英语写作与翻译期末题型

翻译与写作

Part1:翻译

一、选择最佳翻译：

考核形式：汉译英10*1分

要求：简洁严谨，正式；译文要忠实原文；以静态为主，注重形合；符合英文写作习惯；惯用被动语态；间接形式较多，较多地使用替代词。

复习内容：句子重心差异（英语重心在前）；英语倾向于多用名词，且名词的使用率大大高于动词，英语以静态的叙述占优；增词；减词（英语中冠词、介词、连词、代词使用很广，在翻译成汉语时时常省略）；句意反译；英语强调物称的重要性，以客观事实表达所思所想；主动被动；汉语无主句（添加主语；使用被动语态；使用祈使句；使用形式主语it；使用there be句型）；英语的句子较汉语长；英文定语在名词右侧，中文定语在名词左侧。

二、编译：

考核形式：编译成400字汉字40分

要求：加工整理后翻译；寻找topic sentence, conclusion sentence, key words;整体性：思路清晰，主体明确，语句连贯，讲究逻辑，表达通顺; 编译并非对所有主题句进行翻译，而是需要整合、合并语篇成分。

编译练习：

请将下面的这段英文编译成400字左右的中文

Antibiotics with a side of steak

We’re in a sad and weird（怪异的）place in biomedical science. In the 1940’s we got penicillin, in the following 30 years another 13 different classes of antibiotic were introduced. Since 1970 the number of new classes has dropped to a worrying 2. Since then we have found new ways to arrange the deckchairs on our once proud antibiotic ship but we are well and truly sinking.

This is an awful situation as we are fast approaching a world full of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and no drugs to treat them. One aspect of our antibiotic use has vastly accelerated the rise of the antibiotic resistant herd, the use of antibiotics as a procedural（程序上的）step in food animal production and agriculture generally.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has just released a new report outlining the sales data of antibiotics for animal agriculture use in the US. Antibiotic use in food production topped out 13.2 MILLION (!!!) kg of antibiotics last year. This number is up on last year’s report, the only other report performed by the FDA in this regard despite claims by the industry that less antibiotic is being used per animal. In many ways this reflects the global food demands but it also

highlights a very important question, should we be pumping our meat full of antibiotics?

The use of antibiotics in industrial food production was introduced as a preventative measure to avoid animals getting sick, allowing more to grow to weight and be shipped off to market. But this resulted in healthy livestock receiving medication and becoming a breeding ground for antibiotic-resistant strains of many bacterial species.

The effects of antibiotic use can be clearly seen when the US sales data is compared to the European data. In some parts of Europe, the use of antibiotics for “growth promotion” is illegal and in fact the European Parliament recently moved to prevent “prophylactic use（预防性使用）” which would eliminate t he argument of disease prevention as a cue（线索）for antibiotic use. In these parts of Europe the amount of antibiotic sold translates（转化）to less than 50mg of antibiotic per kilogram of meat, in the US it is at least six times that according to Dr. Gail Hansen, senior officer and staff veterinarian for Pew Campaign on Human Health and Industrial Farming.

Dr. Hansen also points out that the way antibiotics are being distributed to livestock is driving resistance. Routinely antibiotics are delivered via the feed to animals. Because of this they receive inconsistent and generally lower than prescription dosages of antibiotic, the perfect situation for the generation of resistance. Antibiotic resistance develops when an antibiotic is used on a population of bacteria. Most of the population will die but any that do survive due to random mutations（突变）that they harbor will pass them onto their descendants producing antibiotic-resistant strains. Standard administered doses can overwhelm even those mutants（突变体）who contain the saving mutations but extended low dosage provides those capable of surviving with enough of an advantage to survive and repopulate, even in the presence of the antibiotic. Worse than this, the presence of a single antibiotic resistant strain can result in the rise of multiple species exhibiting resistance as many bacterial species have the capacity to share genes with each other.

The agricultural use of antibiotics and their effects are not just limited to the agricultural industry. The antibiotics used in food production are in many cases the same or at least very closely related to the drugs you take when you are sick so the generation of antibiotic-resistant mutants in livestock also reduces the effectiveness of the drugs you take for your illnesses. Antibiotics are a precious and finite resource where every use potentially lowers the effectiveness for everyone in the community.

One of the concerns that are often raised with antibiotic use in agricultural food production is residual antibiotic surviving in the animal throughout the process that turns it into the steak on the shelf. Dr. Hansen suggests this is less of a problem than people portray as so little antibiotic survives and what does is not

toxic. Growers must follow mandatory antibiotic withdraw times before slaughter which helps this but some still can remain in products such as milk. One of Dr Hansen’s main concerns however is that the vast majority of the antibiotic pass straight through the animals and exits in the faeces（粪便）. The faeces then sit in the fields and continue to select for antibiotic resistance in the environment and act as a pool to re-infect new animals. This cycle makes it even more difficult to reduce the number of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the agricultural process.

