考研英语阅读理解精读100篇

阅读理解精选100篇---经济类

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit1

unit1

Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Minis ters on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its G DP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.

Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the countr y reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience".

Resilience has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000).

One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie, about €0.53 ($0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.

注（1）：本文选自Economist；12/18/2004, p115-115, 2/5p；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2004年真题text 1第1题和第3题（1，3），2001年真题text 1第2题（2），1999年真题text 2第2题（4）和2002年真题text 3第4题（5）；

1. What is Turkey’s economic situation now?

[A] Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members.

[B] Its inflation rate is still rising.

[C] Its economy grows faster than any EU member.

[D] Its economic resilience is very strong.

2. We can infer from the second paragraph that__________.

[A] Turkey will soon catch the average GDP level of the 15 pre-2004 EU members

[B] inflation rate in Turkey used to be very high

[C] Turkey’s economy will keep growing at present rate

[D] IMF’s economic program will help Turkey join the EU

3. The word “oscillated” (Line 3, Para graph 3) most probably means_________.

[A] fell

[B] climbed

[C] developed

[D] swang

4. Speaking of Turkey’s foreign direct investment, the author implies that_________.

[A] it’s stock is far less than that of other countries

[B] it does not have much influence on Turkey’s economic progress

[C] steady GDP growth will help Turkey attract more foreign direct investment

[D] Turkey’s economic resilience relies on foreign direct investment

5.We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________.

[A] foreign investment environment in Turkey will become better

[B] Turkey’s citizens will suffer heavy loss due to the change of the face value of the lira

[C] the local currency will depreciate with the removal of six noughts from the face value

[D] prices of goods will go up

答案：C B D C A

篇章剖析

本篇文章是一篇说明文，介绍了土耳其的经济状况。第一段将土耳其的经济情况和其他几个欧盟新成员国的经济情况进行了一下对比，说明土耳其的经济状况并非如人们担心的那样糟糕；第二段对土耳其这几年的经济增长情况进行了简要介绍；第三段说明土耳其的经济缺乏弹性以及由此带来的影响；最后一段说明妨碍投资者的一个因素即将消失。

词汇注释

GDP: 国内生产总值(gross domestic product)

accession: [????????] n. 添加, 增加

OECD: 经合，经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)

resilience: [?????●????] n. 弹回, 有弹力, 恢复力,

oscillate: [ ???●???]v. 振荡

electrocardiogram: [?●??????????????????] n. .[医]心电图, 心动电流图(略作ECG)

inflow: [ ???●?◆] n. 流入, 流入物

deterrent: [di5tE:rEnt] n. 阻碍物

nought: [????] n. 无, 零

lira: [ ●????] n. 里拉

juggle: [ ????●] v. （常与with连用）耍杂耍

indeterminate: [ ?????????????] adj. 在程度、体积、性质或数量上没有准确确定的

难句突破

But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.

主体句式：it is not far off that…and it is much the same as..

结构分析：这是一个复杂句，句子主体结构是一个并列句，在第一个并列分句里有一个which引导的定语从句修饰new members，在第二个并列分句里有一个which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰Bulgaria and Romania，还有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰accession talks。

句子译文：但是和2004年5月1日加入欧盟的十个新成员国之一（拉脱维亚）相比，土耳其差得并不算太远，而和本周刚刚完成加入欧盟的谈判，并将在2007年1月获得完全成员地位的两个国家，保加利亚和罗马尼亚相比则相差无几。

题目分析

1. 答案为C，属事实细节题。根据文章第二段，土耳其的经济发展“十分惊人”。接着载第二行，作者以数据说明土耳其本年度第二季度的GDP增长“no EU country comes close to matching”，可见其经济发展速度超过任何欧盟成员。

2. 答案为B，属推理判断题。根据文章第二段“土耳其得通货膨胀率自1972年以来首次跌进各位数”可知，以前的通货膨胀率都在两位数甚至更多，是非常高的数字。

3. 答案为D，属猜词题。这个词的意思可以根据文中第三段所用的明喻判断出来。文中说，整个1990年代，土耳其的GDP增长就好像“遭受了猛烈的心脏病发作时的心电图一样”，可见GDP增长时高时低，峰谷之间的差异较大，所以oscillated最有可能的意思就是“摆动，震荡”，只有A中的swang意思与之相符。

4. 答案为C，属推理判断题。根据文章第三段，GDP的不规律性是导致土耳其难以吸引外国直接投资的主要原因，可见稳定的GDP 增长有助于土耳其吸引更多的外国直接投资。

5. 答案为A，属推理判断题。文章在第一段和第二段介绍土耳其快速的经济增长。第三段分析了过去不能吸引急需的外国直接投资的主要原因之一：经济发展不规律性。文章最后一段介绍了将取消妨碍外国投资者的一个因素。并在文章最末提到：“外国银行家和投资人现在可以期待今后在土耳其再不用快速心算一串串数不清的零了”。由此可见，土耳其的外国投资环境将变得更好。

参考译文

土耳其加入欧盟的申请将于12月17日在欧盟部长会议上进行表决，围绕该申请的一些顾虑就是经济问题，尤其是该国的相对贫困问题。其人均GDP还不足2004年之前欧盟15国人均GDP的三分之一。但是和2004年5月1日加入欧盟的十个新成员国之一（拉脱维亚）相比，土耳其差得并不算太远，而和本周刚刚完成加入欧盟的谈判，并将在2007年1月获得完全成员地位的两个国家，保加利亚和罗马尼亚相比则相差无几。

不但如此，用经济合作和发展组织秘书长唐纳德·约翰斯顿的话来说，该国最近的经济发展“十分惊人”。本年度第二季度的GDP比去年增长了13.4%，这样的增长速度是任何欧盟成员国都无法匹敌的。土耳其的通货膨胀率最近刚从1972年以来首次跌进各位数，本周该国刚刚同国际货币基金组织达成一项新的为期三年，总额100亿美元的经济项目协议，按照国际货币基金执行总裁罗德里戈·莱托的说法，这一项目将会“帮助土耳其…把通货膨胀率降到欧盟水平，并且增加其经济弹性。”

历史上该国经济并没有很强的韧性。近期如2001年，它的GDP下降超过7%。而1994年，下降超过5%，1999年仅比5%略低。的确，在整个1990年代，该国的经济就好像一次猛烈的心脏病发作的心电图记录那样来回摆动。这种不规律性是导致该国很难吸引其急需的外国直接投资的主要原因之一（另外还有繁琐的公事程序和腐败）。现在这类投资总额（作为GDP的一个百分点）比1980年代的时候还要低，而每年的外资流入量很少能够达到10亿美元（爱尔兰仅2003年一年就吸引外资超过250亿美元，而巴西从1998年到2000年每年的外资流入量都达到了这个数字。）

从2005年1月1日起，一个妨碍外国投资者的因素将会消失。到那一天，土耳其将取消其公民自称为百万富翁的权利。里拉的面值里将减少六个零；这样，当地货币的每个货币单位将和现在的1百万里拉等值---也就是0.53欧元（0.70美元）左右。商品将在一整年内用新旧里拉同时定价，但外国银行家和投资人现在可以期待今后在土耳其再不用快速心算一串串数不清的零了。

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit2

Unit 2

Charlie Bell became chief executive of McDonald's in April. Within a month doctors told him that he had colorectal cancer. After stockmarket hours on November 22nd, the fast-food firm said he had resigned; it would need a third boss in under a year. Yet when the market opened, its share price barely dipped then edged higher. After all, McDonald's had, again, shown how to act swiftly and decisively in appointing a new boss.

