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法律英语翻译典型词语和句式

法律英语翻译典型词语和句式
法律英语翻译典型词语和句式

法律英语翻译典型词语和句式

泛瑞翻译

一、典型法律禁令句型翻译之一“不得”字句

用“不得”字句表达禁止性规,庄重严肃,简洁明快。“不得”一般译作shall not, 然而“不能”常译为may not,这和英文中一些否定表达方法对应一致,故不再重复。要注意根据实际情况选择程度不同的否定表达方式。

例1:没收财产是没收犯罪分子个人所有财产的一部分或者全部。在判处没收财产的时候,不得没收属于犯罪分子家属所有或者应有的财产。(刑法第五十九条)

参考译文:Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part of all of the property personally owned by a criminal. When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal’s family member owns or should own shall not be subject to confiscation. legaltranz.

与“不得”语义相近的还有“不许,不准,不能”等。

例2:判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的,除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外,应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上,酌情决定执行的刑期;但是管制最高不能超过三年,拘役最高不能超过一年,有期徒刑最高不能超过二十年。

参考译文:For a criminal who mits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be decided in such a way that it may not exceed the total of the terms for all the crimes and must be longer than the maximum term for any one of the crimes, depending on the circumstances of each case. However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed twenty years.

二、典型法律禁令句型翻译之二“禁止”字句

“禁止”字句在汉译英的过程常译为be prohibited句式。

例1 禁止证券交易幕信息的知情人和非法获取幕信息的人利用幕信息从事证券交易活动。参考译文:Persons possessing inside information relating to securities trading and persons obtaining such information unlawfully are prohibited from making use of such inside information in securities trading activities. legaltranz.

禁止任何人利用任何手段扰乱社会秩序。扰乱社会秩序情节严重,致使工作、生产、营业和教学、科研无法进行,国家和社会遭受严重损失的,对首要分子处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剥夺政治权利。

参考译文:it shall be prohibited for anyone to disturb public order by any means. If the circumstances of the public disturbance are so serious that work, production, business, education or scientific research cannot be conducted and the state and society suffer serious losses, the

ringleaders shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.

三、典型法律禁令句型翻译之三“处”字句

用“处”字句表示禁止性规有以下两个特点:其一,在语义上,与“不得”字句不同的是,它用具体的制裁来表示禁令。其二,在结构上,主语往往为“的”字结构,突出犯罪主体或犯罪行为,简介庄重;谓语部分的“处”字突出对犯罪主体或犯罪行为的处置。

“处”字句一般为被动句,为使行为简洁,实施(司法机关)一般不出现。有时为了使语义明确,实施(司法机关)也可以出现,通常译为be sentenced to句式。请看下例:

策动、勾引、收买国家工作人员、武装部队、人民警察、民兵投敌叛变或者叛乱的,处无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。(刑法第九十三条)

参考译文:Whoever instigates lures or bribes a state functionary or a member of the armed forces, the people’s police or the people’s militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor or to rise in rebellion shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years.

四、典型法律禁令句型翻译之四“是”字句

“是”字句规定什么行为是犯罪,语气坚决,表达禁止性规庄重简练。与“处”字句不同的是,它不表述具体的处罚。常译为refer to,用来解释说明。请看下例:

例1:明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的后果,并且希望或者放任这种结果发生,因而构成犯罪的,是故意犯罪。(刑法第十四条)

参考译文:An intentional crime refers to a crime mitted by a person who clearly knows that his act will produce socially dangerous consequences but who wishes or allows such consequences to occur.

例2:组织、领导犯罪集团进行犯罪活动的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的,是主犯。对于主犯,除本法分则已有规定的以外,应当从重处罚。(刑法第二十三条)

参考译文:A principal criminal refers to any person who organizes and leads a criminal group in carrying out criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime. A principal criminal shall be given a heavier punishment unless otherwise provided for in the specific provisions of this Law. Legaltranz.

