泛读教程第四册Personal Names中文

人名

乔治·斯提沃特

你知道美国人取名习惯主要的传统来源吗印第安人和黑人是如何获得自己的姓氏的为什么移民要采用美国化的姓名下面的文字讨论这些问题。

在任何民族的人类学研究中，取名的习俗往往非常重要，而且包含许多内容。因此，我们很可以对美国人的取名习俗作一番研究。

名字是语言的一部分，然而，由于它们代表的是非常特殊的一部分，我们无法将其归入一般的讨论中。特别是，后来移民的影响和原来习俗的发展变化，对我们的名字来说已经比一般的语言更重要了。

和许多其它习俗一样，我们取名的习惯承袭了英国传统，尽管和整个欧洲的习俗也差别不大。根据英国的传统，一个人的名字由两部分组成：名和姓，名在前姓在后。这一传统形成于中世纪，远远早于美国的任何殖民地形成之前。国王和贵族，偶尔某些级别较低的人，可以有不止一个名。在移民到美国来的人的孩子中，后来被称做“中间名”的，已很少见，几乎消失了。可以举出的这样的例子非常少，其中一个奇怪地叫做爱德华· 玛利亚·英费尔德，是詹姆斯镇第一任地方议会的主席。

由于从一开始移民们就有姓氏，而姓氏是继承的，早期的殖民者只不过保留他们已有的姓，对此没有多少可说。然而人们提出了这样的问题，是不是所有早期的英国移民实际上都有姓有这样的疑问，是因为在詹姆斯镇最早的名单中，有“老爱德华”这样的名字。情况很可能是，他确实有一个姓，只不过由于疏忽从名单上略去，而在他死后也就被人遗忘。当时更经常的情况是，人们登记的是自己的姓。例如在詹姆斯镇1608年的一张名单中，甚至有两个男孩登记为米尔曼和赫尔亚德，而不是用他们的名。很可能是，一些英国流浪者，特别是那些没有合法出身的人来到美国，却没有或者不知道自己的姓。如果这样，他们必须很快起一个平常的姓，不带有任何特殊的美国味道。

在我们这片土地上，唯一必须有姓的两大民族是印第安人和黑人。印第安人通常只有一个名字，往往很长，描述又很详细。然而他们也倾向于接受欧洲的取名习惯和其它习俗。如果一个印第安人皈依了基督教，他会取一个受洗名或教名，然后把原有的名当作姓。这样我们就可以理解凯莱· 奇沙特马奇这样一个名字。他1665年毕业于哈佛大学，次年去世。但很多印第安人只起普通的美国姓。如果我们看到吉姆· 索波或伊莱·塞缪尔·帕克上校这样的名字，我们很难从名字上判断他们是印第安人。后来，当然早先也是，很多印第安人把自己的名字翻译成英语，有时以简化的形式出现。一旦经过翻译和简化，原本具色彩丰富的名字就变得普通了。例如，一个印第安人的名字意思是“说话的乌鸦”（Talking-Crow），他把自己的名字翻译成英语，受洗为“约翰”，这样，他的名字就变成约翰·托金·克劳（John Talking Crow）。而他的儿子可能只是威廉姆· 克劳，在一份名单上同其他有同样姓的英国人没有什么差别。一个叫作詹姆斯·奈特-沃克夜行者（James Night-Walker）的印第安人就变成了詹姆斯· 奈特·沃克(James Knight Walker)。不幸的是，总的来说，这些独具特色的印第安名正在消失。

黑人从非洲来的时候根本没有相当于姓的东西。当奴隶时他们也不需要姓。作为法定的奴隶，他们不能选举，无权签定合同，不能在法庭上作证，或做任何需要有全名的事。由于他们居住的社区小，也就不需要有两个名来加以区别。可以叫他们的名、绰号、或者加上某些特征的名，例如“老乔”，或“大杰克”。

如果黑人在自由前不需要姓的话，那么在获得自由后，他们肯定象其他人一样取一个姓。事实上，我们可以说他们是要取一个太“象其他人一样”的姓，因此，他们放弃使用自己丰富的想象力，来采用那些最常见的姓。于是，约翰逊是最常见的黑人姓，其后是布郎，史密斯和琼斯。黑人们似乎要取一个最不引人注意的姓，来抹杀自己的存在。过去认为黑人用的是自己主人的姓的说法，似乎站不住脚，因为事实证明拥有大量奴隶的家族的姓并没有成为黑人中的常见姓。