Mr Bell himself got the top job when Jim Cantalupo died of a heart attack hours before he was due to address a convention of McDonald's franchisees. Mr Cantalupo was a McDonald's veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food. He devised a recovery plan, backed by massive marketing, and promoted Mr Bell to chief operating officer. When Mr Cantalupo died, a rapidly convened board confirmed Mr Bell, a 44-year-old Australian already widely seen as his heir apparent, in the top job. The convention got its promised chief executive's address, from the firm's first non-American leader.

Yet within weeks executives had to think about what to do if Mr Bell became too ill to continue. Perhaps Mr Bell had the same thing on his mind: he usually introduced Jim Skinner, the 60-year-old vice-chairman, to visitors as the "steady hand at the wheel". Now Mr Skinner (pictured), an expert on the firm's overseas operations, becomes chief executive, and Mike Roberts, head of its American operations, joins the board as chief operating officer.

Is Mr Roberts now the new heir apparent? Maybe. McDonald's has brought in supposedly healthier choices such as salads and toasted sandwiches worldwide and, instead of relying for most of its growth on opening new restaurants, has turned to upgrading its 31,000 existing ones. America has done best at this; under Mr Roberts, like-for-like sales there were up by 7.5% in October on a year earlier.

The new team's task is to keep the revitalisation plan on course, especially overseas, where some American brands are said to face political hostility from consumers. This is a big challenge. Is an in-house succession the best way to tackle it? Mr Skinner and Mr Roberts are both company veterans, having joined in the 1970s. Some recent academic studies find that the planned succession of a new boss groomed from within, such as Mr Bell and now (arguably) Mr Roberts, produces better results than looking hastily, or outside, for one. McDonald's smooth handling of its serial misfortunes at the top certainly seems to prove the point. Even so, everyone at McDonald's must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency.

Economist; 11/27/2004, V ol. 373 Issue 8403, p64-65, 2p, 1c

注（1）：本文选自Economist；11/27/2004, p64-65, 2p, 1c；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2000年真题text 1第1题（1），1995年真题text 1第2题（2），2002年真题text 2第2题（3），1998年真题text 2第2题（4）和1999年真题text 1第4题（5）；

1. The main reason for the constant change at the top of McDonald is ________.

[A] the board’s interference

[B] the falling sales

[C] the health problems of the chief executives

[D] the constant change of its share price

2. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the falling sales of McDonald?

[A] the change of the chief executive

[B] people’s concern about junk food

[C] dirty restaurant

[D] indifferent service

3. The phrase “heir apparent” (Line 7, Paragraph 2) in the article most probably

means____________.

[A] someone who has the same ideas, aims and style with a person

[B] someone who has the unalienable right to receive the family title

[C] someone who is appointed as a heir of a person

[D] someone who is likely to take over a person’s position when that person leaves

4. In terms of succession at the top, McDonald_________.

[A] has had to made rather hasty decisions

[B] prefers to appoint a new boss from within

[C] acts in a quick and unreasonable way

[D] surprises all the people with its decisions

5. Toward McDonald’s reaction to emergencies at the top, the writer’s attitude can be said

to be___________.

[A] indifferent

[B] doubtful

[C] objective

[D] praiseful

答案：C A D B D

篇章剖析

本篇文章介绍了麦当劳高层人事接替的情况，是一篇说明文。第一段介绍了查里·贝尔辞去麦当劳首席执行官一事；第二段追溯了他如何成为麦当劳首席执行官；第三段介绍了麦当劳现任首席执行官如何接任；第四段分析了下一位可能的继任者；最后一段对这种内部接任的方式进行了总结。

词汇注释

colorectal: [ ???●???????●] adj. [解]结肠直肠的

franchisee: [ ????????????] n. 总经销商, 有代销权的人或团体

veteran: [ ???????] n. 老资格；老手

heirs apparent: 有继承权的人；公认的继任者

like-for-like: 同类的

revitalization: [?????????●?????????] n. 振兴；复兴

in-house: [?????◆?] adj. 内部的

groom: [??◆??] v. 培训；培植

难句突破

1. Mr Cantalupo was a McDonald's veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food.

主体句式：Mr. Canalupo was a McDonald’s veteran.

结构分析：这是一个复杂句，表语veteran后面有一个过去分词短语brought out of retirement作后置定语，这个定语还带有自己的两个状语，一个是不定式短语做目的状语，另外一个是after引导的时间状语从句，这个从句中还有一个because of引导的原因状语。bring sb. out of retirement的意思是“将某人从退休状态召回”。

句子译文：坎塔卢波在麦当劳工作过多年，在公司因为餐厅环境不卫生，服务态度差，以及人们对“垃圾食品”的不断质疑导致业绩下降之后，2003年他被从退休中召回，帮助公司进行改革。

2. Even so, everyone at McDonald's must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency.

主体句式：everyone must be hoping that…

结构分析：这个句子中包含一个由that引导的宾语从句和由before引导的状语从句。这个句子的难点在before这个词的理解上。通常before可以译为“才”。例如：It had been two days before I realized the problem. （过了两天我才意识到这个问题。）

句子译文：即便如此，相信麦当劳上下一定还是希望不要在近期内又面临这类紧急情况。

题目分析

1. 答案为C，属事实细节题。文章第一段提及Charlie Bell辞职的原因是他患了直肠癌；接着又在第二段说他升任总裁是因为他的前任在准备讲演时因为心脏病突发而去世。这样，麦当劳在一年内就不得不寻找第三位总裁。可见麦当劳高层频繁更换人员的原因是这些总裁的健康问题。

2. 答案为A，属事实细节题。可参见文章第二段第四行because of…后面的部分。

3. 答案为D，属猜词题。根据上下文，Charlie Bell被Jim Cantalupo提拔为首席运营官之后，被广泛视为是他的heir apparent，接着作者在第四段发问，现任的首席运营官会不会是现任总裁的heir apparent呢？显然，这个词组的意思应该是“接替某人职位”的人。

