学校各部门:
校医院 university hospital
保卫科 security section
财务处 finance section
基础部 basic training department
教材科 teaching material section
教导处 educational setion
教务处the dean’s office
教研室 teaching and research room
科研处 scientific research department
膳食科 catering section
外事科 foreign affairs office
学生科 student affairs section
学术委员会 academic committee
研究生院 graduate school
招生办公室 admission office
政教处 political education section
总务处 general affairs office
政党及党组织:
九三学社 The Jiu San Society
台湾民主自治同盟 The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League
政治局 Political Bureau
中共中央对外联络部 International Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee
中共中央统战部 United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee 中国共产党 The Communist Party of China
中国共产主义青年团 Communist Youth League of China
中国国民党革命委员会 The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang
中国民主促进会 China Association for Promoting Democracy
中国民主建国会 China Democratic National Construction Association
中国民主同盟 The China Democratic League
中国农工民主党 Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
中国致公党 China Zhi Gong Party
中央办公厅 General Office of the Central Committee
中央党校 Party School of the Central Committee
中央顾问委员会 Advisory Commission of the Central Committee
中央候补委员 Alternate Member of the Central Committee
中央纪律检查委员会 Discipline Inspection Commission of the Central Committee
中央军事化委员会 Military Commission Under the Central Committee
中央绿化委员会 Greening Commission of the Central Committee
中央书记处 Secretariat of the Central Committee
中央委员会 Central Committee /.
中央政法委员会 Commission of Politics and Law of the Central Committee 中央政治局 Political Bureau of the Central Committee
中央政治局常务委员会 Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee
中央组织部 Organizing Department of the Central Committee
国务院所属各部、委、局的名称
兵器工业部 Ministry of Ordnance Industry
财政部 Ministry of Finance
城乡建设环境保护部Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environment Protection
地质矿产部 Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources
电子工业部 Ministry of Electronics Industry
对外经济贸易部 Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
对外贸易经济合作部 Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation 纺织工业部 Ministry of Textile Industry
工商局 Industrial and Commercial Bureau
工商行政管理总局General Bureau of Industrial and Commercial Administration
公安部 Ministry of Public Security
广播电影电视部 Ministry of Radio, Film and Television
国防部 Ministry of National Defense
国防科学技术工业委员会the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for State Security
国家安全部 Ministry of State Security
国家标准总局 State Bureau of Standardization
国家测量制图局 State Bureau of Surveying and Cartography
国家档案局 State Archives Bureau
国家地震局 State Seismological Bureau
国家发展计划委员会 State Development Planning Commission
国家海洋局 State Oceanic Bureau
国家计划生育委员会 the State Family Planning Commission
国家计划委员会 the State Planning Commission
国家计量总局 State Bureau of Metrology
国家经济体制改革委员会 the State Commission for Restructuring Economic System
国家经济委员会 the State Economic Commission
国家民族事务委员会 the State Nationalities Affairs Commission
国家商品检查局 State Commodity Inspection Bureau
国家水产总局 State Bureau of Aquatic Products
国家税务局 State Taxation Administration
国家体育运动委员会 the State Physical Culture and Sports Commission
国家统计局 State Statistical Bureau
国家物价局 State Bureau of Commodity Prices
国家新闻出版署 State Press and Publication Bureau
国内贸易部 Ministry of Internal Trade
国土局 Land and Resources Bureau
国土资源部 Ministry of Land and Natural Resources
国务院参事室 Office of Counselors to the State Council
国务院港澳办公室 Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office under the State Council
国务院侨务办公室 Overseas Chinese Affairs under the State Council
海关总署 General Administration of Customs
航天工业部 Ministry of Astronautics Industry
核工业部 Ministry of Nuclear Industry
化学工业部 Ministry of Chemical Industry
机械工业部 Ministry of Machine-Building Industry
监察部 Ministry of Supervision
建设部 Ministry of Construction
交通部 Ministry of Communication
教育部 Ministry of Education
