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最新研究生英语综合教程下unit10-原文+翻译

最新研究生英语综合教程下unit10-原文+翻译
最新研究生英语综合教程下unit10-原文+翻译

Unit 10

Almost all of us have heard about General Motors trying to sell their Nova model in Latin America and finding out that “no va” in Spanish literally means “it doesn’t go”. And of course, there was the famous first try of Coca Cola in China,when the translation of the soft drink’s name read “bite the wax tadpole”.

1我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型,结果发现在西班牙语中,“no va”的字面意思是“它走不了”。当然,同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时,这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。

But cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation. There are subtleties and nuances to every culture, and there are just plain tablls. Although most people wouldn’t be able to list the rules of their own culture, they certainly know when those rules are violated. Our own culture tendd to be “invisible” to us, while differences we run into when abroad strike as strange, funny or extrotic. So how much more difficult it to discern the unwritten rules of another country?

2但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。每一种文化都有它的微妙和特别之处,同时还有一些直白的忌讳。虽然大多数人都无法详尽地罗列出他们自己文化中的条条框框,但他们却肯定知道什么时候人们违背了他们的文化传统。对我们来说,自己所属的文化往往是看不见的,但是,当我们身处异地时,我们碰到的文化差异却令我们感到古怪、有趣或奇特。因此,要辨明另一国家不成文的规定到底有多么困难呢?

There is still no substitute for a visit to the target market. When in a foreign place, you’ll undoubtedly become aware of different aesthetica. What flavors, which colors, are used to attract buyers there? Foods you find unpalatable and decorations you find garish have completely different effects on the natives. Your hosts might ask seemingly rude questions such as "How old are you?" and "How much money do you make?" Meals, schedules, transportation, and personal conveniences can't be taken for granted. Prices for the simplest purchases are subject to negotiation. You haven't figured out all the small coins,and you don't understand anyone's name. And it just doesn't smell like home.

3看来,去目标市场进行调查仍然是不二之选了。.当你身处异国他乡时,你就肯定会留意到审美观的差异。在那里,到底哪些味道或颜色更容易吸引购买者?你觉得很难吃的东西或很艳俗的装饰品对当地人来说就完全是另一回事。主人可能会问客人一些看似不礼貌的间题,如“你多大啦?”或“你赚多少钱啊?”饮食、日程表、交通、个人便利等等都不能想当然。即便是购买最普通的物品,你也可以讨价还价。你没弄清楚所有的硬币,你也不懂任何人名字的含意。总之,一切都与在国内时不一样。

4 A visit is a golden opportunity to absorb the present-day culture.Every detail that differs from your usual pattern is a clue to the nationals. But also remember that learning the basics of comportment in another culture, though very important in

your relationships with clients and contacts, isn't sufficient for planning a full marketing campaign. The simplest cultural differences can strand the grandest plans.

4到目标市场走走也是吸收当今文化的黄金时机。任何与你平时生活模式有所不同的细节都能透露出当地居民的行为方式。但同样要记住的是,在培养和发展与客户或联系人的社会关系时,学会另一文化的规范行为举止虽然很重要,但这并不足以助你做一个全面的营销策划。最简单的文化差异也能搁浅最宏伟的计划。

5 In Japan, for example, a major household products company spent many millions of dollars on a marketing campaign in advance of introducing its laundry detergent. Nevertheless, when the detergent was made available, sales were miniscule. In fact, few shops stocked the soap. Non-tariff trade barriers? No, it was something much simpler. The typically US "large, economy-sized" boxes were far too big and bulky for the tiny Japanese retail establishments. And Japanese housewives don't usually have cars——they walk to the stores and carry their purchases home, to very small living spaces.

5例如,在将其洗涤剂引入日本市场之前,一家大型的家用产品公司花了数百万美金进行了市场营销活动。尽管如此,当他们的洗涤剂在日本上市时,销量却客客无几。事实上,几乎没有商店储备这种肥皂。是非关税贸易壁垒的缘故吗?不是,真正的原因要简单得多。典型的美国式经济大包装对于空间狭小的日本零售店来说俨然是“庞然大物”。而且,日本的家庭主妇一般没有车,她们步行到商店,然后买了商品拎回家—个很小的处所。

6 Cultural factors influence consumer behavior. These factors include religion, superstation, family structure,cuisine,language and local history but estend to attitudes about such issues as government, work authority, age, environment, space and time, and male-female relationships. Finally, there is that difficult-to-define national sense of humor which often doesn't translate from one culture to another. Beyond concrete demographics, these attitudes are not as easy to circumscribe and pin down; besides, attitudes, even culturally ingrained ones, do change.

