翻 译 格 式 要 求

翻译格式要求

中文格式要求

1、整篇文章的大标题居中，用“宋体，2-3号字体”；

2、正文用“5号字，宋体”；

3、大标题与正文之间的标题的字号按“小3号——4号——小4号”的顺序，超过3极标题的仍按此顺序，排到“小4号”后，以后的几级标题都按“小4号”；

4、每一自然段落的起头文字应退后两个字，符合中文排版习惯。各自然段之间不需空行；

5、原文是斜体的地方，译文也应用斜体，原文是加黑的地方，译文也应加黑；

6、原文中的书名，中文应加书名号“《》”

7、如客户在格式上有特殊要求的，应服从客户的要求，如有的客户要求一页对一页地翻译，有的客户要求按照原文格式，有的客户要求分栏排版等。

8、在该分页的地方，务必进行分页，分页时必须通过插入分页符进行，即在word中点菜单“插入”下的“分隔符”，严禁使用打多个回车键来达到分页的目的，这样在修改时就会产生混乱。

英文格式要求

（注：其他外语语种可以参考该要求，特殊的应符合各自语言的惯例格式要求）

1、整篇文章的大标题居中，用“Times New Roman”，小2号字体；

2、正文用Times New Roman”，5号字体；

3、大标题与正文之间的标题的字号按“3号——4号——5号”的顺序，超过3级标题的仍按此顺序，排到“5号”后，以后的几级标题都按“5号”；

4、每一自然段落的起头文字不退后。各自然段之间空一行；

5、各级标题的编号选用应恰当，且不得出现中文编号，如“三”、“（三）”等，各级标题上下应各空一行。

6、不同级标题的编号处于不同的层次上，译者可以通过拖动word文件中的标尺来实现这个目的。同级标题编号应对齐，整个文件中的所有正文应全部对齐。整个文档必须清晰整齐。译者也可以参考老外的一些正式文件，他们的文件在格式上非常漂亮。

7、不得在英文中出现书名号“《》”，英文中的书或文章的题目应采用斜体来标记，而不是书名号；

8、外文译文按原中文格式，需斜体的地方，译文就斜体，需加黑的地方，译文也加黑；

9、请高度重视单词大小写问题。整篇文章的大标题中，除连词、介词外，其余单词的首字母都应大写；其他标题只有句首的字母大写，其余单词小写

10、翻译完后，务必用逻辑检错程序查找是否有拼写错误、语法错误。

11、如客户在格式上有特殊要求的，应服从客户的要求，如有的客户要求一页对一页地翻译，有的客户要求按照原文格式，有的客户要求分栏排版等。

12、在该分页的地方，务必进行分页，分页时必须通过插入分页符进行，即在word中点菜单“插入”下的“分隔符”，严禁使用打多个回车键来达到分页的目的，这样在修改时就会产生混乱。

希望各位译者，一定要重视译文的版式漂亮，以给客户良好的第一印象，谢谢合作

翻译要求和要领

1、翻译要领

翻译是一项非常艰苦和细致的工作，要做好翻译要求个人的素质非常高，作好专业资料的翻译，需要有外语、母语和专业方面的雄厚的功底，还要有缜密的思维习惯和严谨的工作作风，没有做过翻译工作的同志，很难理解其中的深刻内涵，即使做了大量翻译工作的同志也未必做得很到位。为了更好地合作，请各位兼职翻译仔细领会以下的翻译要领，这是翻译人才总结多年翻译工作经验的结晶。

（1）翻译的本质，翻译的过程可以用一句话来概括：“在透彻地理解原文意思的基础上用标准的汉语表述出来”

