。的确,在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多,但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如,跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读,因为这在任何时间,任何地方,不需要搭档就可以做到。例如,你可以看着图片或身边的物件,试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后,假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家,试着用英语把它表演出来。

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1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病,但我觉得问题不大 We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2.父亲去逝的时候我还小,不能独立生活。就在那时,家乡的父老接过了教育我的责任。My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必须得达到严格的安全要求后才可出售给儿童 The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4.作为新闻和舆论的载体,广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸。 Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志,它刊载了世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要 When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world. 1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响,但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战,克服危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下,我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄,搬迁到新的地方。 Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3.根据最近的网上调查,许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品。According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4.看到卡车司机把受污染的废弃物倒在河边,老人马上向警方报告 Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的,因为它们能够提高产量,帮助发展 中国家战胜饥荒和疾病 Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. 1.无论是在城市还是农村,因特网正在改变人们的生活方式。 The Internet is changing the way people live, whether they are in urban or rural areas. 2.和大公司相比,中小公司更容易受到金融危机的威胁。 Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones. 3.关于期末论文,教授要求我们先分析失业图表,然然后对过家的经济发展提供批评性的见解。 With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development. 4.他从来也没有想到他们队会大比分赢得那场篮球赛。 It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin.

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大学英语精读课后翻译汇总 Unit 1 1)史密斯太太对我抱怨说,她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。 Mrs. Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter. 2) 我坚信,阅读简写的(simplified) 英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。 I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarg ing our vocabulary. 3) 我认为我们在保护环境不受污染(pollution) 方面还做得不够。 I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution. 4) 除了每周写作文外,我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。 In addition to/Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis, our English teacher assign ed us eight books to read during the summer vacation. 5) 我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。 We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spok e n English next term/semester. 6) 经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力,而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。 Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help y ou build your speaking skills. 7) 如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题,请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。 If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me. And I’ll explain them in greater detail. 8) 那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。 The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese. That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years. Unit 2 1) 幸好附近有家医院,我们立刻把他送到了那里。 Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once. 2) 胜利登上乔治岛(George Island) 后,船长向指挥部(the headquarters) 发了一份无线电报。After succeeding in landing on George Island, the captain sent a radio message to the head quarters. 3) 他决心继续他的实验,不过这一次他将用另一种方法来做。 He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he'll do it another way. 4) 她在读这部小说时,不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。 When she read the novel, she couldn't help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside. 5) 玛丽觉得单靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。 Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself. 6) 我们认为他不能在一刻钟内走完那段距离,但他却成功地做到了这一点。 We didn't think he could cover the distance in a quarter of an hour, but he succeeded in d oing it. 7) 甚至在他的医生告诉他患有肺癌之后,奇切斯特仍不肯放弃环球航行的宿愿。

大学英语精读2 第三版课后翻译答案

Book2 Unit1 翻译 1.她砰地关上门,一声不吭地走了,他们之间那场争执就此结束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 2. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American. 3. 约翰尼已长大成熟,不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone. 4. 当全部乘客都向出口处(exit) 走去时,他却独自留在座位上,好像不愿意离开这架飞机似的。 While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane. 5. 这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。 The letter is to be handed to Dr. Wilson himself. 6. 南希虽然很想参加辩论,但腼腆得不敢开口。 While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth. 7. 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他? What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home?

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