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大学英语自学教程

大学英语自学教程
大学英语自学教程

§1词类和构词法1.1 词类

1.名词:(noun)/n.

1)普通名词(common noun)

a.可数名词(countable noun):teacher, magazine

b.不可数名词(uncountable noun):rice, bread

2)专有名词(proper noun): New Y ork, Lu Xun

2.冠词:(article)/art.

1)不定冠词(indefinite article):a/an

2)定冠词(definite article):the

3.代词:(pronoun)/pron.

1)人称代词:I, you

2)物主代词:his, mine

3)反身代词:yourself, ourselves

4)相互代词:each other, one another

5)指示代词:this, such

6)疑问代词:who, which

7)关系代词:whom, that

8)不定代词:some, every

4.数词:(numeral)/num.

1)基数词: one, two,…

2)序数词: first, second,…

5.形容词:(adjective)/adj.(a.)

6.副词:(adverb)/adv.(ad.)

1)普通副词: carefully, well

2)疑问副词: when, where

3)连接副词: then, however

4)关系副词: where, when

7.动词:(verb)/v.

1)实义动词:

a.及物动词(vt.): consider, receive

b.不及物动词(vi.):walk, sleep

2)系动词: be, seem

3)情态动词: may, must

4)助动词: shall, well

8.介词:(preposition)/prep.

1)简单介词:in, at

2)复合介词:into, out of

3)二重介词:until after, from among

4)短语介词:according to, because of

5)分词介词:regarding, including

9.连词:(conjunction)/conj.

1)

a)并列连词: and, but

b)从属连词: when, although

2)

a)简单连词:but, if

b)关联连词:not only…but also,as…as

c)分词连词:supposing, provided

d)短语连词:as if, in order to

10.感叹词:(interjection)/int.

well, hello

1.2 构词法

●构词法有三种:派生法、合成法和转换法

●派生法

前缀(prefix)+词根(root)+后缀(suffix)

派生词:1)前缀+词根

2)词根+后缀

3)前缀+词根+后缀

●前缀:不改变词性,只引起词义的变化

1)表示相反意义:un-, dis-, in-, im-, il-, de-等

like, legal, cover, formal

dislike, illegal, uncover, informal

2)表示其他意义

re-(重新):retell复述

mis-(错误地):misunderstand误解

anti-(反、防):anti-tank反坦克的

ex-(前):ex-president前总统

pre-(预先):preheat预热

post-(后的):postgraduate研究生

fore-(先的):foresee预见

self-(自我的、自动的):self-control自我控制

super-(超级、上层):supermarket超级市场

sub-(下面的):subway地铁

inter-(之间的、互相):interact相互作用

trans-(跨越、移):transnational跨国的

ultra-(外、极):ultrasonic超声的

semi-(半):semi-final半决赛

vice-(副):vice-premier副总理

uni-(单):uniform制服

bi-(双):bicycle自行车

multi-(多):multicultural多种文化的

auto-(自):automobile汽车

●后缀:

1)构成名词:

a. 构成人或物的名称

-er, -or, -ist, -ee, -ian, -ese, -ant

thinker思想家, translator翻译者, physicist物理学家, employee雇员, physician内科医生, Japnese日本人, assistant助手

b. 构成表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词

-ance, -ence, -(a)tion, -sion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -th, -ty, -ure, -ship

acceptance接受, confidence信心, preparation准备, discussion讨论, physics物理学, building建筑物, reality现实, settlement解决, greatness伟大, warmth温暖, safety安全, failure失败, friendship友谊

2)构成形容词

-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -y,-ant, -ent, -ary, -en

suitable适合的, responsible负责的, natural天然的, powerful强大的, useless无畏的, selfish自私的, collective集体的, continuous;连续不断的, American美国的, historic有历史意义的, friendly友好的, noisy 喧闹的, pleasant令人愉快的, dependent依赖的, imaginary想象中的, golden金色的