科学技术部 Ministry of Science and Technology
劳动和社会保障部 Ministry of Labor and Social Security
林业部 Ministry of Forestry
旅行游览总局 General Administration of Travel and Tourism
煤炭工业部 Ministry of Coal Industry
民政部 Ministry of Civil Affairs
轻工业部 Ministry of Light Industry
农牧渔业部 Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery
全国供销合作总社All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives
审计署 Auditing Administration
石油工业部 Ministry of Petroleum Industry
水利电力部 Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power
司法部 Ministry of Justice
铁道部 Ministry of Railways
外国专家局 Bureau of Foreign Experts Administration
外交部 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
卫生部 Ministry of Health
文化部 Ministry of Culture
信息产业部 Ministry of Information Technology and Telecom Industries 冶金工业部 Ministry of Metallurgical Industries
邮电部 Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
宗教事务局 Bureau of Religious Affairs
其他政府和群众组织:
中华全国妇女联合会 All-China Women’s Federation
中华全国工商业联合会 All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
中国残疾人协会 Chinese Association for the Handicapped
中华全国总工会 All-China Federation of Trade Unions
中国红十字会 Red Cross Society of China
全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress
省人民代表大会Provincial People’s Congress
地区人民代表大会Prefectural People’s Congress
市人民代表大会City People’s Congress
自治区人民代表大会 Autonomous Regional People’s Congress
中国人民政治协商会议Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court
中级人民法院Intermediate People’s Court
中央法院 Central Court
地方法院 Local Court
人民检察院People’s Procuratorate
公安局 Ministry of Public Security
中国民用航天局 Civil Aviation of China
国家安全部 Ministry of State Security
中国民用航天总局 General Administration of Civil Aviation of China
中国文字改革委员会 Committee for Reforming the Chinese Written Language 中国中央电视台 China Central Television Station/ CCTV
中央气象局 Central Bureau of Meteorology
中央文史研究馆 Central Research Institute of Culture and History
新华社 Xinhua News Agency
编辑室 Editorial Section
辞书出版社 Lexicographic Publishing House
高等教育出版社 Higher Education Press
古籍出版社 Classics Press
广播电视出版社 Broadcasting and Television Press
教育出版社 Education Press
科学技术出版社 Science & Technology Press
美术出版社 Fine Arts Press
人民出版社People’s Publishing House
商务印书馆 Commercial Press
少年儿童出版社Juveniles and Children’s Publishing House
社会科学出版社 Social Science Publishing House
外文出版社 Foreign Languages Press
文艺出版社 Literature and Art Publishing House
销售部 Sales Department
译文出版社 Translation Publishing House
音像出版社 Audio-Visual Publishing House
中国对外翻译出版公司 China Translation & Publishing Corporation
商业银行 Commercial Bank
信用社 Credit Cooperative
中国工商银行 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China
中国建设银行 China Construction Bank
中国农业银行 Agriculture Bank of China
中国人民银行the People’s Bank of China
中国银行 the Bank of China
中国文化特色词语
宗教及传统文化
拜年 pay a New Year call
财运 luck in making money
禅宗 Chan Sect
出家人 ascetic
祠堂 memorial temple
倒春寒 an unusually cold spell in an otherwise warm early spring 道教 Taoism
道士 Taoist priest
法师 Master
方丈 Buddhist abbot
佛教 Buddhism
恭喜发财 May you be prosperous!/ Wish you all the best!
和尚 Buddhist monk
红包 red envelope containing money as a gift/ bribe/ kickback 红运 good luck
华表 ornamental column/ cloud pillar/stele
华盖 canopy
回教 Islam
慧根 the organ of wisdom
基督教 Christianity
甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones
江南水乡 the south of the lower reaches of Yangtze River
戒 precept/ discipline
金刚经 Diamond Sutra
京剧票友 Peking Opera fan
京剧人物脸谱 types of facial make-up in Peking Opera
景泰蓝cloisonné
旧教、天主教 Catholicism
坎儿井 karez
空 emptiness
喇嘛 Lama
老字号 an old and famous shop/ enterprise
尼姑 Buddhist nun
涅槃 Nirvana
旗袍 cheongsam
三藏经 Tripitaka
三教(儒、释、道)Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism 时运 luck/ fortune
四大皆空 all space directions being valid
新教,耶稣教 Protestantism
真人 Taoism pure man
族人 clansman
坐禅 sitting in meditation
节假日
春节 Spring Festival
党的诞生日Party’s Birthday
端午节 Dragon-Boat Festival
国庆节 National Day
建军节 Army Day
教师节Teachers’ Day