4. 答案为B，属推理判断题。根据文章，三位总裁都是在麦当劳内部管理人才，而且下一位继任者也已经内定，这种内部选定继任者的办法帮助麦当劳在一连串不幸事件发生后能够平稳交接。可见麦当劳更愿意从内部任命新老板。

5. 答案为D，属推理判断题。作者在第一段末评论麦当劳的行动时说道：“麦当劳又一次显示了其在任命新老板方面的快速决断能力。”在文末对麦当劳的内部接任方式进行总结时，作者引用某些学术研究的成果，认为这种方式的效果更好，并以“麦当劳在高层发生一连串的不幸事件后能够平静地交接似乎清楚地证明了这一点。”来加以说明。可见作者对于麦当劳处理类似发生在高层的突发事件的反应是持赞扬态度的。

参考译文

查里·贝尔四月成为麦当劳的首席执行官。不到一个月，医生就告诉他他患了直肠癌。在11月22日的股市交易结束之后，这家快餐公司宣布他已经辞职；该公司将需要这一年内的第三位老板。然而，当股市开张时，该公司的股价只是略有下降，很快又再次上扬。麦当劳又一次显示了其在任命新老板方面的快速决断能力。

贝尔先生本人是在吉姆·坎塔卢波（Jim Cantalupo）死于心脏病突发之后得到这一高层职位的。当时坎塔卢波正准备在几个小时之后的麦当劳特许经销商会议上致词。坎塔卢波在麦当劳工作过多年，在公司因为餐厅环境不卫生，服务态度差，以及人们对“垃圾食品”的不断质疑导致业绩下降之后，2003年他被从退休中召回，帮助公司进行改革。他制定了一项在大规模营销基础上的振兴计划，并且将贝尔先生提拔为首席运营官。坎塔卢波先生去世后，董事会很快开会确定任命贝尔先生，这位早就被公认为其继任者的44岁澳大利亚人担任这一首席职位。这次会议从该公司的第一位非美国籍的领导人那里得到了其许诺的公司首席执行官的讲演。

然而，在短短几周之内，公司高层就不得不思考如果贝尔先生病重无法继续工作该怎么办的问题。也许贝尔先生也在考虑同样的问题：他向来访者介绍60岁的副总裁吉姆·斯金纳时总是称他为“掌舵高手”。现在公司海外经营专家斯金纳先生（见图）成了公司首席执行官，主管公司美国经营业务的麦克·罗伯茨则加入董事会成为首席运营官。

罗伯茨先生是不是新的继任者呢？也许。麦当劳改变了主要依靠开新店发展企业的方法，而在全球推出了被认为更加健康的食品，比如沙拉和烤三明治，并且开始改进现有的31000家连锁快餐店的经营。美国在这方面做得最好；在罗伯茨先生的努力下，美国麦当劳十月的同类销售额比一年前增长了7%。

新团队的任务就是保持其振兴计划不变，尤其是海外部分，据说在海外某些美国品牌面对着来自消费者的政治敌意。这是一个巨大的挑战。这种内部接任的方式是不是迎接这种挑战的最佳方式呢？斯金纳先生和罗伯茨先生都是1970年代就加入公司的资深管理人员。最近的一些学术研究发现，内定的新老板，比如贝尔先生和现在（还未最终宣布）的罗伯茨先生，按计划接任会比草率任命一个新老板或者从外部聘请新老板效果更好。麦当劳在高层发生一连串的不幸事件后能够平静地交接似乎清楚地证明了这一点。即便如此，相信麦当劳上下一定还是希望不要在近期内又面临这类紧急情况。

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit3

Unit 3

The annual review of American company board practices by Korn/Ferry, a firm of headhunters, is a useful indicator of the health of corporate governance. This year's review, published on November 12th, shows that the Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in 2002 to try to prevent a repeat of corporate collapses such as Enron's and WorldCom's, has had an impact on the boardroom--albeit at an average implementation cost that Korn/Ferry estimates at $5.1m per firm.

Two years ago, only 41% of American firms said they regularly held meetings of directors without their chief executive present; this year the figure was 93%. But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals. For example, despite a growing feeling that former chief executives should not sit on their company's board, the percentage of American firms where they do has actually edged up, from 23% in 2003 to 25% in 2004.

Also, disappointingly few firms have split the jobs of chairman and chief executive. Another survey of American boards published this week, by A.T. Kearney, a firm of consultants, found that in 2002 14% of the boards of S&P 500 firms had separated the roles, and a further 16% said they planned to do so. But by 2004 only 23% overall had taken the plunge. A survey earlier in the year by consultants at McKinsey found that 70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe.

Another disappointment is the slow progress in abolishing "staggered" boards--ones where only one-third of the directors are up for re-election each year, to three-year terms. Invented as a defence against takeover, such boards, according to a new Harvard Law School study by Lucian Bebchuk and Alma Cohen, are unambiguously "associated with an economically significant reduction in firm value".

Despite this, the percentage of S&P 500 firms with staggered boards has fallen only slightly--from 63% in 2001 to 60% in 2003, according to the Investor Responsibility Research Centre. And many of those firms that have been forced by shareholders to abolish the system are doing so only slowly. Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected (or otherwise) annually. Other companies' staggered boards are entrenched in their corporate charters, which cannot be amended by a shareholders' vote. Anyone who expected the scandals of 2001 to bring about rapid change in the balance of power between managers and owners was, at best, naive.

注（1）：本文选自Economist；11/13/2004, p67-67, 4/9p；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿1998年真题text 1第2题（1），2002年真题text 2第2题（2），text 5第3题（3），2004年真题text 4第2题（4）和1999年真题text 1第4题（5）；

1. The Sarbanes-Oxley act is most probably about_________.

[A] corporate scandal

[B] corporate management

[C] corporate cost

[D] corporate governance

2. The word “backlash” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means_________.

[A] a violent force

[B] a strong impetus

[C] a firm measure

[D] a strong negative reaction

3. According to the text, separating the roles between chairman and chief executive

is________.

[A] a common practice in American companies

[B] what many European companies do

[C] a must to keep the health of a company

[D] not a popular idea among American entrepreneurs

4. We learn from the text that a "staggered" board________.

[A] is adverse to the increment of firm value

[B] gives its board members too much power

[C] has been abolished by most American companies

[D] can be voted down by shareholders

5. Toward the board practice of American companies, the writer’s attitude can be said to

be________.