可见这是一个学习和再加工的过程。首先自己要准确理解原文的意思，要反复推敲，直到真正弄懂，然后再用标准的中文把思想再现出来。

（2）翻译质量有两个基本标准：第一个标准是符合原文的本来意思，就是要忠实原文，既不能随意增加原文中没有的意思，不能添枝加叶，也不能缺斤短两，随意删减，既要透过字面意思揭示出作者的本意，又要避免东拉西扯，脱离正题。这也就是我们所说的“信”；第二个标准是符合中文的表达习惯，也就是所谓的“达”，句子要通顺流畅，不能生造词语和句子，也就是所谓的文笔。应保证任何业内人士都能够看懂，不能象有的人翻出来后连自己都看不懂。这两个标准也代表翻译的两个步骤，重要性上各占50%，耗费译者的时间也是各占50%。

（3）翻译界通用的质量标准是“信、达、雅”，对于技术、学术和商务资料来说，只要求“信”和“达”不要求“雅”，（因为“雅”和“华丽”主要适用于文学等材料），但是我们对前两者的要求比较高，译者应该追求“平实”和“通顺”。这是由商务和技术类资料所具有的科学性、学术性和实用性等特点决定的。

（4）直译和意译的辨证关系。有的句子只需直译就很明白了，如“my name is lucy”等比较浅显的句子，不需要变换语序就翻译得很好。而有的句子由于语言表达习惯的差异性，在翻译时需要对原来的语序进行大幅度的调整，需要透过字面意思，用重新组织的汉语句子将原作者真正要表达的意思表述出来，这就是所谓的意译。意译包括用词的选择、句子的重新调整、隐含意思的恰当表达等，比如“fatal competition”一个译者翻译为“致命的竞争”，我们的专家翻译为“你死我活的竞争”，后者要比前者就更为传神。但是，意译不代表随意，不能象有的译者借口意译而不顾原文本意随便东拉西扯。我们曾经遇到过有的译者翻译的译文乍看时很通顺，很符合逻辑，甚至很优美，但是一对照原文，却发现译文离题万里，他完全是按照自己的想象和自己的逻辑进行编造的，这不是在做学问，而是在写三国演义，这不是在翻译，是在编译。其实，直译和意译的目的是一样的，都是要准确地表达原作者的本意，没有好坏之分，但两者之间存在一个辨证的关系。最常见的翻译是直译与意译二者的有机结合，需要译者很好地把握一个度的问题，做到恰如其分才是水平。

（5）专业上的要求也很重要，只是它已经隐含在第（2）条中的两个标准之中。译者要翻译自己熟悉的专业，不能翻译没有把握的资料。在进行跨专业翻译时，应请教专家，不能说外行话，要真正弄懂所翻译材料的基本原理，即使是翻译自己的专业范围内的资料也要非常慎重，译文要达到专业水平。一般来说，翻译完某个资料后，译者应成为这方面的专家。（6）翻译质量的一个试金石：从一定意义上来说，基本逻辑和基本常识是翻译正确与否的

一个试金石，翻译完一段后都应该检查一下，看译文是否符合逻辑，

如果词不达意或违反一般的思维逻辑和基本常识，那么译文肯定有问题。好的文章都具有很强的逻辑性，都有一个主题，译者只有顺着这个主题和逻辑进行翻译，才有可能翻译好，所以译者要边翻译边思考。进行前后对照，不断地进行逻辑思维和判断。

实例：

Around the globe, we will spend the rest of our lives finding things to say to people we will never meet in person.在该测试稿中，曾标注有“这句很难…”但是没有引起注意。

错误的译文：在我们联为一体达到地球村内，我们今后的生命历程将用于发现一些事情与从

“…….我们将用毕生的精力寻找有趣的事情……”

点评：请问我们以后只在网上聊天别的什么也不干，谁去劳动？莫非我们都去喝西北风，显然不符合逻辑。但是，有三分之一的人是这样翻译的。

错误的译文：世界范围内，我们在与未曾谋面的人的谈天说地中打发休息时间。

点评：the rest 没有休息时间的意思，只有“其余的”意思，这是不求甚解的结果。

2、文件内容格式

为了便于译文文件的整理和交接，译文的格式一般应与原文的格式相一致，该空行的要空行，该空格时要空格，但是也要符合中文的习惯，比如中文段首要空两格。word 文件要用规范的模版，正文一般用小四号宋体，特殊要求的除外。在文档中不应随意增加原文中没有的符号和线条，曾经有译者在文档中加了横线，结果无法删除掉，导致时间的大量浪费。因此，不得采用别人有可能无法破解和删除的东西，交来的稿件必须是定稿。

