翻译技巧4

翻译技巧4

词类转译法

英语与汉语的一个显著差异：

英语呈静态；汉语呈动态

从词汇用法上，英语中常用抽象名词、动词的同源名词、同源形容词、副词及介词等来表达动态含义。而汉语的动词由于无形态变化，若要表示动作意义，往往只能采用动词。

Don’t believe him. You should know he is a good kidder.

不要相信他。你应该知道他很会骗人的。

I’m doubtful whether he is still alive.

我怀疑他是否还活着。

Mother is on the telephone with father .

母亲与父亲在通话。

一、词类的转译

(一) 英语名词的转译

1.英语名词—〉汉语的动词

2.英语名词—〉汉语的形容词

3.英语名词—〉汉语的副词

1.英语名词—〉汉语的动词

名词化(nominalization) 成为英语使用中的普遍现象，构成了静态为主的语言特征。而汉语是逻辑性语言，不受动词形态变化的约束，使用较多的动词，形成了明显的动态优势。英译汉的过程就是在译文中强化原文动态色彩的过程，常常需要英语名词转换成汉语动词。1.英语名词—〉汉语的动词

(1) 具有动作意义的名词(action nouns)

例 1. I’m convinced that China’s WTO membership will do more contributions to the development of global economy.

我坚信中国加入WTO将会对全球经济发展做出更大贡献。

例2. There is no shortcut to the mastery of English. (n.+of短语)

掌握英语无捷径。

(2) 有些与感官动词(see, hear, think, know等)相联系的名词(sight, sound, glance, view, knowledge 等)通常转译成动词。

例1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我的心里充满特别的向往之情。

例2. Some knowledge about the structure and history of Chinese character is helpful for the study of the language.

了解一下汉字的结构和发展史，对学习汉语是有帮助的。

（3）由弱化的动词结构there be+名词也能表达动态含义

As Shanghai becomes increasingly congested and polluted, there has been a growing realization that action is needed to tackle these problems.

随着上海变得越来越拥挤，污染问题日益严重，人们更加意识到需要采取行动来解决这些问题。

2.英语名词—〉汉语的形容词

形容词派生来的名词

例1. We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursue it.

我们深信这一政策是正确的，并决定继续奉行这一政策。

3.英语名词—〉汉语的副词

例1. The delegates at the conference unanimously expressed their determination to oppose hegemonism on the part of the two superpowers.

会上，代表们一致表示坚决地反对两个超级大国的霸权主义。

一、词类的转译

(二) 英语形容词的转译

1.英语形容词—〉汉语的动词

2.英语形容词—〉汉语的名词

3.英语形容词—〉汉语的副词

1.英语形容词—〉汉语的动词

例1. What she said is dismissible, so don’t take it to heart.

她的话无足轻重，不要太往心里去。

例2. 对中美关系的未来我持乐观的态度。

I’m very optimistic about the future development of Sino-US relations.

例3. The State Department’s top-ranking Asian specialist said Monday that China’s opening to the West is a helpful policy that should be encouraged by close ties with the United States.

国务院最高级的亚洲问题专家星期一说，中国向西方开放的政策是一项好政策，应该通过加强中国同美国的关系来加以鼓励。

2.英语形容词—〉汉语的名词

例1. Most of us think him very hypocritical.

我们大家认为他是一个十足的伪君子。

3.英语形容词—〉汉语的副词

例1. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.

目前，我国各地对各种消费品的需求已大大增加。

例2. She was concentrating herself too thoroughly---what she did really required less mental and physical strain.

她的注意力集中得过分了——她做这工作，精神上肉体上都用不着那样紧张的。

一、词类的转译

(三) 英语动词的转译

1.英语动词—〉汉语的名词

2.英语动词—〉汉语的副词

3.英语动词—〉汉语的形容词

(三) 英语动词的转译

1.英语动词—〉汉语的名词

例1. Quick decision characterized him.

当机立断是他的特点。

例2. Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.

气体和固体的区别在于气体的可压缩性比固体的大。

2.英语动词—〉汉语的副词

例：Underground water reserves are much larger than those on the surface, but as they are unseen we tend to underestimate them.

地下水的储量比地表水大得多，但是由于看不见，人们往往会低估地下水的储量。

一、词类的转译

(四) 英语副词的转译

1.英语副词—〉汉语的形容词

2.英语副词—〉汉语的名词

3.英语副词—〉汉语的动词

(四) 英语中副词的转译

1.英语副词—〉汉语的形容词

当英语动词转译成名词时，修饰动词的副词一般转译为形容词。

例：Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.

有独到见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很好的评价。

2.英语副词—〉汉语的名词

某些由名词派生的副词，可转译为汉语的名词。

例1. Such details must be dimensionally correct.

这类零件的尺寸必须准确。

例2. There seems to be no other competitive techniques which can measure range as well or as rapidly as can a laser.