[A] biased

[B] pessimistic

[C] objective

[D] critical

答案：D D B A D

篇章剖析

本篇文章是一篇议论文，对美国公司的董事会变化缓慢的情况提出了批评。第一段引用一家猎头公司的年度评论说明一项旨在防止

公司财务丑闻的法案已经对美国公司的董事会产生了影响；在第二段作者笔锋一转，说明虽然公司丑闻对于公司董事会的做法产生了一些影响，但仍然有一些方面毫无变化或者变化缓慢。接下来作者分析了几种典型的情况；三段指出了一些公司董事和总裁职务不分的情况；第四断指出一些公司在废除“交错董事任期”的董事会方面进展缓慢；第五段以具体的例子对上述情况加以说明并得出结论：要改变职业经理人和公司所有人之间的权力平衡并非一蹴而就之事。

词汇注释

headhunter: [ ???????????] n. 用高薪征聘人才者

governance: [ ????????] n. 治理；管理

boardroom: [ ?????◆??] n. （董事会）会议室

albeit: [ ?●??????] conj. 虽然

backlash: [ ???●??] n. 激烈反应，激烈反对对一个较早行动的对抗性反应

take the plunge: 冒险，采取断然行动

staggered: [ ??????] adj. 交错的

unambiguously: [ ?????????◆??●?] adv. 明白地,不含糊地

pharmaceutical: [ ????????◆?????●] adj. 制药的；调药的

arthritis: [ ?????????] n. 关节炎

entrench: [?????????] v. 保护

amend: [??????] v. 改正；修改

难句突破

Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they are all re-elected (or otherwise) annually.

主体句式：Merck is allowing its directors to run their full term

结构分析：这是一个复杂句，句子的主语之后又一个较长的同位语短语，句子中还有一个before引导的状语，在这个状语中含有一个which引导的定语从句。before在这种情况下通常译为“才”。

句子译文：因为所生产的关节炎药物Vioxx的潜在副作用而陷入困境的默克制药公司现在允许其董事任期直到届满，然后才会引入一个每年将所有人重新选任一遍（或者别的方法）的制度。

题目分析

1. 答案为D，属推理判断题。根据第一段，the Sarbanes-Oxley act的通过是为了防止再次出现类似安然公司或者世通公司垮掉的情况。而文章又提到在公司治理方面，该法案已经显现出了一定的影响力。可见，该法案是有关公司治理的法案。

2. 答案为D，属猜词题。首先确定“backlash”与反对公司丑闻有关，其次，下文对backlash给了一个具体的例子，就是“越来越多的人认为前任总裁不应该继续留在董事会里”，显然这符合选项D中的“强烈的对抗性/否定性反应”。

3. 答案为B，属事实细节题。根据文章第三段最后一句，将董事长和总裁的职务区分开来是“欧洲的行业惯例”。

4. 答案为A，属事实细节题。根据文章第四段的一份最新哈佛商学院研究，“staggered board”是为了防止公司权力被夺取而被发明的，但它显然“和公司价值的显著下降有关”。可见这种交错董事任期的董事会不利于公司价值的增长。

5. 答案为D，属推理判断题。本文指出虽然出台了防止公司丑闻的法案，但美国公司的董事会变化依然缓慢。继而分析了几种令人失望的情况。在文章最末作者指出，人们不应该天真的相信2001年的丑闻会迅速改变职业经理人和公司所有人之间的权力平衡。可见作者对美国公司的董事会持批评的态度。

参考译文

猎头公司“光辉国际”（Korn/Ferry）推出的美国公司董事会惯例年度评论是了解公司治理状况的有用指南。今年11月12日发表的年度评论表明，2002年通过的旨在防止类似安然公司和世通公司垮掉的事情再次发生的《萨班-奥西利法案》对董事会已经产生了一定的影响---虽然按照“光辉国际”的估计，实施该法案的平均成本是每家公司510万美元。

两年前，只有41%的美国公司说他们会在首席执行官不在场的情况下定期举行董事会；今年这一数字达到了93%。不过，令人惊异的是，对公司丑闻的强烈反对并没有影响到某些事情的发展。例如，虽然越来越多的人认为前任总裁不应该继续留在董事会里，但美国公司董事会中前任总裁的比率不降反升了，从2003年的23%上升到了2004年的25%。

另外，将董事长和总裁的职务区分开来的公司很少，这一点令人颇为失望。一家咨询公司“A.T.卡尼”公司在本周发布的另外一份对美国董事会的调查发现，2002年标准普尔500家公司中，有14%的董事会已经进行了职务角色的区分，另有16%的董事会表示计划这么做。可是到2004年，在全部公司中，只有23%的公司采取了行动。同年早些时候麦肯锡公司的咨询师发布的一项调查发现，70%的美国董事和投资人支持职务区分的想法，而这在欧洲早已是行业惯例了。

另一件令人失望的事情就是在废除“交错董事任期”的董事会方面进展缓慢---所谓交错董事任期，就是每年只改选三分之一的董事，而每一届董事的任期是三年。依据吕西安·贝布查克和阿尔玛·科恩的一份最新哈佛商学院研究，这种为了防止公司权力被夺取而发明的董事会显然“和公司价值的显著下降有关”。

尽管如此，标准普尔500公司中有交错董事任期的董事会比例却只有轻微下降---“投资人责任研究中心”的数据显示，该比率仅从2001年的63%下降到了2003年的60%。许多被股东施压要求放弃这一制度的公司现在只是缓慢地着手这一工作。因为所生产的关节炎药物Vioxx的潜在副作用而陷入困境的默克制药公司现在允许其董事任期直到届满，然后才会引入一个每年将所有人重新选任一遍（或者别的方法）的制度。其他公司交错董事任期的董事会是由公司规章确立的，不能由股东投票改变。如果有人期望2001年的丑闻会迅速改变职业经理人和公司所有人之间的权力平衡的话，那么他未免太天真了

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit4

Unit 4

Most economists hate gold. Not, you understand, that they would turn up their noses at a bar or two. But they find the reverence in which many hold the metal almost irrational. That it was used as money for millennia is irrelevant: it isn't any more. Modern money takes the form of paper or, more often, electronic data. To economists, gold is now just another commodity.

So why is its price soaring? Over the past week, this has topped $450 a troy ounce, up by 9% since the beginning of the year and 77% since April 2001. Ah, comes the reply, gold transactions are denominated in dollars, and the rise in the price simply reflects the dollar's fall in terms of other currencies, especially the euro, against which it hit a new low this week. Expressed in euros, the gold price has moved much less. However, there is no iron link, as it were, between the value of the dollar and the value of gold. A rising price of gold, like that of anything else, can reflect an increase in demand as well as a depreciation of its unit of account.

This is where gold bulls come in. The fall in the dollar is important, but mainly because as a store of value the dollar stinks. With a few longish rallies, the greenback has been on a downward trend since it came off the gold standard in 1971. Now it is suffering one of its sharper declines. At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think dollars--indeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation low--a decidedly risky investment, mainly because America, with the world's reserve currency, has been able to create and borrow so many of them. The least painful way of repaying those dollars is to make them worth less.