3、译文文件名格式

译文文件名要规范，统一格式为：

“（2008-40-30）赵海：青鸟市城市改造项目材料5第26页至50页英文译文”。文件名中的要素依次为年月日、译者姓名、项目名称、所翻译章节和译文的语种。这样便于文件的接收和整理。

4、电子邮件主题格式

电子邮件主题应写明确，比如“赵海：青鸟市城市改造项目英文译文”，不得随意写几个符号，以便于文件的接收和整理。因为每天有上百封邮件，涉及许多项目和许多译者，如果没有规范很容易出问题。

5、发送文件注意事项

在接收到原文后应通知联系人，确保文件被收到并能够打开。在发送译文后，应电话通知联系人，在确保文件被收到后再离开电脑，以免文件传送发生问题，耽误时间。要求返还的纸面上的资料应按时返还。

6、时间进度

翻译任务都有很严格的时间要求，一般来说客户给我们的时间都很紧，翻译公司从来不

打埋伏，说几点要就必须在几点前发过来，这也是为了给译者更多的时间。一般来说，译文收到后我们校对的时间非常少,只有快速浏览和排版的时间,质量、格式和时间进度基本上都由译者来保证。译者必须在规定的时间内保质保量地完成，不能留尾巴。对于其译文无需我们校对的优秀译者,我们会源源不断地给予任务，这类译者是我们最希望与其合作的。

7、翻译费和合作基础

本翻译中心坚持诚信原则，费用方面请大家放宽心，没有必要把精力放在这上面，只要质量没有问题，翻译费就肯定没有问题。

我们的翻译费支付政策是：当月交齐的项目，次月底或次次月初结算，原因有四：１、给客户评价反馈的时间；

２、给我们统计的时间；

３、统一成批结算节约时间；

４、也给我们审查核对的时间。

对于某些特殊的项目,我们可能会在经过内部检查和客户认可后再支付翻译费，无须催促，以免浪费时间，也以免影响大家的工作和学习。质量是合作的基础和保障，任何译者都不应抱侥幸心理，如因质量问题导致客户退稿或扣款，译者应负相应责任。翻译中心对翻译人员都要进行严格测试后才正式聘用，为此，不得随便找别人代替翻译。要求认真思考，反复推敲，不能不求甚解；要求多查词典，不能望文生义；要严格要求自己，不能应付差事。否则需承担相应的后果。

修辞格的翻译方法

修辞格的翻译方法 修辞格一般都具有形式独特新颖、内容丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的精神和风格。 英译汉中常见的修辞格，包括音韵修辞格、词义修辞格、句法修辞格等，本文着重介绍了修辞格的翻译方法，包括直译、加注、意译法、替换法、归化、切分等，并通过一些实例来阐述。 一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法修辞格的翻译上存在许多差异，为了使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表达习惯。总的来说，英语修辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、意译、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。 （一）直译法在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下，就可采用直译。直译既可传达原文的意义，又可保持原文的修辞风格，丰富译文的语言表达能力。 His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿，他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。 （二）加注法加注也是丰富译文语言表达的一种有效方法。它既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面，尤其原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时，使用加注能收到比较好的效果。 Christ，to hear some of th ose sailor’s myths，you’dthink bloody Fort know was on every ship that sailed.天哪，要是听信有些水手的胡说八道，你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。（注：诺克斯