尽管我们还没有什么可以称作是具有独特美国创造性的取姓方法，某种创造性过程一直在发挥作用，通过事实上一切可能想象的巨大变化，来用新名字代替旧名字。因此，我们就有了一些似乎只有在美国有，欧洲没有的姓。例如，优克姆（Yokum），莱格利(Legree)，古雪(Goochey)，

和洛弗威尔(Lovewear)。学者只有经过仔细的研究才能发现，这些特殊的姓来源于德国或法国姓乔奇姆(Joachim)，莱格尔(Legare)，古西亚(Gauthier)，和洛弗伊(Lovoie)。同样，人们经常把很长的外国姓缩短，变成在原来的国家可能从来没有过的姓。卡劳格洛普洛斯(Calogropoulos)变成了卡劳亚(Caloyer)，卡利亚果斯基(Kalliokowski)变成了卡利奥(Kallio)，尼恩尼内(Nieninen)变成了涅尼(Nieni)。人们也使用翻译的方法。翻译的结果通常没什么新意。辛莫曼（Zimerman,木匠）变成了卡朋特（Carpenter,木匠），杰格（Jaeger, 猎人）变成了亨特（Hunter,猎人）。然而如果半用翻译的方法，半用发音的方法的话，结果就会是一个全新的姓，例如，布雷特曼（Breitman）变成了布莱特曼(Brightman)。

移民们起一个美国化或半美国化的姓是一个典型的现象。有时，这是由于想摆脱和外国背景联系产生的现实存在的或想象的污点。有时纯粹是由于有一个不同寻常的姓太麻烦所致。而有时，特别是早些时候，只是因为人们不知道或者不在意姓的拼写，就发生了这样的事情。移民们的取名，同黑人取名一样，一般来说趋向于一致。不管他是想隐遁于人群中，或是想成为集体的一员，常常是取一个普通的姓。由于这个原因，用传统英国姓称呼的人的人数比例上升了。

另一方面，这种趋向一致的过程并没有使大量的姓消失，也没有减少英国或其他国家姓的数量。很多姓缪勒（Mueller）的德国人改成了米勒(Miller)，但很多人仍然姓缪勒，另有一些人则选用穆勒(Muller)的形式。结果是这三种姓在美国都有。

艾尔斯顿 C. 史密斯在《名字的故事》一书中，仔细地研究了美国姓氏的总数。他估计，在芝加哥市电话簿中有154750个姓。这个数字包括拼写不同的姓。他进而估算出，全美国一定会有350000个不同的姓。即使我们把这个数字除以三，以排除掉那些只是拼写不同的姓，这仍然是一个庞大的数字。

相比之下，美国人在起名时要比对待他们的姓表现出多得多的创造性。这可以看成是理所当然的事情。绝大多数情况下，一个人把自己的姓原封不动地传给孩子，根本不考虑是否可能要改变。但人们，通常是父母，总是要为每一个孩子起一个独特的名子。他们通常会起一个传统的名，有时也会“造”一个。然而，即使是传统的名，历史的仓库也塞满了成千上万个例子，选择的问

题就几乎是创造。因此，美国人的姓经久不变，代代相传，名却跟随时尚潮流而变化，而在一个世纪过程中，一个社区的“取名模式”会发生很大的变化。

我们关于名的历史可以追溯到1587年罗利开创的殖民地，尽管它后来消亡了，没有留下后代。在那99名男子和少年中，最多的名是约翰（23个），托马斯（15个），威廉姆（10个），亨利（7个），理查德（7个），乔治（3个）和罗伯特（3个）。在这同一个殖民地中，我们只有16个女性的名保存下来，这个数目太少，无法进行科学的统计。其中没有玛丽这个名，但有三个珍妮，两个伊丽莎白。其它的名也很常见，象阿格尼斯，伊莲娜，玛格丽特，和罗丝。