就测量的精度和速度而言，似乎还没有其他技术能与激光相比。

3.英语副词—〉汉语的动词

英语中一些副词，如apart, behind, in, off, on, out, over, up等，在用作表语或宾语补足语时，经常可以转译为汉语动词。

例1：As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.

他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。

例2. 我姐姐等我呢，我得走了。

I must be off now, for my sister is expecting me .

一、词类的转译

(五) 英语介词的转译

1.英语介词/介词短语—〉汉语的动词结构

(五) 介词的转译

1.英语介词/介词短语—〉汉语的动词结构

英语中有不少介词，如：about, of, for, by, in, past, over, around, across, through, with, against, above等，都具有较强的动词意味，汉译时可转译为动词。

例1.他邀请我去他家吃午饭。

He invited me to his house for lunch.

例2. 他不求名不求利。

He is after neither fame nor fortune.

例3. We talked on over fresh tea.

我们一边喝新泡的茶，一边继续聊。

例4: With humanity's long proud history of standing firm against natural enemies, sometimes in the face of almost certain defeat and extinction, we would be cowardly and stupid to leave the field on the eve of our greatest potential victory.

人类曾坚定不移地与自然界的仇敌进行斗争，有时几乎面临不可避免的失败和毁灭，既然我们拥有如此悠久并值得自豪的历史，倘若我们在取得伟大胜利的前夕就逃离战场，那我们无疑就是懦夫和笨蛋。

Exercises:

翻译下列句子，注意斜体字的词类转译。

1. She felt the need of a breath of fresh air and a drink of water, but did not venture to stir.

她感到需要吸些新鲜空气，喝些水，但是她不敢动。

2. He found some difficulties to design a power plant without an electronic computer.

他感到没有电子计算机，要设计一座电厂是困难的。

3. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.

一个穿着讲究的人上了车，他外表和谈吐都像个美国人。

4. He was a voracious reader, spending much of his days and evenings devouring books.

他读起书来，不分昼夜，废寝忘食。

5. The use of bacteriological weapons is a clear violation of the international law.

使用细菌武器显然违反国际法。

P69

1. 我想更多地了解美国的情况。

I would like to know more about the United States.

2. 中国足球的落后状态必须改变。

The backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed.

3. 总之，就全国范围来说，我们一定能够逐步顺利解决沿海同内地贫富差距的问题。

In short, taking the country as a whole, we are confident that we can gradually bridge the gap between coastal and inland areas.

4. 掌握英语无捷径。

There is no shortcut to the mastery of English. (n. +of 短语)

5. 教材不按时送到就会打乱我们的教学计划。

Any delay in the delivery of the textbooks will disturb our teaching plan.

6. 我刚来，对这里的环境还不熟悉。

I’m a new comer, so I’m not familiar with the surroundi ngs here.

7. 说完这些话，他就走了。

With these words , he went away.

8. 要学好一门外语是不容易的，非下苦功不可。

The mastery of a foreign language is difficult and requires painstaking effort.

9. 我们都赞成该项法律，因为它符合我们的利益。

We are all for the new law for it is in favor of our interests.

10. 国际奥委会主席表示相信中国能够成功地主办2008年的奥运会。

The chairman of the International Olympic Committee expressed his belief that China would successfully host the 2008 Olympic Games.

Exercise

1. Those photos served as a reminder of my childhood.

2. I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I .

3. Australian guests are immensely impressed by the splendor and warmth of our reception at the airport.

4. Consumers' worries about conventional food's effect on their health and the environment are helping organic sales, yet those worries may not be well founded.

5. 水火不相容。

6.知道他已经安全地到达美国，我终于松了一口气。

7. Out of all the glorious tales written about the US revolution for independence from Britain the fact is hardly known that a black man was the first to die for American independence.

Keys:

1. Those photos served as a reminder of my childhood.

那些照片使我想起了童年。

2. I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I .

恐怕我不能教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得更好。

3. Australian guests are immensely impressed by the splendor and warmth of our reception at the airport.

澳大利亚客人对于我们在机场所给予的盛大热情的接待，深表感谢。

4. Consumers' worries about conventional food's effect on their health and the environment are helping organic sales, yet those worries may not be well founded.

广大消费者担心传统食品对健康、对环境都有影响，因而他们心存疑虑，从而使得有机食品大行其道（有助于有机食品的销售）。然而，这种忧虑可能并没有什么根据。

5. 水火不相容。

Water is incompatible with fire.

6.知道他已经安全地到达美国，我终于松了一口气。

Knowing that he had arrived in the US safely, I was greatly relieved.

7. Out of all the glorious tales written about the US revolution for independence from Britain the fact is hardly known that a black man was the first to die for American independence. 读遍了关于美国为摆脱英国统治争取独立而进行革命的堂皇纪事，也很难了解到第一个为美国独立而牺牲的原来是黑人。