堡是美国一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。） （三）意译法由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的，如保留其形象就会危害其义。 如英语的头韵法，其搭配可以千变万化，很难碰巧找到这样的汉语搭配，即使勉强凑韵，也不一定能表达原文的意思。 在这种情况下，必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容，然后尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。 safe and sound安然无恙 now and never机不可失 （1）He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。 （2）He took his time and the floor.他不慌不忙，翩然起舞。 （四）替换法 替换法有两种情况， 一是用其他修辞格翻译某种达到原文具有的效果， 二是保留修辞格，但是在内容上做少许变动，而不会影响效果。 第一种情况的例子： （1）Anna was thin and black，a very umbrella of awomen.安娜是个又瘦又黑的女人，简直像一把雨伞。 （2）（2）They went to the funeral with weeping eyes andhearts.他们向墓地走去，眼里流泪，心里滴血。 第二种情况可以拿比喻的翻译作例，比喻在英汉两种语言中都是应用

语法和翻译一

Fill in the blanks and translate sentences into Chinese. 1.The ocean is heating up. That’s the conclusion of a new study ____ finds that Earth’s oceans now absorb heat at twice the rate they did 18 years ago. 2.In particular, _____(attribute) poor performance ___ a lack of ability depresses motivation more than does the belief that lack of effort is to blame. 3.About 35 percent of the heat _____ (take)in by the oceans during the industrial era now residents at a depth of more than 700 meters, the researchers found. 4.The extensive data sources, ________(combine) with computer simulations(计算机模拟), created a timeline of ocean temperature changes, including cooling from volcanic outbreaks and warming from fossil fuel emissions. 5.Disagreements on such matters can understandably cause problems. If parents are angered by their daughter’s divorces, dislike her new husband, and disapprove of how she is raising their grandchildren, chances are that they are not going to enjoy her visits. 6.Moreover, most adult children provide every bit as much care and support to their aging parents as was the case in the “good old days” , and most older people do not feel _______ (abandon) 7.无数宽敞美丽的庭院藏身于屋舍之间，游客们每到一处都会有惊喜的发现。 （翻译） 8.Gamification(游戏化) is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in

修辞格的翻译word 版

第8课修辞格的翻译 Contents: 相同点：分类和使用 不同点：语言环境、美学观念不同，用不同修辞格表达同一概念，to eat like a horse, to work like a horse 辞格分类：音韵修辞格结构修辞格语义修辞格 辞格翻译分为三类： 可译：同一辞格 不可译：（涉及到不同文字字形结构或音韵）另辟奇径 难译：转换辞格，意译 原则：使原文音形义的修辞效果尽可能完美地传达出来 翻译方法： 直译意译(转换修辞格转换喻体引申词义增加用词) 弥补 classification: 音韵修辞格：(Phonetic Stylistic Devices) alliteration头韵, onomatopoeia拟声，assonance, rhyme脚韵 结构/句法修辞格：(Syntactical Stylistic Devices) repetition反复, chiasmus回文, parallelism排比, antithesis对偶, question and answer 设问，rhetoric question 反问, anastrophe倒装 语义修辞格：(Lexical Stylistic Devices) metaphor暗喻, simile明喻, metonymy转喻, personification拟人, irony反语, hyperbole夸张, understatement缩小, allusion典故, euphemism讳饰, contrast, paradox/oxymoron精警, transferred epithet移就, pun双关, zeugma拈连, parody仿拟 1.音韵修辞格：(Phonetic Rhetorical Devices) alliteration头韵, onomatopoeia拟声 rhyme脚韵 1. 1 Alliteration （头韵） It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, such as “proud as a peacock” and “blind as a bat”. Alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning: Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save, From the cradle to the grave, Those ungrateful drones who would Drain your sweat—nay, drink your blood? —Percy Bysshe Shelly Alliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect—to join two or more related words: I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. The Russian danger is therefore our danger, …just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free peoples in every quarter of the globe. ------from Winston Churchill’s speech on Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. 翻译：增加用词 Then Lieutenant Grub launched the old recruiting routine．See，save and serve! 于是．格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套了：见见世面，攒点钱，为国家出点力! 此例主要修辞手法是Alliteration(头韵)。 See, save and serve在用作不及物动词时。宾语实际上隐含在动词后面．译成汉语时需要把它表达出来。因此译