6不同的文化因素—不仅包括宗教、迷信、家庭结构、饮食、语言和当地的历史,还延伸到对待事物的各种观念如政府、工作、权威、年龄、环境、时空和男女关系—都会影响人们的购买行为。最后,一种文化里的幽默感是很难界定的,而且这种幽默通常难以通过另一种文化领会或设释。除了具体的人口统计数据之外,很难清楚地界定或确定这些观念;而且,即使是带上文化烙印的根深蒂固的各种观念也确确实实在改变。

7 The target language is easily determined, but beware of generalities. The Spanish language in Spain is not the same as in Latin America.And we've all heard about the 10,000 spoken dialects in Chinese, but also realize that the "old" characters` are still used in Singapore, other nations and regions. These have largely been supplanted with "simplified" characters on China's mainland that are now, since

reunification, being spread to Hong Kong SAR. Most Chinese under 40 years old on the mainland can't read the old-style writing.

7目标语很容易确定,但切忌笼统概括。在西班牙使用的西班牙语与在拉丁美洲使用的西班牙语并不完全一样。我们都听说过在汉语里大约有10,000种口语方言,而且我们也都意识到新加坡、其他一些国家和地区还在使用繁体汉字。但在中国大陆地区,繁体字已经基本上被简化字取代了。自从香港回归以来,这一趋势也扩展到了香港特别行政区。在大陆,大多数40岁以下的中国人已经不会读繁体字了。

8 Combine superstition and language for amplified effect.In China and Japan, the number four has the same pronunciation as the word that means "death". Consequently, a "4" in your company name or contact information might have a negative implication. The number eight, however, is considered lucky, and many products are named "88" or "888". Phone numbers with eights denote good fortune, and real estate with eights in the address is likely to sell more quickly—especially if the price ends in "888". These beliefs are so prevalent that hospitals in Hong Kong SAR were flooded with near-term pregnant mothers on August 8th, 1988 (8/8/88), demanding induced delivery or even Caesarian sections so their babies would have lucky birthdays. And 1988 was also the auspicious "Year of the Dragon" in the traditional Chinese calendar.

8如果你能够把迷信和语言结合起来,你就能增强效果。在中国和日本,数字4与“死”谐音。因此,公司名字或联系信息里的数字4会有一种负面的含义。然而,数字8却被看作是一个幸运数字,于是有很多的产品名称都叫88或888。有数字8的电话号码代表着好运。地址里含有数字8的房产很可能会卖得更快,特别是当价格的尾数是"888”的时候。这些数字迷信相当普遍,以致于在1988年8月8日(8/8/88),香港的医院挤满了临产的孕妇,有的要求人工引产,有的甚至要求剖腹产。这样,他们的小孩就可以有幸运的生日了。.而且,1988年也是农历中大吉大利的龙年。

9 In the United States, we’re used to competitive playing field in which we constantly compare ourselves, our companies, and our products. But in the EU and much of Asia, comparisons in advertising are not accepted or allowed. Declaring that one soft-drink tastes better than another or even that one automobile is more dependable than another could be met with distaste (or even legal action). For an EU campaign, it might be okay to tout the merits of your products, but not okay to use comparative methods common to a US campaign. In some locations, citizens tend to be much more humble and self-effacing than "shoot-from-the-hip" people in the United States. Many cultures will respond better to emphasis on company longevity and reputation.

9在美国,我们习惯于在竞技场上角逐,比较自身、公司和产品。但是,在欧盟和大多数亚洲国家,广告里是不接受、也不允许有比较行为的。.如果宜称某种软饮料要比其他的软饮料口感更佳,或者某一种品牌的汽车比其他汽车更可靠,这可能会招人反感(甚至会被诉诸法律)。欧盟的宣传活动,吹捧自己产品的优点或许是可行的,但却不能采用产品比较的策略,尽管这种方法在美国是司空见惯的。.某些地方的市民

往往会比那些鲁莽行事的美国人要谦卑低调得多。在很多文化里,公司都会比较注重长期发展和公司信誉。

10 If you are designing visual advertising, take into account local differences in non-verbal behavior such as gestures, eye contact, personal space, and male-female relationships. Years ago, a movie was released in China that showed the first

on-screen kiss ever filmed in the PRC. When the couple's lips met, an audible gasp swept through the theater. Depending on a variety of factors, this higher shock value of a public kiss could work for or against your advertising.