The striking exception to this extra demand comes from central banks, which would like to sell some of the gold they already have. As a legacy of the days when their currencies were backed by the metal, central banks still hold one-fifth of the world's gold. Last month the Bank of France said it would sell 500 tonnes in coming years. But big sales by central banks can cause the price to plunge--as when the Bank of England sold 395 tonnes between 1999 and 2002. The result was an agreement between central banks to co-ordinate and limit future sales.

If the price of gold marches higher, this agreement will presumably be ripped up, although a dollar crisis might make central banks think

twice about switching into paper money. Will the overhang of central-bank gold drag the price down again? Not necessarily. As James Grant, gold bug and publisher of Grant's Interest Rate Observer, a newsletter, points out, in recent years the huge glut of government debt has not stopped a sharp rise in its price.

注（1）：本文选自Economist；12/4/2004, p76-76, 1/3p；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2000年真题text 4第3题（1），2001年真题text 4第2题（2），text 1第2题（3），2002年真题text 2第2题（4）和text 5第3题（5）；

1. In economists’ eyes, gold is s omething__________.

[A] they look down upon

[B] that can be exchanged in the market

[C] worth people’s reverence

[D] that should be replaced by other forms of money

2.According to the author, one of the reasons for the rising of gold price is___________.

[A] the increasing demand for gold

[B] the depreciation of the euro

[C] the link between the dollar and gold

[D] the increment of the value of the dollar

3.We can infer from the third paragraph that_________.

[A] the decline of the dollar is inevitable

[B] America benefits from the depreciation of the dollar

[C] the depreciation of the dollar is good news to other currencies

[D] investment in the dollar yields more returns than that in gold

4. The phrase “ripped up” (Line 1, Par agraph 5) most probably means__________.

[A] strengthened

[B] broadened

[C] renegotiated

[D] torn up

5.According to the passage, the rise of gold price__________.

[A] will not last long

[B] will attract some central banks to sell gold

[C] will impel central banks to switch into paper money

[D] will lead to a dollar crisis

答案：B A B D B

篇章剖析

本篇文章采用了提出问题-分析问题的模式，分析了金价上涨，美元下跌的经济态势。第一段说明黄金是一种商品；第二段分析了金价上涨的原因：金价的上涨反映了需求的增加以及计价单位的贬值；第三段美元下跌的原因；第四段分析了各国央行的反应；最后一段对金价继续上扬可能带来的影响进行了分析。

词汇注释

reverence: [ ????????] n. 崇敬，尊敬

millennia: [???●????] n. millennium的复数

soaring: [ ??????] adj. 剧增的；上升到明显高于正常水平的

troy ounce: n. 金衡制盎司, 金衡

denominate: [???????????] v. 以…面值发行以某种给定的货币单位发行或表达

euro: [???????] n. 欧元

depreciation: [????????????????] n. 跌价；贬值

bull: [?◆●] n. 买空；（做）多头

stink: [?????] v. 发出臭味

longish: [ ●????] adj. 相当长的

rally: [ ??●?] n. （行情、价格等）跌后复升

greenback: [?????????] n. 美钞

tonne: [???] n. 公吨(=1,000公斤或称metric ton)

rip up: 斯毁；取消

overhang: [ ?◆??????] n. 突出量

难句突破

At the margin, extra demand has come from those who think dollars--indeed any money backed by nothing more than promises to keep inflation low--a decidedly risky investment, mainly because America, with the world's reserve currency, has been able to create and borrow so many of them.

主体句式：extra demand has come

结构分析：本句是一个复杂句，from这个介词所引导的状语中包含一个who 引导的定语从句，一个插入语，主句之后是一个because 引导的原因状语从句。nothing more than的意思是“只不过，仅仅”。

句子译文：在此下跌情况下，导致金价上扬的额外需求来自于那些认为美元---或者任何一种依靠抑制通胀的许诺来支撑的货币—无疑是一种高风险投资的人，主要因为美国拥有美元这一世界储备货币，而且一直能够制造和借来很多美元。

题目分析

1. 答案为B，属事实细节题。文章第一段提到经济学家不喜欢黄金的原因是人们对黄金缺乏理性的崇拜。在他们看来，黄金只不过是一种商品，也就是可以在市场交换的东西。

2. 答案为A，属事实细节题。文章第二段分析了金价上涨的两个主要原因：金价用美元表示，而美元相对于其他货币贬值了；市场对黄金需求的增加。

3. 答案为B，属推理判断题。根据文章第三段，美国因为拥有世界储备货币，而且一直能够制造和借来很多美元。要偿还这些美元，最不费力的方式就是让美元贬值。可见，美元贬值对美国是有益无害的事情。

4. 答案为D，属猜词题。根据文章第四段，为了防止出现一国央行大量抛售黄金导致金价下跌的情况，各国央行达成协议，协调和限制今后的黄金销售。如果金价持续上涨，很可能一些央行会再次抛售黄金（文中提到法国央行出售黄金的决定），那样各国央行之间的协议就会被破坏。因此，根据上下文，“ripped up”最有可能的意思就是“torn up”（撕毁）。

5. 答案为B，属推理判断题。根据文章第四段，在许多买家大量买入黄金的同时，许多央行却打算将他们囤积的黄金出售。文章第

五段说，如果金价继续上扬，各国央行之间的“限制和协调未来黄金销售”的协议将会被打破，也就是说金价的上涨会吸引各国央行出售黄金。

参考译文

大多数经济学家都讨厌黄金。要知道，这可不是因为他们瞧不起一两块金条，而是因为他们发现许多人对这种金属的崇敬几乎到了毫无理性的地步。这与它被用作千禧年的货币并无关系：那已经是昨日黄花了。现代货币采用的是纸币的形式，或者，更多时候，采用的是电子数据的形式。对经济学家来说，黄金现在只是另外一种商品。

那么为什么金价会大幅上涨呢？在过去一周里，每金衡（1金衡约31.1025克）的价格达到了450美元，比年初上涨了9%，而比2001年4月则上涨了77%。啊，答案来了，黄金交易是以美元来计数的，价格的上涨只是反映了美元对其他货币的比价，尤其是对欧元比价的下跌，而本周美元对欧元的比价又创新低。用欧元计数的话，金价的波动要小得多。然而，美元价值和黄金价值之间似乎并没有固定联系。像其他任何东西一样，金价的上涨反映了需求的增加以及计价单位的贬值。