So what can we do? Lowering the amount of antibiotics used non-therapeutically in meat production may reduce the number of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the environment, so it seems we must try to lower use. Lowering the number of antibiotic-resistant organisms will have huge follow on effect for human health and may slow the march to our antibiotic-free future. Consumers are the key as they drive demand, argues Dr. Hansen. Specific labels exist in the US for meat grown without extraneous use of antibiotics so consumers can be informed about the path their meat took from pasture（牧场）to plate. Butchers and restaurants should also be aware of the origins of their meat, so ask them. Even Chicago’s public school system has begun purchasing and serving chicken raised without antibiotics to students in 473 schools.

It’s not impossible to turn this around but it does need a shift in thinking. Many argue that without antibiotics agricultural food production would stop but we already have the solution to this. Vaccines are very safe and much more effective than antibiotics. They are also significantly cheaper in the long term. Changes in animal husbandry practices（畜牧业）and improved hygiene（卫生）have also proved to be viable alternatives to antibiotic use. All we need is the political will to tackle this problem to ensure the effectiveness of antibiotics persists into the future. Part2:写作

三、单选：

考核形式：摘要排序

General introduction 选择题（1-2道）

Title 选择题按课本（types，是否合适）

Abstract, Introduction 重点

复习内容：

1.General introduction to scientific writing

A.What is the scientific writing P. 15

B.Structure：IMRAD (introduction, method, result and discussion)

C.Ethics in Scientific Publishing P. 37

Authenticity and accuracy, originality, credit, ethical treatment of humans and animals, disclosure of conflicts of interest

2.How to prepare the title P. 49

A.Length of title (general or specific)

B.Syntax of title

C.Types of title

D.Abbreviations and Jargon

标题不能太短或太长；减少waste word如：an, the, study on, specific titles；faulty word order；悬垂分词using的使用应小心；避免is等显示强烈主张的表述；hanging title和running title等的使用。

2.How to write the abstract P.52

A.The importance of abstract：miniature version of the paper

B.Content of abstract: principal objectives and scope of the investigation; methods; results; principal conclusions.

C.Types of abstracts: informative abstract (to condense the paper); indicative abstract/descriptive abstract (indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, used in review papers, conference reports, government report literature.)

D.Tense and Voice of abstracts: most in past tense

3.How to write the introduction P.56

A.Content of introduction: the nature and scope of the problem investigated; the brief review; method; the principle result; the principle conclusion; previous published note; related papers have been published elsewhere.

B.Structure of introduction ( some exceptions)

C.Citations and abbreviations

D.Tense and Voice of introductions: most in present tense

四、简答：

考核形式：

①限定式：按书上内容书写（如摘要的要求、类型、特点等）

②开放式：给定一篇，并对其进行评论，怎样理解？优缺点。

复习内容：

The stylistic feature of Scientific writing

Clarity, Accuracy, Accessibility, Conciseness, Correctness

1.Word features

A.General or specific; formal or informal

B.Professional words, Specifically Concentrated Meaning, Latin and Greek influence, Latin and Greek Abbreviation, compound, Noun clusters, Normalization)

2.Sentence features

A.Sentence types: simple one, complicated, complex

B.Tense and Voice P. 196 ( why use active voice, why use passive voice, why choose present tense?) Voice and person

发表的文章，既成的事实用现在时；自己的研究结果用一般过去时。例外：attribution(past), presentation(present), results of calculations and statistical analysis(past), general statement or know truth(past).

被动语态常见于陈述研究方法，而主动语态比被动语态更精确、简洁。

C.Sentence clarity

Principles of Clear Statement

1)Keep sentences short

2)Prefer the simple to the complex

3)Prefer the familiar word

4)Avoid unnecessary words

5)Put action in your verbs

6)Write to express, not impress

Things that make science writing unclear

1). Subjects and verbs too far apart

2). Overabundance of nominalizations

3). Poor flow ( misplacement of old and new information)

4). Excessive use of passive voice

D.Concise sentence

E.formal sentence

1.) don't (do not!) use contractions（缩写）

2.)don't use colloquial language or slang（通俗

语或俚语）3.)generally avoid "phrasal verbs" （动词短语）4)avoid common but vague words and phrases 5).avoid sexist language（性别歧视语言）

