简析雅思阅读中的判断题
简析雅思阅读中的判断题
朗阁海外考试研究中心祝丹霞
判断题一直被归为雅思阅读题型中的简单题，主要基于该题型有两个特点。第一：该题型大部分是有序的（除剑十有例外）；第二：该题型定位词明显不太容易被替换。但是，就笔者在教学过程当中发现，该题型的准确率却不是很高。这样的矛盾引起了我的兴趣，本篇文章将从判断题的做题步骤，判断题易错点，以及判断题的做题方法三个方向切入，希望对考生有帮助。
判断题的呈现形式一般是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN, 或者YES/NO/NOT GIVEN。两者的区别在于前者是问到的题目所给的句子是否agree with the information given in the passage，而后者的选择标准则是题目中包含的句子是否agree with the views of the writer，但是两者是没有本质区别的。所以我们选择剑五当中的一篇文章来进行做题步骤的分析。
剑桥真题分析
The Effects of Light on Plant and Animal Species
Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly, it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plane and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.
Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behavior. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plane which flower after a
period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.
The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plane is also clear. Short-day plane that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plane that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plane has an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favorable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.
The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusqueaabietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying I2 to I5 centimeters deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).
The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to
convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.
Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plane has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.
Questions 27-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3
In boxes 27 33 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27. There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.
28. Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.
29. Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.
30. Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.
31. Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.
32. Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abietifolia’s seasonal rhythm.
33. Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.
上文笔者就提及了判断题的两个特点，其中之一就是绝大部分有序，所以这篇文章的定位相对来说就会比较简单。关于定位词的选择这里不再赘述，所以按照做题步骤，我会建议首先学生需要找到两个或者每个题目的定位词。
27. 定位词：scientific evidence, photoperiodism;
28. 定位词：bird, out of season;
29. 定位词：photoperiodism, geographic areas;
30. 定位词：desert annuals, long-day plants;
31. 定位词：bamboos, life cycle;
32. 定位词：scientists, chusqueaabietifolia’s seasonal rhythm;
33. 定位词：eastern hemlock, fast-growing plant.
第二步，拿着最起码两个题目的定位词回到原文找到原句进行同义转述的分析。
27. 根据题目中的关键词，定位到“The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable.”这个句子应该不是难点。重点在于the amount of … is considerable就等同于plenty of…, 所以答案就是TRUE。（注：considerable这个词会有学生有问题）
28. 根据关键词定位接下来的一句话“For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964).”重点out of season等同于induced even in midwinter，所以答案就是TRUE。
29. 题目当中的关键词并不能找到可以定位的句子，所以答案就是NOT GIVEN。（注：这个题目的定位和下一个题的定位相距较远，所以我会在这之前建议学生至少拿两个题目的关键词一起来定位，为了预防学生在看到NOT GIVEN题的时候会纠结反复阅读文章。因为判断题是顺序题，所以下一个题的关键词出现的时候该题目还没能定位到，那么答案一定是NOT GIVEN）
30. 关键词还是比较好定位的，是专有名词，直接定位到该句子“For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.”看到很明显的for example，往前面看一句就会发现desert annual是很明显的day-neutral plant，所以答案就可以选择FALSE。（注：定位一定要带上主语的原因在该题目中有体现，如果只拿long-day plant来定位，那么这个题目很有可能会误选NOT GIVEN）
31. 通过bamboo来定位到接下来一段话，具体句子是“Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976).”“flower, fruit and die”恰好和“flower several times ”相反，所以答案是FALSE。
32. 定位并不是问题，但是句子有一些变化，对于基础较差的学生来说会是一个比较大的问题。通过专有名词来看，我们可以确定到相关句子，“Every bamboo of the species Chusqueaabietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884.”但是该句子并没有答案。（注：一般判断题是定位到哪句，答案就在哪句，不会跨句，这也是该题型简单的另一个原因）继续往下看，“The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear.”所以答案为TRUE。
33. 该题目相对有点特殊，因为定位到的句子是“For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant.”但是并未提及是属于快还是慢，所以我们得往前看关于shade-tolerant 的定义，然后我们就可以看到“Shade-tolerant plane has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species.”确定答案为FALSE。（注：再强调一遍，判断题定位句和答案为同一句，该题跨句的原因是定位到的内容是专有的，类似的题目还出现在剑七air traffic control in the USA那篇文章）
做题顺序整理
第一：确定关键词（建议两道题目一起）；
第二：确定考点；
第三：回到原文找到对应句子；
第四：同义转述进行排除。
学生易错点分析
1. 词汇量不够，导致过分关注个别学生认为可以定位的“关键词”
例：(C4T1P1)
Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about ‘pure', curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an
opportunity for children to express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.
2. Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their classrooms.
3. It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the 'pure' science that they study at school.
4. The fact that children's ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
5. The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as 'Are there any rainforests in Africa'
6. Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests' destruction.
7. The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children's understanding of rainforests.
8. A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children's ideas about rainforests.
关于这篇文章中的第三题，第一步，定位词为“pure science”，非常明显，也可以很快定位到原文第二段的首句，根据不跨句原则可以马上得出答案，但是很多学生会纠结“they study at s chool”这个点，从而导致不敢选择正确答案TRUE，而认为是NOT GIVEN。主要是因为curriculum这个单词的理解障碍，意思就是课程，当然就是学校学习的意思。
2. 过度纠结某个词或者词组的意思，导致错误答案
例：(C5T1P1)
For the century before Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of
speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.
There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray's tended to concentrate on 'scholarly' words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.
Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid ￡1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent I7 Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.
James Boswell, his biographer described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.
Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.
9. Johnson has become more well known since his death.
10. Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.
11. Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his Dictionary.
12. Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
13. Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.
该篇文章的第八题也是学生比较容易出错的一个点。定位也不是问题，拿到middle class马上可以定位到“beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer--lexical as well as social and commercial.”但是因为led to是导致的意思，而associate with是与…有关的意思，所以很多学生会选择该答案是FALSE。这就是一个非常典型的过分纠结词汇内容而出错的点。
做题建议
就像笔者之前在做题步骤当中强调的第二步，我认为判断题的出题要求并不是需要学生对整个句子的判定，而是词或者词组的正误判断，并且我把这样的词或者词组整理为四大类。
第一类，也是最大类就是谓语动词的判定
例：前面的27题就是一个典型的谓语动词考点，is plenty of，我们只需要回到原文对应到the amount of … considerable就可以马上确定答案是TRUE。
第二类，比较级最高级考点
例：(C8T4P1)
A Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low'
attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved
6. There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.
题目中有出现明显比较级，a wider range of，所以根据定位词回到原文我们寻找的焦点也应该是比较级，a significantly better，但是这个比较级说的是平均成绩，所以继续往下看，“Large sample international comparisons of pupils' attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of 'low' attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater.”正确答案应该是对应这句话得出TRUE。
第三类，因果关系考点
例：(C8T1P2)
An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.
7. The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.
很多学生看到这道题目会觉得答案应该是NOT GIVEN, 因为在原文并没有看到jet engine这个东西，但是根据因果关系考点，我们可以看到题目当中有一个非常明显的因果关系逻辑词，as a result of，根据定位词回到原文找到因果关系result in，所以答案就会选择FALSE。
第四类，数字考点（注意精准性）
该考点是比较简单也比较小的一类，注意看到一些副词的修饰就可以了。
例：(C7T4P2)
Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal
disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska's natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totaled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades’ average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.