翻译技巧翻译与语法分析

翻译技巧翻译与语法分析 译题一：What to Do About Friends Holding You Back For the most part, you probably don't need to make any radical changes to who you hang out with. As long as you understand your friends might have jealousies about your self-improvement goals, you'll be able to recognize them and deal with them. Just remember that if your friends tell you something is "impossible" for you to do or you "can't" do it, they might just be trying to save themselves from feeling hurt. Once you accomplish your goal they'll eventually adjust. Plus, you might give them the inspiration to break down their own assumptions and set "impossible" goals of their own. Any of you have great supporting friendships? Any of you notice when your friends become jealous and sabotaging?

语法与翻译

语法与翻译 1、虚拟语气 1. If (你在之前的工作中表现出更多的责任心的话)，you would have got promoted. 2.He takes the pills in time （以免心脏病再次发作） 3.Without the government’ s effort, (读写能力就没有这么普及) 4. I wish (我给面试官留下了好印象) 5. Had it not been for his help, we (在绘画方面不能取得突破) 6. I remember what you emphasized in the class the other day (仿佛它已 经铭刻在我的记忆里) 7. Anna has broken her legs in a car accident; (要是她能再次演 出那该多好) 8. should it rain next week, (农民就能有好收成) 9.try sending an email (如果你打不通电话) 10. it’s necessary that (你拥有积极的态度和强烈的信心) 二、从句（定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句） 1. He dreamed of being the richest man (正如你在这个年纪时常做的一样) 2. On no condition （你能独自一人去旅行）because I didn’t want you to take such a blind risk. 3. （学生掌握科学技术知识）is important. 4. As a friend of yours, you can count on me about ( 任何使你心烦的事) 5. It is doubtful (工程是否能准时完工) 6. (), you should think before you act. 7.The key issue is (他们是否会努力寻求更好的办法) 8.By the end of last month, (又一座新体育馆在首府落成) 9.If you feel the exam difficult, it is (因为你不熟悉语法规则) 10.The clerk (对顾客置之不理) made them outraged.

科技英语翻译480句

一、时间（1-80） 1. When a wire is broken by bending it back and forth rapidly, some of the work is transformed into heat and the wire gets hot. 当把导线快速地（通过）来回弯曲折断时，部分功就转换成热，所以导线变热． 2. When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide. 当月亮的位置改变时，引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也改变了． 3. The water vapor will change from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temperature is reached. 当露点温度达到时，水气将从其看不见的状态凝结成可见的水分． 4.When a user requests a set of resources, it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state. 当用户要求一组资源时，必须确定这些资源的分配是否会让系统处于安全状态． 5.As the number of users sharing the segment increases, so does the difficulty of finding an acceptable segment number. 当合同程序段的用户数目增加时，查找可接受的程序段的号码的困难也增加． 6. The air pressure begins falling accordingly as a typhoon comes near. 随着台风的临近，气压开始下降． 7.While they are waiting in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle. 当它们在就绪队列中等待时，输入／输出装置则空闲着． 8. At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating by wavelength, a process known as dispersion. 当这些波向外扩散时，它们也在按波长分开，这一过程叫频散． 9.Current stars flowing at the very moment when we close the circuit. 当我们一接通线路，电流马上就开始出现．