因此就出现了黄金买空。美元的下跌之所以重要主要是因为作为一种价值储存手段美钞可谓臭名昭著。自从1971年美元脱离金本位，就一直处于跌势，其间只有为数不多的几次跌后复升。这一次下跌的跌幅更大。在此下跌情况下，导致金价上扬的额外需求来自于那些认为美元---或者任何一种依靠抑制通胀的许诺来支撑的货币—无疑是一种高风险投资的人，主要因为美国拥有美元这一世界储备货币，而且一直能够制造和借来很多美元。要偿还这些美元，最不费力的方式就是让美元贬值。

各国中央银行的反应跟这种额外需求正好形成鲜明对照。这些银行都想把手里的黄金卖掉一些。以前各国货币都依靠这种金属，历史继承的结果就是各国中央银行的黄金储量是世界黄金总量的五分之一。上个月，法国中央银行宣布即将在未来几年出售500吨黄金。不过中央银行大量出售黄金会导致金价猛跌--- 1999年至2002年之间英格兰银行出售395吨黄金时就发生过这种情况。其结果是各国央行达成协议，协调限制今后的销售。

如果金价继续上扬，这个协议就会被破坏，虽然一场美元危机会让各国央行在转向纸币经营问题上慎之又慎。那么央行所储备的大量黄金是否会将金价再次拉下来呢？那倒不一定。正如黄金迷，时事通讯《格兰特利率观察家》的出版人詹姆斯·格兰特所指出的，最近几年政府的巨额债务并未阻止金价的大幅上涨。

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit5

Unit 5

Open-outcry trading is supposed to be a quaint, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the world's largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit in Dublin to handle Brent crude futures, the benchmark contract for pricing two-thirds of the world's oil.

The NYMEX is trying to snatch liquidity from London's International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has hitherto concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American benchmark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE's efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-outcry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.

The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from "locals"--self-employed traders--is helping to prop up open-outcry, although some reckon that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to abolish its floor. Only last month it signed a lease, lasting until 2011, for its trading floor in London.

Dublin's new pit is "showing promise", says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent (each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE's new morning electronic session. By the year's end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be viable. It would stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.

Ultimately, having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable. Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe's largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little headway. And the NYMEX has dabbled in Brent contracts before, without success.

Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not band together? There have been merger talks before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more staid IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will slug it out--across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.

注（1）：本文选自Economist；11/6/2004, p78-78, 1/2p, 1c；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2001年真题text 2第1题（1），text 4第2题（2），text 1第2题（4），2002年真题text 2第2题（3），text 3第4题（5）；

1. The NYMEX and IPE are___________.

[A] both using open outcry trading as a major trading form

[B] partners that are reciprocal in their business activities

[C] rivals that are competing in the oil trading market

[D] both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice

2.According to the author, one of the reasons that the NYMEX takes open-outcry trading

is__________.

[A] the preference of its customers

[B] the standard practice of energy exchange

[C] the long tradition of this trading practice

[D] the nostalgic feeling it arouses

3. The word “glitches” (Line 2, Paragraph 4) most probably means_________.

[A] backwardness

[B] disappointments

[C] engineers

[D] problems

4.From Paragraph 4 we can infer that_________.

[A] trading volume in the IPE's new morning electronic session is falling

[B] London is a better business location for energy exchanges than Dublin

[C] Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of Ireland

[D] the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year

5.We can draw a conclusion from the text that___________.

[A] it’s very unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businesses

[B] the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shown

[C] the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each other

[D] the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting better

答案：C A D B A

篇章剖析

本文介绍了两家能源交易所之间的商战。第一段介绍了纽约商品交易所在都柏林的交易所采用公开叫价的交易形式。第二段介绍了纽约商品交易所和伦敦国际石油交易所之间的竞争。第三段介绍了纽约商品交易所采用公开叫价交易方式的原因。第四段介绍了目前都柏林这个交易所的经营情况。第五段对这种能源交易所之间的竞争前景进行了简单的分析。最后一段总结全文，两个交易所都会在这张商战中放手一搏。

词汇注释

open-outcry: n. 公开叫价

quaint: [ ?????] adj. 古怪有趣的

sleek: [?●???] adj. 时髦的

pit: [???] n. 期货交易场

Brent crude futures：北海布伦特原油期货

benchmark: [ ?????????] n. 基准点；可依照做出衡量和判断的标准

liquidity: [●?????????] n. 流动资金；资产折现力

West Texas Intermediate: 西德州轻质原油

hedge fund: 对冲基金

prop up: v. 支撑, 支持

glitch: [?●???] n. 小故障，小毛病

lot: [●??] n. 一批（在一起）拍卖的物品

viable: [ ?????●] adj. 可行的；可实施的

unsustainable: [ ????????????●] adj. 无法维持的

treasury-bond: 国库券

headway: [ ??????] n. 前进；进展

dabble: [ ???●] v. (作为兴趣或爱好)随便搞搞, 涉猎

难句突破

Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from "locals"--self-employed traders--is helping to prop up open-outcry, although some reckon that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems.

主体句式：pressure …is helping to prop up open-outcry

结构分析：这是一个复杂句，包含两个由although引导的让步状语从句。prop up的意思是“支持”。

句子译文：虽然其它绝大多数交易所正在取消这种公开叫价的交易方式，在纽约商品交易所这类商品市场里，来自“本地人”---那些自营商---的压力却起到了支持公开叫价的作用，尽管一些人估计客户为此要支付五倍于使用电子系统的费用

题目分析

1. 答案为C，属事实细节题。根据文章第二段“纽约商品交易所试图抢走IPE的交易量”和“新开张的交易所回应了伦敦国际石油交易所进行的现代化努力”两句来看，这两家交易所是竞争石油交易的对手。

2. 答案为A，属事实细节题。根据文章第三段，NYMEX声称“对冲基金或者能源公司这样的客户更喜欢公开叫价”可知，顾客的喜好是他们考虑采用公开叫价方式的原因之一。

3. 答案为D，属猜词题。根据文章第四段，除了一些技术上的“glitches”之外，新交易所让人们看到了希望。显然，glitches应该是不利的方面，四个选项中，只有B的意义最符合上下文。

4. 答案为B，属推理判断题。根据文章第四段，如果NYMEX把在都柏林的交易所开在伦敦的话，“it would stand a better chance”。可见，伦敦是能源交易所更好的业务场所。

5. 答案为A，属推理判断题。根据文章最后两段，两家能源交易所因为交易内容相似，且两家都是著名交易所，这种市场局面最终将难以维系。作者提出了两家能否联手的问题，但两个交易所一静一动，很难合并。

参考译文

公开叫价交易被认为是一种奇怪而过时的做法，应该很快被更加时髦，更加廉价的电子系统所取代。但纽约商品交易所（NYMEX）这个世界上最大的商品交易所却反其道而行。11月1日，纽约商品交易所在都柏林的期货交易所开张，并以公开叫价的方式交易作为世界三分之二原油的定价基准的布伦特原油期货。