20. During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.
该题目的定位显而易见，数字定位很容易，也能对应得上，但是题目中是average，而原文是in excess of，所以答案就是FALSE。
在本篇文章中，我们不再赘述网上比较常见的选择正误或者未提及的标准，而强调从学生出现问题的方向入手，从根本方向去判定答案。
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(2)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(2) The Search for the Anti-aging Pill In government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the way As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too. Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a 'caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achieve
雅思阅读是非无判断题技巧系列讲解
雅思阅读是非无判断题技巧系列讲解 作者：不详发布时间：2009-09-01 16:20:48来源：网络 文章正文网校课程调查热评论坛 回溯历次雅思考试，判断题都是一个不可或缺的重要题型；虽说目前几次考试作为雅思元老的它已经越来越被变化多端的配对题夺去风头，但判断题仍是一个烤鸭们绝不能小觑的题型。作为一种被研究得很彻底的方法题，希望大家通过从本次开始的18讲Yes/No/Not Given专题，熟识它、洞悉它、最后在雅思战场上征服它。今天我们开始“是”型判断题的解题方法介绍。 作为我们是非无判断题的第一讲，和大家说的第一句话就是要明确答案的写法。是”T”吗？”True”吗？都不完全正确。因为对于任何和标准答案不一致的写法，严谨的雅思考官都有理由因“看不懂”而批错，如果这次偏偏有10道判断题，那平时不注意小节的你只能surrender your happiness to the mercy of foreigners。所以最安全的写法永远是”TRUE”,”FALSE”,”NOT GIVEN”(或”YES”,”NO”)，即按照题目要求的大写并拼写完全正确，见任何一套标准雅思试卷之判断题之前的Instruction。 {温馨提示} Yes”,“No”,“Not Given”和“True”,“False”,“Not Given”只是考试形式的区别,在判断方式上并没有本质不同。 作为一种技巧性很强的题型，判断题的高正确率无非掌握两点：定位和判断准则。请大家记住我们今天马上要讲授的True的第一种判断依据：题目是原文的同义表达。让我们按照由易到难的顺序来看3个例子。首先是简答的同根词之间的替换： {原创范例} 原文：Computers are gaining in popularity, despite their cost. 题目：Computers are more popular than they used to be. 解答：TRUE 原文告诉我们电脑的popularity(人气)是上升的，大家立刻脑海里出现一条上升的曲线；而题目中“电脑比过去要流行”，即它的受欢迎程度也是上升的。于是两条曲线吻合，所以是一个标准的TRUE。 有时候同义表达之间的差异会相当大，而除了名词的同义表达外，数量类型的同义表达也需要注意： {原创范例} 原文：The majority of lecturers find their jobs very rewarding. 题目：Many lecturers get satisfaction from their work. 解答：TRUE rewarding来自reward,表示“有意义的工作”，即get satisfaction; 而原文的the majority of（绝大部分）完全能够包含题目的many（很多）。 {温馨提示} 雅思判断的TRUE往往和原文面貌全非，因为考官做了大量的paraphrase。 如果在句子中间还出现了较为生僻的单词，则在同义表达识别的基础上还需要运用词汇的猜测等技能： {原创范例} 原文：Frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise. 题目：Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying. 解答：TRUE 题目中的are unable to与原文中的are at loss to是同义词，题
雅思阅读判断题应该怎么做
雅思阅读判断题应该怎么做 雅思阅读中比较让人苦恼的问题就是判断题，哪怕是久经考场的同学，对于雅思判断题也不能保证高的答对率。接下来就请跟着新通教育小编来一起学习雅思阅读判断题的答题技巧。 判断题分为两种形式:TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN;YES/NO/NOT GIVEN。尽管表现形式不同，前者考信息，后者考观点，但是我们在进行判断的时候实质是一致的。 TRUE=YES=agree=一致;FALSE=NO=contradict=不一致=抵触; NOT GIVEN=if there is no information on this (未提及型);NOT GIVEN=if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this (证据不足型); 雅思考试判断题的考点其实是有规律可循的，在定位好的前提下，需要熟悉判断题中的考点，以快速找到问题之所在，进行判断。一般来说，一道判断题通常考查一或两个考点，常考的考点为： 1.是非考点 2.数字考点 3.绝对考点 4.比较考点 做题步骤： 1、勾题目要求 1
2、勾定位词、考点词 3、两题一组、扫读全文、查找定位词考点词 4、与题干判断 判断题特点： 1、判断题是顺序题 2、同时定位两题 3、True 、False、Not Given百分百出现 4、True 42% False 38% Not Given 20% 区分定位词与考点词： 1）考点词仅在判断题中出现，定位词在每种题型中都有 2）考点词是考官出题点所在位置 3）定位词是主题，先主题后考点，找准两者即可 更多问题请关注新通教育官网。 一、考点词 1、是非考点词：be /can后面的部分 The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves. 定位词：parents 考点词：successful 2、表程度：only 、all Performance has improved most greatly in events requiring an intensive burst of energy. 2
雅思阅读判断题“两点法”