语法基础知识与翻译练习

语法基础知识与翻译练习 第一节单项填空。从A、B、C三个选项中选择最佳答案填空。（共10个小题，每小题1分） 21. This is ______ story-book. It was written by Yang Hongying. A. the B. a C. an 22. Bananas, apples and oranges are all ____________. A. fruits B. vegetables C. drinks 23. It’s cold outside. You’d better ______ your coat. A. put on B. take off C. put away 24. The students are helping the old man clean ______ house now. A. her B. him C. his 25. －______ does your mother watch the Talk Show? －Once a week. A. How long B. How often C. How soon 26. That man ______ be my English teacher. He has gone to Canada. A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t 27. If more trees ______ planted, our city will be more beautiful. A. were B. are C. will be 28. People often like clothes ______ can make them look young. A. when B. who C. that 29. I play basketball every day because I want to play as ______ as Yao Ming. A. well B. better C. best 30.－Have you ever been to Shanghai? －Yes. I ______ there with my father last year. A. went B. have been C. have gone 第二节英汉互译阅读下面的短文，将划线部分的句子译成汉语或英语。（共5个小题，每小题1分) Thanksgiving Day was coming soon. 66. Miss Green gave her students special homework. “Please draw a picture to show your thanks.” said Ms Green. Most students drew a turkey(火鸡) or other traditional things. But Douglas, a shy boy, drew a different thing. 67. 他仅仅画了一只手。 His classmates were surprised at his picture. One child said, “It must be a f armer’s hand, be cause farmers keep turkeys.” Others guessed it was his father’s hand. 68.因为他家很穷, his father had to work day and night for money. 69.Miss Green asked the little boy whose hand it was. He answered, “It’s yours. You often take me by the hand to play outside and teach me how to hold a pencil.” Oh, 70. the boy was showing his thanks to his teacher. Miss Green was moved and hugged(拥抱) the little boy. 66. ______________________________________________________ 67. ______________________________________________________ 68. ______________________________________________________

科技英语翻译

形合和意合 1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。 I did not buy good seat for movie last day. 2.这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。 This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well. 3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。 She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange. 4.烤烟，苹果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品，年产量3.12亿元，占农业总产值的52.5%。 Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values. 5.可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。 It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries. 6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension. 某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压，称为继发性高血压 7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。 8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物，这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的，他指出这可以用到医疗上去。 That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use. 英汉句子中心的差异 1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞，这的确令人惊讶。 It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells. 2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日，这绝非是历史的偶然。 It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968. 3.你们已经取得了进步，对此我毫不怀疑。 There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved. 4.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。 I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展，出现一些极其复杂的难题，单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。 One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. 6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力，长期以来一直为科学家所关注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes. 7.不努力就不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts.

实用科技英语翻译

实用科技英语翻译 I Answer the following quesitions related to EST Translation (30’)（2个题） 1.What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2,What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3, What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word C .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to remember F. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word. G. stability（稳定性）: stable and unlikely to change H. productivity（能产性）: once established, it is easy to produce more neologisms based the original one by means of word-formation 4, What are common rules for Technical Term Translation? As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects: A. monosemy vs. conciseness monosemy is the priority B. motivation vs. accuracy As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferred C. stability vs. productivity Productivity is the priority D. systematization vs. linguistically correct Before translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and tradition of Chinese word-formation. E. Chinese language trait vs. conciseness As for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters （偶数词语）or even 4-character expressions（四字结构）. II. Underline and mark out the themes and rhymes of the following sentences with the capital letters T and R respectively. (10’)（2个题）1. Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes. Parallel：T-R1+R2+R3…Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes. 2. Each cylinder therefore is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continuously, and coole d by means of air drawn in from th e outside atmosphere by large rotary fans, worked of f the main crankshaft, or in the large diesel-electric locomotives, by auxiliary motors. 3.We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following (Theme) and III. Improve the following translation. As for the first sentence you should provide your improved English translation and as for the second s entence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’)（2个题） 1.活塞与气缸的配合问题，对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在工作状态下的变形，真实反映活塞变形情况，已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。 The joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine. The primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition. In order to indicate the actual deformation of piston, the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically.