3. Discourse features（话语特征）

A. Coherent (reference, ellipse, substitution, conjunction, repetition, collocation, parallel structure)

高考英语作文及翻译集锦

高考英语作文及翻译集 锦 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

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Americans like to go out by car. Although more and more Chinese own cars,most Chinese still like to ride bicycles, This is determined by a lot of factors. As we all know, the bike advances slowly by manpower, but it can be placed wherever it is convenient However, as for the car, although it can run fast by engine, it must be parked at parking places. Most Americans live in the suburb which is far from urban areas and their working places. So they need cars to go shopping and go to work. And they also like traveling far. Thus a car brings them great convenience. On the contrary, most Chinese live near their working areas and markets. They don't need a car to go to work or go shopping. I would like to ride a bike, because it costs little and it is easy to use and won't cause pollution. 自行车还是汽车 美国人喜欢乘汽车外出。尽管越采越多的中国人拥有了汽车，但大部分中国人仍喜欢骑自行车，这是由很多因素决定的。 众所周知，自行车靠人力，行进慢，但可以在方便的地方停放。然而对于汽车来说，虽然它依靠发动机行进很快，但它必须停在停车场。 多数美国人生活在郊区，远离市区及工作地点，所以他们需要汽车来购物、上班，并且他们也喜欢驾车远行。因此汽车给他们提供很大方便。相反，多数中国人居住在工作地点和市场附近，他们不需要开车去上班或购物。 我喜欢骑自行车外出，因为它花费少而且容易使用。最重要的是自行车不会引起污染。 Smoking And Health Today smoking is a widespread habit ali over the world. Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking. Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol. However, smoking is harmful to one's ,health. It contributes a lot of lung cancer, from which many people have died in the past years. It can also cause many other diseases. In a word, if you smoke, you do h ave a much greater chance of losing your health. Furthermore, scienti fic research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themse lves, but also a threat to public health, especially to women and chi ldren. Therefore, many countries have made laws forbidding smokers to smoke m public places such as cinemas, stations, hospitals, and so o

高中英语句子翻译带解析

句子翻译（二） 1稍等一会儿，我会帮助你的。（for a while） 2他们作了自我介绍。(introduce) 3请去查询下班火车什么时候开。(find out) 4昨天下午2时到4时你在做什么？(过去进行时) 5我正在吃晚饭，电话铃响了。(when) 6不仅我，而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢游泳。(be fond of) 7他今天感到身体好多了。(a lot) 8礼堂里早已挤满了高中学生。(be full of) 9我在街上走时，看到了一些古老的建筑物。(while) 10我走近花园时，几个男孩子在爬树。(用过去进行时) 11请脱下你的旧上衣，穿上这件新的。(take off, put on) 12这件事是什么时候发生的？（happen 13他去办公室查询课程表.(ask abut) 14当我们到达车站时，火车已开出了。(过去完成时) 15他服药后，开始感到好些了.(过去完成时) 16 我观看体育节目你有意见吗? (mind) 17我还没有读完那本有关伦敦的书.(finish) 18 他没有跟我说一声就离开了山村。(without) 19我告诉她我已把餐具洗好了。(过去完成时) 20汤姆上楼去他的卧室时，他的姐姐已把他的上衣改短了一英寸。(过去完成时) 21我和汤姆都盼望早日见到您。(look forward to) 22全世界的人都在电视上观看奥运会.(all over the world) 23我听说这场比赛将延期。(put off) 24这里要讲英语.(被动) 25这座体育馆将于明年建成.(被动语态) 26过马路时要小心.(be careful) 27这次车祸是什么引起的?(cause) 28她总是乐于助人.(be ready to) 29这个女孩由于不遵守交通规则，在车祸中受了伤。(被动) 30到时候会通知你的.（被动语态） 31我根本不喜欢这个铜的框架。(not…at all) 32他把玫瑰栽在花园中间.(in the middle) 33他不知道她为什么在练习中有这么多的错误.(wonder) 34他告诉我一切都会好的。(过去将来时) 35谁也不知道我们什么时候举行下次会议.(过去将来时) 36在新学校里有这么多的东西要学 37当老师进来的时候，我们正在愉快地交谈。38我们一读完初中就进入高中。 39我的老师比我想象的要年轻得多。 40晚饭后，我总是在厨房里洗碗碟.

初一英语作文带翻译

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高考英语书面表达单句翻译 高考写作高级表达方法

巧用高考真题写作素材提高高考英语书面表达之单句翻译练习 针对部分同学表达能力差的问题，本翻译练习有助于基础差的学 生提高词汇和地道的英文表达能力。请同学们认真翻译句子，不要直译，并标出各个句子的谓语动词，减少中式表达！认真体会高级用法！有易到难，可以先练习完成句子，积累到一定程度再练习单句翻译， 学会仿写。 完成句子 1．如果你能找到一些方法来经常表扬你的孩子，你就会发现他们会向你敞开心扉。 Find ways to praise your children often，and you’ll find they will open their hearts to you. 2．直到跟两个学生交谈之后我才发现，有强烈的动机是达到目标的最重要的因 素之一。(2015·湖南) Only after talking to two students did I discover that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals. 3．生长在格拉斯哥最贫困的地区，他成为一名足球明星的道路漫长而艰难。(2015·重庆) Raised in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star. 4．发现这门课程很难，她决定转向难度更低的课程。 Finding the course very difficult，she decided to move to a lower level. 5．在高峰时刻开车很累。 Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.