很多考生由于没有掌握一个比较巧的做题方法，使得这个题型略显有难度。通常，大家在处理这种题型的时候，会采取定位----翻译题干----翻译原文这样的方法，这种方法不能说不对，但不是最省力的。 我们都知道，在处理细节题的时候，定位词是我们必须掌握的东西。所以，我们在做判断题的时候所谓“两点法”的第一个点就是我们的定位点，而第二个点就是考点。 在做判断题的时候，大多数同学会在定位好之后去翻译题干，然后再翻译一次原文，把两者对比。但实际上，经过对剑桥雅思里面所有判断题的分析，我们可以发现任何一道判断题所谓的对错，对也对在一个点，错也错在一个点，而不会是在几个地方都出现错误。所以，我们只要在做判断题的时候找到这个用来判断对错的关键点，其他的地方就无需再读了。也就是说，我们只要抓到定位点和考点这两个点，“两点就可以确定一条直线”。 在判断题中涉及到的考点共有六种类型，我以剑桥雅思的几道题为例，简单谈谈这六种考点。 1.是非考点 通常是题干的谓语或表语，这种考点占到判断题数量的一半以上。 例：The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves。 定位词是The parents of athletes，考点词是successful athletes，在题干中作表语。 2.绝对考点 在判断题题干中，经常出现almost，only，never等表示绝对意义的副词。 例：Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary。 考点在Not all这个词上。 3.比较考点 当题干中出现比较关系的时候，比较的双方作为定位词，比较关系就是我们的考点。例：Johnson has become more well known since his death。 定位词是since his death，考点就是more well known。 4.因果考点 判断题中的因果关系里，通常结果是定位词，原因是考点。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三
Time to cool it 1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them. 2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down. 3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. 4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers. 5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second. 6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they
雅思阅读判断题的解题技巧分享
雅思阅读判断题的解题技巧分享 判断题是雅思考试的常见题型,也是难度很大的题型。在普通培训类考试中最多达22题，在学术类考试中也不少于6题。目前有逐渐增多的趋势。其中True/False/Not Given 多见于General Training Module, Yes/No/Not Given 则多见于Academic Module, 因为Yes/No/Not Given最初是为学术类设计的。很多考生对判断题时常束手无策，特别对False和Not Given 易混淆。要攻克判断题的难关，我们要分析它的命题规律，找出考察点，有的放矢，才能提高解题准确率。美联英语学习网整理雅思阅读判断题的解题技巧，就带大家一起学习一下。 首先，我们来看一看判断题的设题模式。 从设题模式可以看出雅思考试的考察点基本上可分为两大类： 1)信息点对应，即细节的对应和观点的对应。例1：It rained heavily everywhere in North China. Q: It rained in Beijing. 例2. Many people believe that the IELTS candidates must attend an IELTS training course before sitting the test. Q: The author believes that the IELTS candidates should attend an IELTS training course before sitting the test. 2) 简单的推理、总结和归纳能力;基本语言知识和常识。雅思考试从命题角度不像TOEFL 和GRE那样将不同的考察点置于专门题型中，而在一种题型中可能出现几个方面的考察点。但有一点考生要记住：由于雅思考试是一种语言能力的测试，它不考察专业知识，不考察阅读文章以外的背景知识(除基本常识以外，如简单的地理知识)。下面我们来看一看T/F/NG 的基本定义： True(Yes): 问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点一致。 例：1. It rained heavily everywhere in North China. Q: It rained in Beijing. 2. By trying to do a better job of teaching, computer scientists may learn quite a lot themselves. Q: Computer scientists are likely to learn a lot from teaching. False(No): 问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点出现矛盾、冲突或排斥。 例: You can go to Shanghai by train or by plane. Q: You must fly to Shanghai. Not Given: 问题中的信息点或观点在原文中未提及，可能正确也可能不正确，界定范围模糊。 例：It rained heavily in most areas in North China. Q: It rained in Shanghai. 或It rained in Beijing. F和NG的根本区别在于F肯定与原文发生冲突和排斥，而NG则没有。例：You can go to Shanghai by train or by plane. Q: You must fly to Shanghai. 文中说去上海可有两种方式供选择，而问题则认为仅有一种。问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点出现矛盾、冲突。又例：You can go to Shanghai by plane. Q: You must fly to Shanghai. 文中说可以乘飞机去上海，但并没有说这是不是唯一的选择，可能是也可能不是。而问题则认为仅有一种。问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点没有出现矛盾和冲突。 解题方法：根据判断题的命题规律和考察角度，我们可以运用简单推理和语言技能分析考察点来作出判断。可从以下几个主要方面考虑： 1. 界定题中考察点和原文对应部分的范围或概念以及相互关系 如果范围或概念一致，并有从属、相容的关系，一般为True。如果范围或概念不一致，并出现冲突则为F。如果范围或概念界定模糊，或范围或概念不一致，但又没有直接冲突则选NG。对NG题原文中没有直接对应句，但可能有干扰句，一般可将干扰句看作参考对应句。 例：You can go to Shanghai by train or by plane.