例3:剥夺政治权利是剥夺下列权利:

(一)选举权和被选举权;

(二)宪法第四十五条规定的各种权利;

(三)担任国家机关职务的权利;

(四)担任企业、事业单位和人民团体领导职务的权利;

参考译文:Deprivation of political rights refers to deprivation of the following rights:

(1) the right to vote and to stand for election;

(2) the right provided for in Article 45 of the Constitution;

(3) the right to hold a position in a state organ; and

(4) the right to hold a leading position in any enterprise, institution or people’s organization.

五、法律词语翻译之Must翻译

在法律草拟专家和该领域的翻译专家的实践中,尤其是在具权威性法律文献的翻译实践中,以must对应“必须”的惯例似乎早已确立.

例如

1.The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative region must be a person of integrity, dedicated to his/her duties.

特别行政区行政长官必须廉洁奉公、尽忠职守。

2.任何单位和个人实施他人专利的,除本法第十四条规定的以外,都必须与专利权人订立书面实施许可合同,向专利权人支付专利使用费。…专利权的所有权单位或者持有单位应当对职务发明创造的发明人或者设计人给予奖励。

Except as provided for in Article 14, any entity or individual exploiting the patent of another must conclude a written licensing contract with the patentee and pay the patentee a fee for the exploitation of its or his patent. …The entity owning or holding the patent right on a job-related

invention-creation shall reward the inventor or designer.

3. 中华人民国公民必须遵守宪法和法律,保守国家,爱护公共财产,遵守劳动纪律,遵守公共秩序,尊重社会公德。

Citizens of the People’s Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the Law, keep state secrets, protect public property and observe labor discipline and public order and respect social ethics.

虽然我们可以在其他一些法律条文的译本中找到shall或may被译成“必须”的例证,但那种译法毕竟比较偶然。所以,我们建议:法律英语中的shall不应译成“必须”,而应把“必须”的任务留给must去完成。

六、法律词语翻译之情态动词May

May 在法律英语中主要有两种解释。

一是表示“给予许可”或者“给予某人做某事的授权”(be allowed to or have permission to),这一含义多用于法律法规中。

二是表示“也许”或者“可能性”(be in some degree likely to),这一含义多用于法律合同中。

第一、May 在法律法规中的翻译

May 在法律法规的法律英语中表示被授权的法律含义时,汉语中常用“可”或“可以”表示。下面的例子就是进一步说明这一特征。

①中华人民国法律和中华人民国缔结或者参加的国际条约没有规定的,可以适用国际惯例(《中华人民国民法通则》第142条)。

International practice may be applied on matters of which neither the law of the People’s Republic of China nor any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People’s Republic of China has any provisions.

②民事法律行为可以采取书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式(《中华人民国民法通则》第56 条)。

A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form.

③人民法院审理案件,其中一部分事实已经清楚,可以就该部分先行判决(《中华人民国民事诉讼法》第139 条)。

If some of the facts in a case being tried by the People’s Court are already evident, the Court may pass judgment on that part of the case first.

④当事人对重审案件的判决、裁定,可以上诉(《中华人民国民事诉讼法》第154 条)。The parties concerned may appeal against the judgment or written order rendered in a retrial of their case.

第二、May 在法律合同文件中的翻译

May 在法律英语合同法律文件中的法律解释以“可能”、“可以”(likely, possible )或者“(或)许”(perhaps)的含义为主,但也更有可能在“可能性”(possibility)与“准许”(permission)之间易产生歧义。在汉语的法律表述中常常用词组“可以??, 也可以??”来表达may 在法律英语中“可能性”的法律解释。

①当事人依法可以委托代理人订立合同(《中华人民国合同法》第9 条)。

The parties may conclude a contract through an agent in accordance with the law.

②承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金(《中华人民国合同法》第228 条)。

The lessee may request a reduction of rent or not to pay the rent.

③出租人可以要求支付全部租金;也可以解除合同,收回租赁物(《中华人民国合同法》第248条)。

The lesser may request it to pay all the rent, or rescind the contract and take back the leased property. ”

④发包人可以与总承包人订立建设工程合同,也可以分别与勘察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、施工承包合同(《中华人民国合同法》第272 条)。

The contract letting party may enter into a construction project contract with a general contractor, or enter into a survey contract, design contract or construction contract with a surveyor, designer or constructor respectively.