大部分布伦特合约都是在伦敦国际石油交易所（IPE）进行交易的；纽约商品交易所试图抢走IPE的交易量；因此纽约交易所把注意力都集中在了西德州轻质原油这个美国交易基准上。新开张的交易所回应了伦敦国际石油交易所进行的现代化努力。同一天，当纽约商品交易所的交易员开始在都柏林高喊布伦特原油期货价格的时候，伦敦国际石油交易所废除了上午的公开叫价交易：现在这类的交易都必须实行电子化，或者在午饭之后才能在交易所进行。

纽约商品交易所声称对冲基金或者能源公司这样的客户更喜欢公开叫价，因为这种方式照顾到了更多的流动资金。虽然其它绝大多数交易所正在取消这种公开叫价的交易方式，在纽约商品交易所这类商品市场里，来自“本地人”---那些自营商---的压力却起到了支持公开叫价的作用，尽管一些人估计客户为此要支付五倍于使用电子系统的费用。甚至伦敦国际原油交易所也没有打算放弃其交易厅。上个月他们才刚刚签署一项租约，将其在伦敦交易大厅的租期延续到2011年。

曼氏金融公司的交易员罗布·拉夫林说，虽然出现了一些技术故障，但都柏林的这个新建交易所正在“崭露头角”。在开张当天布伦特原油的成交量就达到了5726手（每一手就是一份合约，相当于1000桶），是伦敦国际原油交易所当天上午更换电子交易成交量的三分之一。拉夫林预测，这一次投机是否可行到了年底就会见分晓。如果交易所迁到伦敦，则成功的机会更大。也许最终它会被迁到伦敦：不过它在爱尔兰开张就是因为那里比伦敦能更快获得监管部门的批准。

两家交易所交易相似期货合同的局面最终将难以维系。纽约商品交易所想和一个老牌市场领袖叫板谈何容易。欧洲最大的期货交易所欧洲期货交易所（Eurex）今年在芝加哥设立分店，打算从芝加哥期货交易所的美国国库卷交易里分一杯羹，但进展不大。纽约商品交易所以前也曾涉足布伦特原油期货交易，但无功而返。

考虑到交易中资金折现力的重要性，为什么伦敦国际原油交易所和纽约商品交易所不联合起来呢？以前有过合并商谈，不过也许时机还没到。有人说纽约商品交易所和伦敦国际原油交易所一动一静，水火不容。现在，无论如何，这两家交易所都要放手一搏---战场横跨爱尔兰海洋和大西洋。

考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit6

Unit 6

Thanks to slumping markets, investment banks are shedding many of their highly-paid traders. When markets recover, the banks might be tempted to replace them with rather cheaper talent. One alternative has been around for a while but has yet to catch on: autonomous trading agents-computers programmed to act like the human version without such pesky costs as holidays, lunch breaks or bonuses. Program trading has, of course, been done before; some blamed the 1987 stockmarket crash on computers instructed with simple decision-making rules. But robots can be smarter than that.

Dave Cliff, a researcher at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Bristol, England, has been creating trading robots for seven years. In computer simulations he lets them evolve "genetically", and so allows them to adapt and fit models of real-world financial markets. His experiments have suggested that a redesign of some markets could lead to greater efficiency. Last year, a research group at IBM showed that Mr Cliff's artificial traders could consistently beat the human variety, in various kinds of market. Nearly all take the shape of an auction. One well-known type is the English auction, familiar to patrons of the salesrooms of Christie's and Sotheby's, where sellers keep mum on their offer price, and buyers increase their bids by stages until only one remains.

At the other extreme is the Dutch auction, familiar to 17th-century tulip-traders in the Netherlands as well as to bidders for American Treasury bonds. Here, buyers remain silent, and a seller reduces his price until it is accepted. Most markets for shares, commodities, foreign exchange and derivatives are a hybrid of these two types: buyers and sellers can announce their bid or offer prices at any time, and deals are constantly being closed, a so-called "continuous double auction".

Mr Cliff's novel idea was to apply his evolutionary computer programs to marketplaces themselves. Why not, he thought, try and see what types of auction would let traders converge most quickly towards an equilibrium price? The results were surprising. In his models, auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today's financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers. These "evolved auctions" also withstood big market shocks, such as crashes and panics, better than today's real-world versions. Mr Cliff's most recent results, which will be presented in Sydney, Australia, on December 10th, show that the best type of auction for any market depends crucially on even slight differences in the number of buyers and sellers.

Bank of America has been investigating these new auctions, along with robotic traders, for possible use in electronic exchanges. The hope is that today's financial auctions and online marketplaces might work better by becoming more like their English and Dutch forebears. But what to call such multi-ethnic hybrids? Here's introducing the "Cliffhanger".

注（1）：本文选自Economist；11/30/2002, p65, 1/2p, 1c；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2000年真题text 3第1题（1），text 4第3题（2），2004年真题text 4第1题，2001年真题text 1第2题（4），1999年真题text 1第4题（5）；

1. The passage is mainly__________.

[A] a review of two kinds of auctions

[B] an introduction of trading robots

[C] a survey of the trading market

[D] about trading alternatives

2. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] David’s robot traders have now been used in real-world markets.

[B] Robot traders can evolve like creatures.

[C] There is room for improvement in efficiency in trading markets.

[D] The English auction is the most popular trading form.

3.If you were trading American Treasury bonds, you would most likely take the trading

form of ___________.

[A] the English auction

[B] the continuous double auction

[C] the Dutch auction

[D] the evolved auction

4.We can infer from the text that______________.

[A] existing auctions can not withstand market shocks

[B] the Dutch auction is better than the continuous double auction

[C] it’s hard for traders to reach an equilibrium price

[D] the best type of auction takes place when the number of the buyers is equal to that of sellers

5. Toward robot traders, the writer’s attitude can be said to be__________.

[A] biased

[B] objective

[C] pessimistic

[D] optimistic

答案：B C C B D

篇章剖析

本篇文章是一篇说明文，介绍了一种机器人交易员。第一段以银行也需要薪资更低廉的交易员开始引入机器人交易员的话题，说明机器人交易员不同于程序交易，是聪明的交易员。第二段介绍了这种机器人交易员的研发过程和其模拟的一种拍卖形式。第三段介绍了其他拍卖形式。第四段介绍了这种机器人交易员在模拟拍卖中的表现。最后一段对这种机器人交易员的前景及影响作了简单评价。

词汇注释

slump: [?●???] v. (价格等)暴跌, (买卖)清淡; 衰落; 萧条

shed: [???] v. 去除除去（不想要或不需要的东西）

pesky: [ ?????] adj. 讨厌的，麻烦的

auction: [ ??????] n. 拍卖

patron: [ ???????] n. 顾客；主顾

salesroom: n. 拍卖场

mum: [???] adj. 沉默的；无言的；不说话的

derivative: [??????????] n. 衍生物

hybrid: [ ???????] n. 混合物

converge: [ ????????] v. 达成一致趋于或达成联合、共同结论或者结果

equilibrium: [ ??????●??????] n. 平衡

forebear: [ ??????] n. 祖先，祖宗

cliffhang: [??●?????] v. 扣人心弦,悬疑

难句突破

In his models, auctions that let buyers and sellers bid at any time like most of today's financial exchanges were less efficient than ones that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers.