文学翻译unit 5《修辞格的翻译方法》

第五章修辞格的翻译方法 研究汉英修辞格之间的比较与翻译，对我们进一步研究汉英两种修辞学和英汉互译，尤其是文学翻译，都有着十分积极的意义。原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。为了对原文保持最大限度的忠实，我们对任何一种修辞都要采取一定的处理方法，尽一切可能把原文的修辞美传达给译文读者。 从翻译的角度，修辞可以划分为三类：可译、难译、不能译。首先，对于可译的修辞格，尽可能直译。属于直译范围的修辞格是我们平时使用最为频繁的，在汉英两种语言里都有对应的修辞格，这类修辞格通常在在语义上做文章，因而容易翻译。绝大多数英语修辞格都能找到与之相对应的汉语修辞格，它们在结构上和修辞作用上都彼此十分相似，因而是可译的。 一、可译：直译 1. Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole and personification Simile 明喻英语中的simile和汉语明喻基本格式相同，本体和喻体之间都出现喻词“像、好像、比如、仿佛、好比、像…一样、如…一般”或“Like, as, as if, as though, as…as”，所以一般情况下，可以照直翻译。比如：“as busy as bee，as brave as lion，as cheerful as a lark，as black as crow，as sharp as knife”。 Example 1: 她的脸色苍白而带光泽，仿佛大理石似的；一双眼睛又黑又大，在暗淡的囚房中，宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。（杨沫，《青春之歌》） Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell. 但是由于文化差异导致某些喻体联想意义的不同，因而不能墨守原文的修辞手法，比如“As cool as a cucumber，As sharp as a needle，As tight as a drum，As sure as a gun”。 Metaphor (隐喻) 英汉暗喻都不露比喻痕迹，把“甲”直接说成是“乙”或变成了“乙”。常用的词有“是、变成、变为、成为、成了、当作”或者“Be, become, turn into” Example 2: Passion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and water. (Dickens. Little Dorrit) 在杰纳勒尔夫人跟前，一个人的激情会变得麻木不仁，热血也会变成掺了水的牛奶。Example 3: 何等动人的一页又一页篇章！这是人类思维的花朵。（徐迟，《哥德巴赫猜想》） What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. Hyperbole (夸张) 有意夸大或缩小事物的某一方面，从而获得更好的表达效果,英汉中都常常用到，可以直译。 Example 4: 突然，在我们头顶五六丈的上空，发出一声可怕的霹雳，闪电像利剑一样直插下来，天空被彻底吹裂了，震碎了！（叶蔚林，《在没有航标的河流上》） All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunder-clap about fifty feet directly above our heads, and a blot thrust downward like a sharp sword. The sky was brought into pieces. Personification (拟人) 把人以外无生命之物或有生命之物当作人来写。 Example 5:

修辞与翻译

修辞格的译法 翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果，否则译文即使在大意上与原文差不多，也会使原文的精神和风格受损，削弱语言的表达力。一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。要做到这一点有时可以采取直译，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法上存在某些惊人的相似之处；但有时仅靠直译是不行的，因为英汉两种语言还存在着许多差异。无视这些差异而采用直译不但不能保持原文中修辞格的神韵，反而会歪曲原作的意思，造成译文语言晦涩难懂。这时译者就得借助其他翻译技巧，根据具体情况灵活地改换原文的某些修辞手法，使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表述习惯。总的说来，英语辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、释义、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。 A. 直译 在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下，就可采用直译。直译既可传达原文的意义，又可保持原文的修辞风格，丰富译文的语言表达力。例如： （1）They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man's funeral because nobody had really liked him.在老头子的葬礼上，他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪，因为老头子在世时他们都不喜欢他。 （2）The book set off a firestorm of reaction. （3）Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the

country girl felt like a fish out of water. （4）I would my horse had the speed of your tongue （5）I deserve neither such praise nor such censure. （6）On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. B. 加注 加注也是丰富译入语语言表达法的一种有效方法。它既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面。尤其当原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时，使用加注能收到较好的效果。例如： （1）Christ, to hear some of those sailors' myths, you'd think bloody Fort Knox was on every ship that sailed. 天哪，要是听信有些水手的胡说八道，你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。 （注:诺克斯堡是美国的一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。） （2）They did not reopen the Pandora's Box they had peeked into in 1972. 他们在１９７２年曾挖掘过这些丑事，如今却不再打开这个潘朵拉的盒子。 （注：潘朵拉的盒子原自希腊神话故事，里面藏有许多能给人们带来不幸的事物。）