七、法律词语翻译之情态动词Shall

在表述“施为性”和“必要性”的法律概念时,汉语用典型特征的词“应当”、“应该”或“应”来表示法律英语中shall 包含的“权力义务和责任”的法律含义。我国现行法规的英文翻译就能充分对比这些特征。

1. The Customs shall keep the reporters secret.

海关应当为举报人(《中华人民国海关法》第8条)。

2. The finished products for processing trade shall be exported within the specified time limit. For those imported materials used for the purpose that are bonded with approval given in accordance with State regulations, formalities for the records of bond shall be written off with the Customs; where duties are collected in advance, formalities for the drawback of the duties paid shall be pleted with the Customs in accordance with law.

加工贸易制成品应当在规定的期限复出口。其中使用的进口料件,属于国家规定准予保税的应当向海关办理核销手续;属于先征收税款的,依法向海关办理退税手续(《全国人大关于修改〈中华人民国海关法〉的决定》第17条)。

3. When the lawsuit is brought, a statement of plaint shall be provided to the People’s Court, and copies of the statement shall be provided according to the number of defendants.

起诉应当向人民法院递交起诉状,并按照被告人数提出副本(《中华人民国民事诉讼法》第109条)

4. After the creditor has submitted his application, the People’s Court shall inform the creditor within five days whether it accepts the application or not.

债权人提出申请后,人民法院应当在五天通知债权人是否受理(《中华人民国民事诉讼法》第190条)。

八、法律英语中“的”字句的八种译法

“的”字结构事实上是中文省略了作为逻辑主语的行为者的一种语法结构,在句子中充当主语。

它们主要有三种形式。

(一)由抽象词组成,如“红的是我的,绿的是你的”;

(二)由动宾词组+的组成,例如,“值得高兴的是,他没有受伤。”;

(三)由主谓词组+的,例如:“他指的不是这件事”。

“的”字结构在法律文书中尤为常见。“的”字结构的多种形式中,用于法律文书的主要有“动宾词组+的,比如:“构成犯罪的”,“获得证书的”,等等,下面,笔者试图将法律文书中的“的”字结构再细分为八类,分门别类进行分析,并举出中国法律的相关译文以资参考。

1、Whoever式:

原文:具有下列条件之一的,可以参加执业医师资格考试。(医师法,8)

分析:逻辑主语是行为者,而且句子比较短,适合使用这种句型。值得注意的是,法律文书不用those who句型,因为这种句型比较口语化,与法律文书的文体要求不符,whoever 同时又有包括一切人的含义,比较适用于这种泛指一切人的句子。

译文:Whoever meets one of the following requirements may take the examinations for the qualifications of a licensed doctor.(医师法,8)

2、Anyone who 式:

原文:具有高等学校医学专科或者中等专业学校医学专业学历,在执业医师指导下,在医疗、预防、保健机构中试用期满1年的,可以参加执业助理医师资格考试。(医师法,10)分析:anyone who 与whoever表面看来没有什么区别,但是细辩之下,它们的适用围还是有一些不同,anyone who 用来指称具备一定条件的人,并不是泛指所有的人,如whoever 那样;anyone who 另外一点与whoever不同的地方是,anyone who是个定语从句,后边可以带好几个并行成分的句子而读者读起来不感吃力,这点whoever是自叹不如的,大家在决定用whoever还是anyone who 之前一定要仔细分析句型,然后再下笔。

译文:Anyone who has reached the level of a graduate from the faculty of medicine of a university or a polytechnic school and,under the guidance of a licensed doctor ,worked on probation for at least one year in the medical treatment, disease prevention or health care institution may take the examinations for the qualifications of an assistant doctor.(医师法,10)

3、No one who 式:

原文:有下列情形之一的,不予注册:(医师法,12)

分析:这是anyone who 的否定形式。中文常常否定动词,如此句中的“不予注册”,而英语却否定名词,如此句中的no one 。正由于这个原因,尽管这个句子很短,也不适用whoever 句型。