3)构成副词

-ly, -ward, -wise

regularly定期地, eastward向东方, otherwise否则

4)构成动词

-ise(-ize), -en, -ify

realise实现, widen加宽, verify证实

●合成法

由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词

1)合成名词:output产量,typewriter打字机

2)合成形容词:first-rate一流的,

all-round全面的

3)合成动词:undergo经历,uphold支持

●转换法

词形不变,词性转换

dream v.做梦------n.梦

Look v.看-------n. 相貌

双音节词转换后重音发生变化

名词动词

inrease[ˋ inkri:s] 增加[in ˋ kri:s] 增加

export [ˋ ?ksp?:t] 出口[?kˋsp?:t] 出口

§2名词

2.1 名词复数的规则变化

2.2 其它名词复数的规则变化

1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。

2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:

a. 加s

b. 加es

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可

3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:

a. 加s

b. 去f,fe 加ves

c. 上述a和b两种方法均可

2.3 名词复数的不规则变化

1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。

3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。

4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:

a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。

b. news 为不可数名词。

c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。

5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。

6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。

2.3 不同国籍人的单复数

2.5 名词的格

英语中有些名词可以加"s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:

1)单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加’s,如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。

2)若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。

3)凡不能加’s的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。

4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。

5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)

6)复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or two's absence

§3冠词和数词

3.1 不定冠词的用法

英语中的冠词有三种,定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词。

不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。

1)表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。例如:

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。

2)代表一类人或物。例如:

A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。

Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。

3)组成词组或成语,如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry

/ in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a

sudden等。

3.2 定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1)特指双方都明白的人或物。例如:

Take the medicine.把药吃了。

2)上文提到过的人或事。例如:

He bought a house.I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3)指世上独一物二的事物,如the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth等。

4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。

5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。例如:

Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。

That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。

6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体。例如:

They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师)

They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)

7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如:

She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。

8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如:the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国

the United States美国

9)用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如:

She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。例如:

the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)

11)用在惯用语中。例如:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),

the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday,the next morning,

in the sky (water,field,country)

in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,

in the middle (of),in the end,

on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre

3.3 零冠词的用法

1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary。

2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。例如:They are teachers. 他们是教师。3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。例如:

Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。例如:Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。

5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。例如:We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。例如:

The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如have breakfast,play chess。

8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。例如:

I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。

9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,如by bus,by train。

10)有些个体名词不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。例如:

go to hospital去医院看病

go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

11)不用冠词的序数词;

a. 序数词前有物主代词时。

b. 序数词作副词。例如:He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。

c. 在固定词组中,如at(the)first, first of all, from first to last等。

3.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构

1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同的人或物。例如:

He raises a black and a white cats.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

2)如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一人或一物。例如:

He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。

3.5 数词

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

一、基数词

1)基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and forty-five。

2)基数词一般是单数形式,但遇下列情况,常用复数:

a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scores of people 指许多人;

b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如:

They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到了。

c. 表示"几十岁"。

d. 表示"年代",用in +the +数词复数。

e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如Three fives is(are)fifteen。

二、序数词

序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。

三、数词的用法

1)倍数表示法

a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as。例如

I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。

b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…)of…。例如:

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…。例如:

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍。例如:

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

2)分数表示法的构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的基数词用单数,分母序数词用复数。例如:

1/3 one-third;3/37 three - thirty-sevenths.

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2016年大学英语四级各题型备考方法英语四级考试对于大学生来说很重要,因此小编今天就来和大家谈一谈英语四级备考方法,希望对大家有帮助。 1、首先定位自己的英语水平 了结自己,了解四级,可谓是知己知彼,百战不殆。首先可以以自己所参加的几次综合考试或四级考试,以及做全真题的成绩和感受来定位自己的英语水平,至少是英语应试的水平。可以大略地确定自己的长处和短处。长处继续发扬,短处必须恶补。因为时不我待。 2、词汇的积累和熟练 词汇是参加任何英语考试的基础,特别是作为全国大学英语级别考试中初级水平的四级考试。希望朋友们在5月末之前必须把四级大纲所规定4500词汇浏览3遍。注意是浏览!不一定都要背诵。这样可以在辅导班的第3阶段或者自己准备做全真题时,不会无所适从。词汇的记忆和积累,精记和泛记结合起来。精记以词汇书为主,做到”四到“:手到(拼写),口到(朗读),心到(专心)和脑到(分析构词法,成串记忆,考点)。同时用卡片或小手册强化记忆每页中难以记住的重要词汇。泛记是积累英语词汇的最有效的方法,但是短时间难以达到大纲所规定的量,不过可以作为辅助手段。就是在平时的阅读,听力,练习,甚至生活中用心捕捉和四级单词和相关单词,特别是某些四级词汇的搭配。 3、语法结构的加强