主体句式：auctions… were less efficient than ones..

结构分析：这是一个复杂句，句子的主语auctions后面有一个that引导的定语从句对它进行修饰，句子主体结构中包含了一个比较级，在比较的对象ones后面也有一个that引导的定语从句对它进行修饰。

句子译文：在他的模式中，现今大多数金融交易中采用的让买卖双方随时竞价的拍卖方式比起那些需要买卖双方提出更多竞价的模式效率要低下。

题目分析

1. 答案为B，属推理判断题。判断文章主旨要从文章整体来把握。文章第一段说明机器人交易员可以替代人类从事交易工作。接下来作者介绍其研发过程及其模拟的几种拍卖形式以及拍卖中的表现，最后一段对这种机器人交易员的前景进行了展望，可见全文都是在介绍机器人交易员。

2. 答案为C，属事实细节题。根据文章第二段第四行，克里夫的研究表明“对某些市场进行重新设计可能会大幅提高效率。”可见交易市场仍然有提高效率的空间。

3. 答案为C，属事实细节题。文章第三段介绍荷兰式拍卖时说它是“今天竞拍美国国库券竞标人所熟悉的一种拍卖形式。”可见，如果交易美国国库券，最有可能采用荷兰式拍卖方式。

4. 答案为B，属推理判断题。根据文章第四段克里夫的研究发现，现今大多数金融交易中所采用让买卖双方随时竞价的拍卖方式比起那些需要买卖双方提出更多竞价的模式效率要低下。可见荷兰式的拍卖方式比连续双向拍卖。这也可以从文章最后一段中所说的“今天的金融拍卖和网上市场如果能更多地模仿它们的英国和荷兰先祖生意也许就会更好”看出。

5. 答案为D，属推理判断题。作者的态度可以通过材料的选择和措辞来判断。在第一段，作者指出，机器人交易员不同于程序交易，是聪明的交易员。接着作者介绍了IBM的一个研究小组的成果：这种机器人交易员可以在各种市场上击败真人交易员。可见，作者对机器人交易员持积极乐观的态度。

参考译文

由于市场不景气，投资银行辞退了许多高薪交易员。等到市场恢复，银行也许会用薪资更低廉的人才来取代他们。现在他们又多了一个选择：电子交易员---经过编程可以像人一样工作，但却不需要休假，午餐休息或者奖金等烦人的支出的电脑。这种电子交易员已经面世一段时间了，但尚未流行起来。以前当然也出现过程序交易；有人就把1987年的股市崩盘归罪于那些只按照简单决策规则指令工作的电脑。不过机器人会聪明得多。

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另外一种形式是荷兰式拍卖，它是十七世纪荷兰的郁金香商人以及今天竞拍美国国库券竞标人所熟悉的一种拍卖形式。这一回，买家不报价，由卖家不断降价，直到有人接受这个价格为止。大部分股票市场，商品市场，外汇市场和衍生产品市场则采用这两种类型的混合模式：买卖双方可以随时宣布他们的竞价或者报价，交易也随时完成，即所谓“连续双向拍卖”。

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美洲银行已经开始研究这些新型拍卖形式以及机器人交易员，看看是否可能在电子交易中使用。今天的金融拍卖和网上市场如果能更多地模仿它们的英国和荷兰先祖生意也许就会更好。但这种多种类混合体该叫什么呢？叫“克利夫悬疑”如何

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Unit 7

The Indian finance ministry's mid-year review, released this week, sees the external sector as a silver lining around the country's huge fiscal deficit. "Buoyant" and "encouraging" are the words used to describe three consecutive quarters of current-account surplus--the first in a quarter-century. Add to that swelling foreign-exchange reserves and a stronger rupee, and some are arguing that it is time for drastic liberalisation of India's foreign-exchange regime. They could be disappointed.

For most of the past decade, the nominal value of the rupee has been allowed to decline gently against the dollar, by about 5% a year, thus staying fairly steady in real terms. This year, however, it has been appreciating in real terms (and, since June, nominally as well). It would have done so more sharply had the central bank not been buying dollars with gusto. Exporters of manufactured goods, obsessed with price competition from China, are aghast at the rise--and at the prospect held out by some forecasters that a sustained boom in India's IT exports means it will continue.

The rupee's recent strength is only partly related to India's prowess in software and the mushrooming of "business-process outsourcing" in such projects as call-centres. The chunky surplus on invisibles owes more to remittances: non-resident Indians, attracted by the stability of the rupee and its higher interest rates, have been moving their offshore deposits back home. Similarly, Indian companies are borrowing more in dollars without selling rupees forward to hedge repayments. The trade deficit, meanwhile, has been shrinking, as imports grow slowly.

The inflows have boosted foreign-exchange reserves by some $20 billion this year, to $66 billion, or 12 months'-worth of imports. The size of this cushion has triggered some calls for further liberalisation of the labyrinthine foreign-exchange controls that India still maintains, despite the move in 1993 towards rupee convertibility for trade purposes. In recent months, some controls have duly been eased. It is now simpler, for example, for individuals to open foreign-currency bank accounts, and for travellers to get hold of foreign exchange. And non-resident Indians have been allowed to take out money acquired through inheritance, or from rents and dividends.

Some commentators have taken all this as a harbinger of full capital-account convertibility. That is not on the cards. The experience of 1991, when India ran out of money, has left the central bank prone to caution--an approach it felt was vindicated by the East Asian crisis of 1997-98. With war in Iraq looming and a turbulent oil market, some risk aversion is understandable. India's fiscal deficit--some 10% of GDP and widening--is another reason for moving slowly. Just as one rating agency, Moody's, is considering upgrading India's external debt, another, Fitch, has warned that its local-currency rating is under threat. Nor is it certain that opening the capital account would mean a weaker rupee. It might even attract more capital inflows. As India's exporters are learning, convertibility is a two-way street.

注（1）：本文选自Economist；12/7/2002, p73, 1/3p；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2002年真题text 2第2题（1），text 5第3题（2），1995年真题text 2第4题（3），2000年真题text 4第3题（4）和1998年真题text 2第4题（5）；

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