六一儿童节 Internationa l Children’s Day
清明节 Pure Brightness Day
三八妇女节International Working Women’s Day
五一劳动节 May Day/ International Labor Day
元旦New Year’s Day
元宵节 Lantern Festival
中秋节 Mid-Autumn Festival
重阳节 Double-Ninth Festival
名胜古迹
阿里山 Ali Mountain
碑林 Forest of Steles
兵马俑 the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses
布达拉宫 Potala Palace
长城 Great Wall
长春观 Changchun Taoist Temple
承德避暑山庄 Chengde Mountain Resort
城隍庙the Town God’s Temple
大(小)雁塔 Greater (Lesser)Wild Goose Pagoda
叠彩山 Piled Silk Hill
东方明珠塔 the Oriental Pearl Power
东湖 East Lake
洞庭湖 Dongting Lake
峨眉山 Mt. Emei
二七纪念馆 February 7 Memorial Hall
夫子庙 the Temple of Confucius
鼓浪屿 Gulang Islet
故宫 the Imperial Palace/ the Forbidden City
归元寺 Guiyuan Buddhist Temple
龟山 Tortoise Hill
华清池 Huaqing Hot Spring
黄鹤楼 Yellow Crane Tower
黄山 Huangshan Mountain
九曲桥 the Nine Zigzag Bridge
橘子洲 Orange Island
孔庙 Confucius Temple
坤宁宫 Palace of Earthly Tranquility
乐山大佛 Large Leshan Buddha
灵隐寺Temple of Soul’s Retreat
龙门石窟 Longmen Grottos
庐山 Mt. Lushan
芦笛岩 Reed Flute Cave
毛主席纪念堂 Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
莫高窟 Mogao Grotto in Dunhuang
蓬莱阁 Penglai Pavilion
人民大会堂People’s Great Hall
人民英雄纪念碑the Monument to the People’s Heroes
日月潭 Sun Moon Lake
三峡 the Three Gorges on the Yangtze
少林寺 Shaolin Temple
蛇山 Snake Hill
狮子林 Lion Grove
十三陵 the Ming Tombs
石林 Stone Forest
嵩山 Songshan Mountain
太和殿 Hall of Supreme Harmony
太湖 Lake Taihu
泰山 Mt. Taishan
天安门广场 Tian An Men Square
天坛 Temple of Heaven
外滩 the Bund
武汉长江大桥 Wuhan Changjiang River Bridge
武侯祠 Temple Dedicated to the Memory of Zhuge Liang
象鼻山 Elephant Trunk Hill
养心殿 Hall of Mental Cultivation
颐和园 the Imperial Garden/ the Summer Palace
雨花台 the Terrace of the Raining Flowers
玉渊潭公园 Jade Abyss Pool Park
豫园(上海城隍庙)Yuyuan Garden/ Shanghai’s Town God’s Temple 岳阳楼 Yueyang Tower
中山陵 Dr. Sun Yet-sen’s Mausoleum
紫金山天文台 Purple Hills Observatory
紫禁城 the Forbidden City
紫竹院公园 Purple Bamboo Court Park
节气
二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms
立春 the Beginning of Spring (1st solar term)
雨水 Rain Water
惊蛰 the Waking of Insects
春分 the Spring Equinox
清明 Pure Brightness
谷雨 Grain Rain
立夏 the Beginning of Summer
小满 Grain Full
芒种 Grain in Ear
夏至 the Summer Solstice
小暑 Slight Heat
大暑 Great Heat
立秋 the Beginning of Autumn
处暑 the Limit of Heat
白露 White Dew
秋分 the Autumn Equinox
寒露 Cold Dew
霜降Frost’s Descent
立冬 the Beginning of Winter
小雪 Lesser Snow
大雪 Great Snow
冬至 the Winter Solstice
小寒 Lesser Cold
大寒 Greater Cold
政治经济活动
“达标”活动“target hitting” activities
“豆腐渣”工程 jerry-built project
“一条龙”服务 coordinated-process service
安居工程 Housing Project for low-income families
按劳分配distribution according to one’s performa nce
把各项政策落到实处 truly put all policies into effect
把握正确的舆论导向 to properly guide the public opinion
把眼光放远一点 to subordinate immediate interests to the long –term ones/ to be farsighted/ to have a broad view
把已经确定的方针政策措施落到实处 to get the set principles, policies and measures implemented
百花齐放,百家争鸣 Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend
百年不遇 once-in-a-century
摆门面 to put up an impressive front
半拉子工程 uncompleted project
包干到户 work contracted to households
保持和发展党的先进性 preserve and enhance maintain and develop the Party’s vanguard nature
保重点,不撒胡椒面 Resources must be channeled to priority projects and not spread thinly everywhere
本位主义 departmentalism
变相涨价 disguised inflation
拨乱反正 to set things right/ to restore things to order
不搞一刀切 without imposing a single solution
不顾条件,一哄而起to rush into action in disregard of objective conditions
不合理收费、集资和摊派 to impose charges and quotas and collect money without authorization
不良风气 unhealthy ways and customs
不正之风 unhealthy practice
部优产品 Ministry-recognized quality goods/ products
财政困难县 financially strapped counties
菜篮子工程 the shopping basket project
参政议政意识 the awareness of the need to participate in the discussion and administration of state affairs
超计划生育 to have more children than what is planned/ extra-plan babies 城市最低生活保障制度 the system of basic cost of living allowances for urban residents