译文:No one who is found in one of the following cases shall be registered(医师法,12)

4、寻找主语式:

原文:取得医师资格的,可以向所在地县级以上人民政府卫生行政部门申请注册。(医师法,10)

分析:上面说过,“的”结构,实际上是省略了逻辑主语的句子,由于英语受SVO结构的要求,必须出一个主语。然而,这第四种类型的句子,没有必要按照anyone who的句型去翻译,另外添加一个主语,那样就会显得累赘。有时,主语可以在上下文当中找到。这句就是一个比较典型的例子。因为“取得医师资格的人”岂不就是“执业医师”的意思吗?当然,要把主语找出来,并打破原文的字面束缚,是需要一定的学识与胆量的,需要平时多看多学,细细体会。

译文:A certified doctor may apply for registration to the administrative department for public health of the local people′s government at or above the county level.(医师法,10)

5、补出主语式:

原文:储存、运输,处置城市生活垃圾违反本法规定的,按照国务院关于环境保护和城市环境卫生的有关规定予以处罚。(环境法,44)

分析:补出主语式与上文第一式“whoever”式,第二式anyone who 式不同之处在于它根据原文的上下文,补出了一个具体的主语,使行为者更加具体、明确。这儿补出的主语是“any person or unit”。翻译好这类句子的关键是找准行为者,使之与上下文协调。

译文:If any person or unit stores, transports or treats urban house refuse against the provisions of this Law, he or it shall be punished in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State Council regarding environmental protection and urban environmental sanitation.(环境法,44)

6、Where + person(active voice)式:

原文:以不正当手段取得医师执业证书的,由发给证书的卫生行政部门予以吊销;(医师法,28)

分析:当“的”字结构的逻辑主语与具体行为的主语并非同一的时候,where是个非常有用的词。在法律文书的翻译中,where结构是经常用到的。必须指出的是where与when、if的不同。初看之下,好象用where起句的地方,可以用if或when取代。但是细细分析起来,它们之间还是有区别,主要的区别在于,if强调了一种假设,when强调了时间上的关系,而where显得比较客观,读来给人一种庄重的感觉,“只要你这么做了,你就理当受到惩罚”,而不分时间,也没有任何条件。

译文:Where a person obtains the doctors license by illegitimate means, the administrative department for health that granted the license shall revoke it ;(医师法,28)

7、Where+things (passive voice)式:

原文:仿造、变造会计凭证、会计帐簿、编制虚假财务会计报告,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。(会计法,34)

分析:这是where式句型的一种变体,用以强调原文动宾结构中的宾语。应该讲,用6式还是7式都是可以的,也就是说,无论是用主动句型还是用被动句型都是可以考虑的。至于用哪个,要看具体情况来定。像这句,有五个动词,五个宾语,三个短语,如用6式,出一个人称主语anyone, 句子势必显得、冗长,头轻而脚重。而用被动,可以将句子拆成三个部分,分别表达,整句显得前后用力平衡。

译文:Where accounting vouches or account books are counterfeited or altered, or false financial and accounting reports are prepared, and therefore a crime is constituted, criminal liabilities shall be investigated in accordance with law. I(会计法,34)

8、If it is +adjective 式:

原文:确有必要进口前款规定目录中的固体废物用作原料的,必须报国务院环境保护行政主管部门会同国务院对外经济贸易主管部门审查许可,方可进口。(环境法,18)分析:如同上面的两种句式,这种句式其实也有一个潜在主语,把它补出,也未尝不可。如此句,也可以译成If a unit really needs to import ……If it is really necessary for a unit to import…。但是,与上面两句不同的是,这句中有一个形容词“必要”,因此,完全可以利用这个形容词,而把事实上的主语也同样隐藏起来。

译文:If it is really necessary to import as raw material of the solid waste that is included in the catalog stipulated in the preceding paragraph, examination must be conducted by the petent administrative department of environment protection in conjunction with the petent department of

foreign economic relations and trade under the State Council and permission must be obtained from them in advance.(环境法,18)

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