尽管现在单独作为考试题型的语法结构越来越少,可是在任何一个四级和六级的考试题型中,语句的理解还是以语法结构为基础,特别是结构。同时精选10篇左右文章细看、精看,涉及到每个词,结构,篇章来温习和锻炼自己长句,复杂句等的理解,同时逐步加快速度,可以提高自己在考试中,特别是阅读理解中理解的速度。 4、听力的磨练 听力薄弱的原因很多,词汇量,语音,语法结构(意群),语气语调重读(语感),锻炼,技巧等。在加强自己词汇量,语法结构的理解,以及语音尽量标准的基础上,每天或至少经常加强听力练习,以听和四级命题相类似的练习为主。如果不懂,可以反复听几遍。少看或尽量推迟看文字材料。把简短对话和文章结合起来听。同时附以听写短句。难度可以逐步加大。对于基础不好的同学,可以选择比较简单的材料分项训练(时间,数字,地点,转折……)。 5、阅读理解的掌握 阅读是四级中最重要的部分,得阅读者,得天下。但是反之亦然。所以应该极力重视。但是阅读是综合才能。词汇,结构,逻辑,篇章,理解等对阅读产生很大的影响。在加强基本功的基础上,在附以技巧和训练。现在朋友们的阅读不必上量上速度,要精看,找出自己理解的长处和短处(特别是错误后的反省)注意阅读步骤的培养:浏览——看题——找答案点——理解含有答案点句子或段落——看和理解选项——对比和对应选项和答案点。掌握技巧和方法是现在必须要做的,所以完成一篇文章后,最好要返看,提炼自己的得失,总结出题特点和思路,同时提炼好的词汇搭配,结构甚至写作中可以用到的精彩句子。然后逐步加大量和提高自己的速度。

大学英语自学教程(上)-2

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone! Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one. Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A. Useful phrases: 1.disagree with …(与…意见有分歧); 2.hundreds of(成百的); 3. be different from…(与…不同); 4. succeed in sth…(成功的做某事); 5. as much as you can(尽可能的多); 6. practice doing sth(练习做某事); 7. try to do…(试图做某事); 8. be similar in sth…(在某些方面是相似的); 9. first of all(首先);10. depend on(依靠、依赖);11. instead of sth/doing sth(不是某事或不是做某事);12. wait sb to do…(等着某人去做某事);13. learn from sth/sb(从某件事或从某人那儿学到…);14. make a mistake(犯错误);15. be afraid to do(害怕去做…);16. be willing to do…(愿意去做…);17. be interested in sth(对…感兴趣);18. in order to(为了);19. communicate with sb(同某人进行交流); 20. on the other hand(另一方面);21. might do well to do sth(不妨做某事)。 B. Some important words: 1.successful; 2. disagree; 3.statement; 4. guarantee; 5. intelligent; 6. conversely; 7. similar; 8. independent;9. conclusion;10. communicate;communication;11. purpose, purposefully;12. regularly;13. technique;14. outline. C. Key to part exercises: (from page 8 to 12) 一、课文练习: Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d; Ⅱ. 1.task; 2.intelligent; 3.tudy; 4.clue; 5.conclusion; 6.repeat; https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bf17471015.html,munication; 8.purpose; 9.probably; 10.outline Ⅲ. 1. Instead of; 2.therefore; 3. more…than; 4.even; 5.first of all; 6.because; 7.on the other hand; 8.finally; 9.looking for; 10.conversely Ⅳ.1.见课文; 2. Language learning is active learning. Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language. 3. Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful. 4.见一讲作业。 5. The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us. 二、词汇练习: Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分; 3. cover: v 覆盖; uncover: v 揭开,为cover的反义词;discover: v 发现,同义词:find, 习题答案为:covered; uncover; discovered Ⅱ.1.inexact; 2.technique; 3.outlined; https://www.sodocs.net/doc/bf17471015.html,municate; 5.regularly; 6.clue; 7.intelligent;

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