城乡居民最低生活保障制度the system of basic living allowances for urban and rural residents
吃大锅饭the egalitarian practice of “everybody eating from the same big pot”
出口退税 export tax rebates
传销 pyramid selling/ multi-level marketing
春运 (passenger)transportation during the Spring Festival
磁悬浮列车 maglev train/ magnetic suspension
打白条 to issue IOUs
打假 to crack down on counterfeit goods
打捆货贷 bundled loans
打破僵局 to break the deadlock
大路货staple goods
大排档 sidewalk snack booth/ large stall
大腕 top notch/ a heavyweight
待业 job-waiting
单位 organizations and institutions
党风廉政政策 build a fine Party culture and keep its organization clean 党群关系 Party-masses relationship
党性one’s Party morale/ Party spirit/ Par ty character
倒爷 profiteer
第二职业 second employment/ second occupation
第三产业 tertiary industry/ service sector
对外宣传工作 to conduct public diplomacy programs
发展是硬道理 Development is of overriding importance
防洪工程 flood-prevention project
房管 real estate management
放宽市场准入 relax control over market entry/ease market access
扶贫 poverty alleviation
福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system
改革开放 reform and opening to the outside world
改革开放政策 the reform and open policy
港人治港 Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong
高新技术产业开发区 high and new technological industry development zone 搞活国营大中型企业 to revitalize large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises
搞活经济 to invigorate/ enliven/ liberalize the economy
革命老根据地 the old revolutionary base areas
公费医疗 medical services at state expense
公款吃喝 banquet at public expenses
挂靠 to be attached or affiliated to
挂职 to be attached or affiliated to / to be subordinate to
官倒 official profiteering
规范收入分配秩序 standardize pattern of income distribution
国家行政编制 government staff status
长期国库券 treasury bonds
国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises,
和平共处五项原则the Five Principles of Peace Coexistence,
和平统一一国两制的方针the principles of peaceful reunification and “one country, two systems”,
和平演变peaceful evolution towards capitalism
和谐发展 all-win harmony/harmony and all winners
和谐社会的内涵 the characteristics of a harmony society
黑店gangster inn
黑客 hacker
黑社会gangland,Mafia-style organizations
红筹股 red-chip shares/red chips
户口簿residence booklet
户口管理制度domicile system/residence registration system
户主head of a household
灰色收入 income from moonlighting
火炬计划 Torch Program
基本国情fundamental realities of the country
集体主义community spirit/collectivism
计划生育family planning
加强基层民主 to expand democracy at village and community level
加强务实合作 to enhance cooperation in practical term
假日经济 holiday economy
坚持“一个中心两个基本点”的基本路线 adhere to the Party’s basic line of taking economic development as the central task and upholding the four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy, known as “on central task and two basic points”
坚持两个文明一起抓to ensure that efforts are made to build a society that is advanced both materially and culturally and ideologically,
减员增效下岗分流to cut down the size of workforce for efficiency and get the layoffs re-employed elsewhere,
讲文明礼貌to promote civilized behavior/civic manners,
讲学习,讲政治,讲正气的党性党风教育 to educate the cadres in the Party spirit and style through the promotion of the three emphases on theoretical awareness and integrity
解放生产力emancipate the productive forces,
解放思想 to free our mind
戒急用忍to overcome impetuosity and exercise patience/no haste/be patient
经济开发区economic development zone
经济特区special economic zone
精简机构 to streamline government organs
精神文明建设to promote cultural and ethical progress,
纠风办State Council Office for Rectification,
纠正不正之风 to rectify unhealthy tendencies and malpractices,
九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education,
军转民military conversion/conversion from military to civilian production,
开展扫黄打非斗争to crack down on pornography and other illegal publications
康居工程 the Affordable Housing Project
科技是第一生产力Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.