雅思判断题技巧
雅思学术类考试作为准备出国学习的一项成绩，在很多学子的出国路上造成了不小的障碍。而阅读部分一大难点是其变化多端、纷繁复杂的题型，这些题型粗粗地算来可以分为九大类：标题对应题、真假判断题、总结题、简答题、句子完成题、图表填空题、配对题、选择题、流程图题。在这些题型当中，真假判断题占到了将近40%。所以判断题的做题好坏直接决定了考生在阅读上的成绩。 在是非无判断题的考试中，考生要对试卷上所列出的一系列命题（即陈述句）进行判断。如果这些陈述句是反映观点或者态度的，那么考生的任务就是判断这些句子是否和作者的观点一致。在这种情况下，答案的选择是“YES”“NO”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。如果这些陈述句表述的内容是有关事实信息，那么考生就要判断这些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在这种情况下，答案的选择是“TRUE”“FALSE”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。这里要特别说明的是在考试中“YES”“NO”“NOT GIVEN”和“TRUE”“FALSE”“NOT GIVEN”只是考试形式的区别，在判断方式上并没有本质区别。 一、判断标准 TRUE或YES：所需判断的陈述句中所有的考点词汇和原文中的表达完全对应。 FALSE或NO：所需判断的陈述句中至少有一个考点词汇和原文中的表达想矛盾。 NOT GIVEN：所需判断的陈述句中在没有错误的前提之下，至少有一个考点词汇文章没有提到相关内容。 用表格的形式表述如下：（假设被判断的命题中有三个考点） 二、实例分析 下面结合剑桥雅思4上面的具体题目来讲解一下判断标准。 （1）TRUE/YES的标准：所需判断的陈述句中所有的考点词汇和原文中的表达完全对应。从表述中可以看出，正确的标准是唯一性的，只有在全部考点都正确的情况下，该命题才能被判断为TRUE/YES。 Academic Test 1 Reading Passage 1 3.题干：It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the "pure" science that they study at school. 原文：Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about "pure" science, curriculum science. 分析：此题答案为TRUE。从两个句子表达中不难看出，两句话都是针对children这同一对象，并且在观点陈述中hold对应harbour都作动词，表示“包含，拥有”, mistaken views对应misconceptions,表示“错误的概念”，that they study at school对应curriculum science，在这里curriculum做名词，表示“学校课程”的意思。
雅思阅读模拟试题精选
雅思阅读模拟试题精选
雅思阅读模拟试题精选 1. Washing， brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike —vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA. 2. Instead， excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves， and freezing samples as they are found， dirt and all， concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today. 3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA， Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris， France， and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information， they say， needs to be hammered home among the
雅思阅读判断正误
TRUE FALSE 例1原文：A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies. 题目：A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists. 例2原文：It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forest. 原文：PV A has been used in Australia for many years. 例3原文：Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand. Subject to availability, stand by ticket can be purchased from the driver. 题目：Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent. 例4原文：Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals in the men’s Nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavians or the former Soviet Union. 题目：Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in the men’s Winter Olympics. 例5原文：But generally winter sports were felt to be too specialized. 题目：The Antwerp Games proved that winter sports were too specialized. 例6原文：Another theory is that world temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs. 题目：It is a fact that frogs’breeding cycles are upset by world increases in temperature. 例7原文：Frogs are sometimes poisonous. 题目：Frogs are usually poisonous. 例8原文：Without a qualification from a reputable school or university, it is unlikely to find a good job. 题目：It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution. 例9原文：The Internet has often been criticized by the media as a hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. 题目：The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.