上海历届春高考英语句子翻译训练

上海历届春高考英语句子翻译汇编（2000年-----2016年） 2000上海春考 1. 进入大学以后, 他对计算机很感兴趣。(become interested in) 2. 集邮几乎占据了他所有业余时间。(occupy) 3. 只要专心学习, 你一定能顺利通过考试。(concentrate) 4. 越来越多的人意识到遵守交通规则的重要性。(be aware) 5. 尽管有很多困难, 我们仍将努力执行我们的计划。(in spite of) 6. 诺贝尔奖金授予那些在某一个领域作出巨大贡献的科学家。(be awarded) 2000上海高考 1. 这张照片是我想起了我们在夏令营度过的日子。(remind) 2. 假如你想从事这项工作，你必须先接受三个月的训练。(take up) 3. 你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once) 4. 同其他同学相比，那个女孩有更强的英语听，说能力。(compare) 5. 众所周知，成功来自于勤奋，不努力则一事无成。(without)

1．早睡早起有益于健康。（do good to） 2．乘车时你有主动给老人让座的习惯吗？（offer） 3．就我所知，在那座小城市里购物很方便。（as far as） 4．他很后悔失去了获得奖学金的机会。（regret） 5．到目前为止，我们学过的英语单词总计大约有三千五百个。（add up to）6．学生们逐渐认识到友谊胜过金钱，患难朋友才是真朋友。（realize） 2001上海高考 1. 我们的祖国从来没有像今天这样那个强大。(Never) 2. 我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再作出最终的结论。(before) 3. 据说在那个湖底发现了一个古城遗址。(discover) 4. 这个地区的经济发展得很快，可使某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。(quality) 5. 他们应该从这件事中得出教训，玩火者必自焚。(burn)

四级英语作文和翻译

1.Suppose a freshman asks you about the campus life,describe it to him and give your suggestions. On Campus Life Campus is a large stage to show yourselves because there are various kinds of activities awaiting you. Thrilling parties such as freshman initiation party offer you valuable chances to show your talents, enjoy yourselves and make new friends. Volunteering service, a worthy choice to serve people, gives you achievement and happiness. With many English lovers and foreigners,English corner is a good place for you to practice your oral English. Being immersed in these exciting activities you might be a little puzzled. Actually you need not participate in all of them.Self-management and self-control is necessary in college.It is wise to make a plan that fits your personality,interest and future development and follow it strictly.Do not be bothered by trivial things or distracted by online games which are nothing but a waste of time. If you can follow the suggestions above,you are bound to get the most out of your campus life. 翻译：改革开放政策使中国经济迅猛增长，令中国社会发生了巨大变化，同时，越来越多的农民工离开农村到城市工作，在城市中担任建筑工人、工厂工人、餐厅服务员和司机。他们跟城市工作者一起，把中国变成了世界工厂，为中国经济的增长做出了巨大贡献。然而，这一庞大群体却面临着诸多问题，如缺乏工伤赔偿和子女上学难等。 The reform and opening up policy brings rapid economic growth and great social changes to china. In the meanwhile, an increasing number of rural migrant workers have left their land in the countryside to work in cities as construction and factory workers, restaurant staff and drivers . Together with urban labors, they turn China into the factory of the world and contribute a lot to China’s fast-growing economy. However, the huge group is facing various problems such as a lack of industrial injury compensation and schooling for their children.

高考英语作文备考 励志与写作经典句子

高考英语励志与写作经典句子 1、学习时的痛苦是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。 Time the study pain is temporary, has not learned the pain is life-long. 2、没有一种不通过蔑视、忍受和奋斗就可以征服的命运。 No one can conquer fate without contempt, suffering and struggle. 3、让我们将事前的考虑，换为事前的思考和计划吧。 Let us consider the ex-ante, and change it into thinking and planning in advance. 4、三年我誓要把高考踩在脚低下！ Three years i vow to step on the foot of the low entrance! 5、不逼自己一把，怎么知道你有多优秀。 Don’t force yourself, how to know how good you are. 6、空想会想出很多绝妙的主意，但却办不成任何事情。 A dream will come up with a lot of wonderful ideas, but it will not do anything. 7、与诚信携手同行，跟欺诈挥手道别。 Hand in hand with integrity, waving goodbye to fraud. 8、保持平常心，营造好环境，扬起常笑脸，轻松迎高考。

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