10如果你正在策划视觉广告,那么你就有必要考虑非言语行为的地方差异,如手势、眼神交流、私人空间以及男女关系。数年前,有一部电影在中国上映,这部电影里出现了中国电影史上第一次接吻的镜头。当接吻镜头出现时,电影院里惊叹声一片。考虑到丰富的文化因素,公众之吻的较高冲击值可能会对你的广告产生截然相反的功效。

11 It can be a big mistake to assume a pan-Asian market or a "Latin American" or "European" buyer. Neighboring cultures elsewhere don't necessarily share buying preferences any more than a US buyer does with a Mexican consumer. Furthermore, national borders don't always delineate buying behavior; regional patterns can be just as strong.

11妄加推断一个泛亚洲市场或一位拉丁美洲或欧洲客户都有可能会酿成大错。在邻国文化里,并不见得一定会有共同的购买喜好;同样,美国消费者和墨西哥消费者的购物偏好也不尽相同。而且,国界也不一定总能区分消费行为,因为地区特色也一样会很明显。

12 Each aspect of culture is like a stone thrown into a pool. Cuisine influences not just companies that trade in foodstuffs, but also appliances, cookware, storage ware, serve ware, packaging, as well as franchise food and hospitality companies. And don't use the Jolly Green Giant in part of Asia where a green hat worn by a man signifies that he has an unfaithful wife.

12文化的方方面面都可能会如投石入水,泛起涟漪。饮食习惯不仅会影响食品公司,也会影响经营日用品、厨具、储藏器皿、餐具、包装公司,以及获得经营权的餐饮、服务店。在有些亚洲地区不要用“快乐的绿巨人”,因为在当地文化里,男人戴绿帽子就表示他妻子对他不忠。

13 It's definitely best to have someone with native knowledge of the target culture advise you. Small budget? Consult bi-national chambers of commerce for effective help. But before launching a marketing campaign, try a test market first, usually in a major city with demographics representative of the targeted country or region. Generally, city populations may be more sophisticated and have the most cosmopolitan attitudes; they also have the highest incomes and therefore are more able to purchase consumer and discretionary goods.

13要是能够聘请到一位了解当地文化的人充当目标市场文化顾问,那肯定再好不过了。预算不够,就去咨询跨境商会以获取有效的帮助。但是,在启动一项营销活

动之前,可以先到市场上测试一下,这种测试通常在目标国家或地区具有代表性的大城市进行。一般来说,城市居民见多识广,他们的观念也兼容并包;同时,他们的收人往往是最高的,更具随意购买消费品的能力。

14 In one such pretest, a US luggage manufacture found out that culture also affects thinking and perception. The company designed a new West Asian advertising campaign around the image of its luggage being carried on a magic flying carpet. A substantial part of the Arabic focus group thought they were seeing advertising for Samsonite carpets.

14在类似这样的一次测试里,一家美国行李箱制造商发现文化同样会影响思维和感知。这家公司在中东地区策划了一则全新的广告—他们的行李箱乘坐在一块神奇的飞毯上。阿拉伯地区绝大多数的重点访谈人群则认为他们看到的是一则

“S'di11S0i111e”牌的地毯广告。

综合英语(一)课文及翻译

Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际,千头万绪,最重要的是安排好时间,做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议,或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译:时间真是不好对付,既难以控制好,又很容易浪费掉,当你向前看时,你觉得你的时间用不完。例如,在一个学期的开始,你或许觉得你有许多时间,但到学期快要结束时,你会突然发现时间快用光了,你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完,这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢?控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译:时间是危险的,如果你控制不了时间,时间就会控制你,如果你不能让时间为你服务,它就会起反作用。所以,你必须成为时间的主人,而不是它的奴仆,作为刚入学的大学生,妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译:时间是珍贵的,浪费时间是个坏习惯,这就像毒品一样,你越浪费时间,就越容易继续浪费下去,如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会,你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译:抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间,不要把事情推到明天或是下周,在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G.詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说,“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人:其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1:无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征,人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作,”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力:为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法,加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”,而不是“我”,能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是,要在你实验室内部,以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间,培养一个良好声誉:一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2:紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业,并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作,这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行,那意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行,”豪特说,“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说,你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来,而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样,不仅对那些行动快速的人们,也对那些思维敏捷,并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作,而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3:风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论,”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质:那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的,组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应,因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说,伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里,你需要了解过程,但最终你会迷上答案,然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合,是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

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