雅思阅读判断题常见做题规则
雅思阅读判断题常见做题规则雅思阅读判断题是技巧性较强的一种题型，答案的确定通常需要借助一些标志性的词汇，有一定的判断规则。今天文都国际教育小编就给大家介绍下雅思阅读判断题常见做题规则。 雅思阅读判断题常见做题规则1、出现以下情况时，答案常为TRUE(YES) (1)题干的表述和原文相关处是同义表述，或关键词和原文相关词汇为同义替换，答案为TRUE(YES)。 雅思阅读考试中对同义词替换和同义句的考察几乎遍布所有题型，判断题也不例外。通常答案为TRUE的命题和原文相关处形容同义关系。 (2)如果题干中有may, maybe, can, could, should, possible, probable, likely, not all, not always, not necessarily, some等词，答案为TRUE。 雅思阅读中出现的文章大多数是学术性的，用词非常严谨，不会使用很绝对的表述;相反，常常会用到上述比较宽泛的表述。 雅思阅读判断题常见做题规则2、出现以下情况时，答案常常是FALSE。 (1)题目与原文矛盾，是相反概念。通常涉及反义词考点和否定考点。 (2)题干中出现all, none, always, never, every, inevitably, impossible, must 等表示绝对含义的词时，答案多为FALSE(但也要注意例外情况) (3)原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的副词，答案通常为FALSE。
(4)数词做考点，考察精确性，答案可能是FALSE。 雅思阅读判断题常见做题规则3、遇到下列情况时，答案首选NOT GIVEN。 (1)题目中的某些内容在原文中没有对应信息，即找不到依据。 (2)题目中包含原文并未出现的新概念，这些新概念通常又由another, (the)other, latter, next, second等词修饰。 (3)题目中出现了比较级，而原文中没有相应的比较信息。 (4)题目是关于心理活动、计划打算、目标目的、想法愿望等主观内容，原文讲的却是事实。 以上就是小编整理的关于雅思阅读判断题常见做题规则的详细内容，希望大家了解。最后，预祝大家考出满意的成绩。 文章来源于文都国际教育：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c614091091.html,/kaopei/ielts/reading_ielts/11671.shtml
雅思阅读判断题考点总结及判断原则(上)
雅思阅读判断题考点总结及判断原则（上） 是非无判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN）一直以来都是一种令雅思考生们头疼不已的题型。这种题型的难点主要有以下两个方面：第一，题干信息和原文信息之间经常会发生同义替换，使得考生在定位题干出处以及理解题干与原文的对应上会时常出现问题。第二，在思维方式上的转换，过去的中国考生所涉及到的判断题型只有是和非两种情况，大家都已经比较适应非黑即白的解题思路了，但是在雅思考试中，又加入了Not Given这一概念，对考生的逻辑思维方面要求更加严谨，需要我们思考地更加全面。 正是这一点，使得广大的雅思考生难以适应，因而会导致很多解题上的失误。下面，笔者就结合上述的两方面难点，针对这种经典的雅思阅读题型进行做法和思路上的探讨。 一、解题思路 是非无判断题是一种细节题，因此在做题时，需要遵循细节题的解题思路： 1. 分析问题时，从题目中找出合适的定位词 所谓定位词，顾名思义，就是用来在原文中定位跟题目有关的信息出现的位置的依据。在从题目中找定位词时，找到的信息需要满足两个条件：一是具有独一性；二是最好不发生变化。因此，在解决雅思阅读的细节题时，从题目中找的定位词信息可以分为如下三类： 1）易识别的信息，如大写、数字、特殊字体等 这类词通常不容易发生变化，因此在原文中看到的和在题目中出现的基本是一样的；而且这类词比较显眼，在文章中的出处可以快速找到。 如剑5 Test 3 Passage 2中的第18题： Coastal erosion occurred along Egypt‘s Mediterranean coast before the building of t he Aswan dams. 本句中的Egypt’s Mediterranean coast可以作为定位信息在文中直接进行快速定位，我们很快就能够在第一段中找到出题点： The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt‘s Mediterranean coast at on astounding rate，in some parts estimated at 100 metres per year. In the past，land scoured away from the coastline by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Mile，but this is no longer happening. 定位到题目在原文中的出处之后，通过理解下文信息我们即可判断出原文信息和题目信息是对应的。 又如剑8 Test 1 Passage 2的第21题： Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.