这样，我们现在就必须回过来从这些男子的名中推测当时的取名模式。在这些第一代殖民者中，所有较常见的名都是英国传统的。约翰和托马斯都来源于希伯来语，取自《圣经》。约翰来自受人爱戴的信徒，几个世纪以来这个名在基督教世界一直很受欢迎。托马斯也是一个信徒的名，由于坎特伯雷的殉教者圣托马斯，它自12世纪起就成为一个流行的英国名。威廉姆、亨利、理查德和罗伯特都是日尔曼人名，诺曼征服者使之在英国流行。除了罗伯特外，它们都曾是英国国王的名，这也许促使了它们的流行。乔治是一个希腊名，它能够流行是因为自14世纪以来圣徒乔治就被认为是英国的保护神。这种取名的英国传统在南部的殖民地保持了一个多世纪——可以补充说，不论是用作男名还是女名都是如此。

一种更为特别的美国式发展，起源于新英格兰的清教徒殖民地。最初，起名的方式同南部移民没有什么差别，抵达马萨诸塞的移民中最常见的名依次是：约翰，威廉，托马斯，理查德，罗伯特，爱德华，塞缪尔，乔治，詹姆斯和弗朗西斯。

取自《旧约》的唯一的名塞缪尔的出现，使这个名单不同于南部的名单，具有一点《旧约》味。然而北部移民的后代们却有很不一样的名。取自《圣经》的名大大增加，特别是那些《旧约》中很受欢迎的人物的名。1640到1699年间出生在波士顿的男孩的名中，约翰仍然是最流行的。但以下依次是：塞缪尔，约瑟夫，托马斯，纳撒尼尔，本杰明，詹姆斯，乔纳森，威廉和理查德。

处于前8位的名都取自于《圣经》，而一度很流行的威廉和理查德被挤到了第九和第十位。其次十个名更能说明《旧约》的影响：大卫，雅各布，约书亚，以撒克，彼德，埃比尼泽，伊弗雷姆，爱德华，亚伯拉罕和丹尼尔。

至于女性，使用传统的但非《圣经》的名，象琼，阿格尼斯和玛格丽特等减少，有的甚至完全消失。17世纪出生在波士顿的女孩，通常起的名依次是：玛丽，伊丽莎白，萨拉，汉娜，艾比盖尔，吕贝卡，露丝，丽迪娅，安娜和玛莎。这些都是《圣经》中的名，其中四个来自《旧约》。一些传统的流行名出现在后十位，有安，玛格丽特，乔安娜，还有珍妮，同梅海塔布尔，苏珊娜，黛博拉，贝瑟尔，雷切尔，和多加这些名排列在一起。

在清教徒殖民地里，常见的女名还有那些关于抽象品质的“有意义”的名，约占15%。其中，梅茜（Mercy, 仁慈）是最普遍的，其它还有贝雪丝（Patience, 忍耐），萨克弗（Thankful, 感恩），笛萨尔（Desire, 渴望），以克佩里丝（Experience, 经验），查里提（Charity, 慈善），荷蒲（Hope, 希望），格雷丝（Grace, 优雅）等。象格雷丝（优雅）这样的名，用的是精神和神学的意义，而不是体态的意义。一些名要当作动词而不是名词来理解，可以看成是代表某个宗教教训，例如，“渴望精神才能”（Desire spiritual gifts）。同样的情况也出现在男名中，不过不太多，有：英克莱斯（Increase,增加），荷蒲弗（Hope-for,希望），康斯坦丁（Constant, 坚决），特莱普尔（Tremble, 颤抖），洛弗（Love, 爱），莱塞林（Wrestling, 搏斗）等。在这些取自《圣经》的名中，最有趣的是埃比尼泽。这是《旧约》中的一个地名，最初用作人名似乎是在新英格兰。在那里，一个多世纪以来，它成为最常见的名之一。

尽管越来越多地使用《旧约》或“有意义的”名也是英格兰清教主义的一个特点，然而这在新英格兰更为流行。这种习俗由于移民的迁徙从殖民地流传开来，我们的历史上就有人有这样丰富多彩的名，如：英克莱斯，伊斯雷尔，扎卡里，亚伯拉罕，普里瑟弗德和甘梅利尔。它影响了我们的民族传奇，使“乔纳森大哥”成为我们新英格兰人甚至美国人的名子，“萨姆大叔”(Uncle Sam)代表美国(U. S.)，还给了我们“凯莱布”（犹太人的首领，与约书亚一起被上帝遣往迦南），或“老伊弗莱姆”（《圣经》中约瑟的次子，以色列王国）这样的名子。

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