雅思阅读模拟试题
雅思阅读模拟试题：钱币 In the earliest stages of man’s development he had no more need of money than animals have. He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payment arose. At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange. The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough. But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory. Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready. Thus the
雅思阅读判断题的时间考点解析
雅思阅读判断题的时间考点解析 在雅思阅读中，判断题一直都是一个真考中出题比重较大的题型。想要达到目标分数，考生们往往需要保证如填空题，判断题这类大题型有较高的正确率。但是判断题又往往是考生在一开始备考的过程中，最容易犯错的题型。这体现在，即使定位到题干的相关信息，即使理解了原文信息在表达什么，也很难判断到底应该是TRUR, FAULSE还是NOT GIVEN. 因为判断题，不仅仅考察的是考生的语言能力，即理解题干，定位到相关信息的能力，同时也考察的是考生的一些基本的逻辑推理能力。尤其是FALSE, NOT GIVEN的区别，往往是考生在最初接触判断题时的世纪难题。本文就将从理解判断题中常出现的时间考点词的角度出发，给出一些判断题的解题思路。题干中的时间信息，往往被认为是重要的定位信息。比如在雅思阅读中填空题，选择题或者判断题中，时间都可以作为信号词，在原文中帮助考生迅速定位。比如具体的时间点：1990，20th century，或者笼统的时间段over the past centuries, beforehand。因为其替换度不高，所以作为定位词往往是非常有效的。除此在外，在雅思阅读的判断题解题中，时间信息也往往能作为考点词，帮助考生指示TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN的方向。 以剑5 test 3的第二篇Disappearing Delta的19题为例。题目为：Some people predicted that the Aswan dams would cause land loss before they were built. 有的人在阿斯旺大坝建立之前，就预测说大坝的修建会导致水土流失。通过顺序原则和题目中的关键词的定位，我们很容易就能在文章的B 段一二句找到相关信息：Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river. Before
雅思阅读TFNG和YNNG题型解析
雅思阅读T/F/NG和Y/N/NG题型解析 很多烤鸭对于雅思阅读判断题甚是困惑，要真正做到“来者不惧”，首先要科学地认识这位主子，然后再找解决它的方法。小编经过各方搜索，求得以下良方，希望可以减轻大家对于“阅读判断题”的迷惑不解，早日拿到征服它的“锐箭”。 雅思阅读T/F/NG和Y/N/NG题型解析 一、基本原则 1. 按照文章先后顺序出题，如果没有顺序则要找到定位词 2. 考点唯一原则 3. 不涉及逻辑而考语言理解 4. 不能加入个人看法 二、TRUE题的特征 1.题目是原文的同义表达 2.题目是对原文的归纳总结 三、FALSE题的特征 1. 数字精确性 2.肯定与否定 3.多与唯一 4.可能性与绝对性 四、NOT GIVEN题的特征
1. 题目内容在原文完全未提到 2. 题目内容在原文部分未提到 3. 原文及题目只提到单一事物或者是状态的only题 4. 题目就事物的本质进行是非判断，而原文为第三者对该事物的评述或感知 5. 原文提到两个事物，但是没有在同一段落内表述，而题目涉及两者的关系 6. 两个事物在题目中是比较关系，而原文只提到其中任何一部分 7. 原文有发誓、决心、许诺、目的等表示状态的限定词，而题目去掉以上的限定成分 8. 其他情况 五、参考试题 Cambridge IELTS 2 p60, p64 六、辨别正误题答题步骤 1.详细阅读并理解答题指引部分，确定答题方式。 2.确切理解问句的含义，严格按照文章本身意思理解和推断，不要想当然。 3.找出问句中的关键词语。 4.利用关键词语在文章中确定答案位置。 5.仔细查看文章中关键词语所在句子中的含义。必要时应查看关键词语所在句子前后句子的含义。认真区分false和not given，false与原文相反、相冲突;not give则不相冲突，但未提及。 6.可利用语法、词法判断答案所在相关句子的肯定与否定含义。