科教兴国战略the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education
科学民主决策 to make decisions scientifically and democratically
可持续发展sustainable development
跨世纪工程 a trans-century project
廉政建设construction of a clean government
廉政文化建设 to foster a culture of clean government
领导班子leading body/group
领导班子和干部队伍建设 to strengthen the Party’s leading bodies and the ranks of Party officials to enhance capacity-building of Party’s leading
bodies and party officials
龙头play a leading role in/ serve as a powerhouse
乱摊派indiscriminate levies/ arbitrary imposition of quotas
乱涨价unauthorized price rise,
民工 out-of-town laborer/ rural laborer/ migrant laborer
民族区域自治制度 the system of autonomy of ethnic regions
磨洋工to dawdle along,
南水北调工程projects to divert water from the south to the north,
农转非 agricultural people to be given non-agriculture status
普法教育 to enhance legal awareness
企业政策性破产 policy-mandated bankruptcy of enterprise
强国之路 the path to a strong China
勤俭建国 to build the country with industry and thrift
全民所有制public ownership/public sector/publicly owned,
权力下放 to delegate/decentralize power to the lower levels
三角债 debt chains
三通direct links in postal service,air and shipping services and trade/three direct links of trade, mail and air and shipping services across te Taiwan Straits
三峡工程Three Gorges Project
三资企业enterprises in the “three firms of ventures”: Sino-foreign joint ventures,cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises
扫黄anti-pornography drive/campaign against pornography,
社会主义基本制度 the basic system of socialism
涉外婚姻Chinese marriage with foreign nationals
生态补偿机制 ecological damage compensation mechanism
十年动乱the ten chaotic years/the ten-year turmoil,
十年规划和“八五”计划纲要 the guidelines of the Ten-Year Programme and the Eighth Five-Year Plan
实事求是 to pursue a realistic and pragmatic approach
事业编制 staffing of government affiliated institutions
四有公民citizens who have high ideas, moral integrity, a good education and a strong sense of discipline
脱贫to shake off poverty
歪风邪气 unhealthy practices and evil phenomena
晚婚晚育late marriage and postponement of childbearing
温饱问题the problem of inadequate food and clothing
五好家庭 five-virtue family
五讲四美三热爱 five stresses and four points of beauty and three aspects of love
五讲四美运动the movement of”five stresses and four points of beauty”:to promote civility,courtesy,tidiness,orderliness and integrity
物质文明material progress
下岗人员the laid-off
下海to take the plunge into private business
下硬功夫make intensive efforts
乡镇企业township enterprise/rural enterprise
小康社会 a well-off society
小康生活to lead a relatively comfortable life
小商品市场small fair,
信息高速公路information highway/info highway
星火计划 Spark Program
姓资姓社问题 distinction of what is socialism and what is capitalism 亚运村Asian Games Village
严打to crack down on crimes and social evils
严防死守life-and-death defense
一刀切sweeping approach/ to impose uniformity on /action in disregard of objective conditions
一国两制one country, two systems
一切向钱看 money-mania/ money-mad/to put money above anything else
依法治国to rule the country in accordance with law
移风易俗to transform outmoded habit and custom
以权谋私to abuse power for personal gains
优生优育 to promote good prenatal and postnatal care/ to improve prenatal and postnatal care
有经济头脑的人commercially minded people/people with business sense
跃上新台阶 to reach a new high
宰人 rip-off
政企分开 to separate government functions from enterprise management 支农惠农政策 policies to support and benefit agriculture,rural areas and farmers
治理三乱 to put to a stop/eliminate indiscriminate fines,charges and levies
治理整顿improve the economic environment and rectify the economic order 中央the national leadership/the central Party and government authorities/the central government
重点贫困县 designated poverty-stricken counties
重复建设 to build redundant project/duplication of similar projects
抓住经济建设这个中心to commit ourselves to the central task of economic development
专业户specialized household
自负盈亏 to be responsible for one’s own profit and loss
自留地 individual farm plots/private plots of land
走共同致富的道路take the road to common prosperity,
遵纪守法observe discipline and aside by the law
退居二线leave the leading post/retire from the leading post,
吃皇粮to receive salaries, subsidies, or other supported from the government
《汉英翻译教程》-作者不详,在此致谢! 第一章 词的选择 词义的正确选择首先取决于对原文的确切理解,而对原文词义的确切理解又取决于对原文上下文的推敲。有些词看起来很简单,翻译时一下子就会想到常用的对应词。但又是最常用的对应词却不能准确地表达原作的意思。例如: 还要努力读一点历史和小说。 We should also find time to read some history books and novels. 这里“努力”一词理解为“挤出时间”是对的,如译为make an effort,则会使人误解为我们文化水平低,读历史和小说很费力。 再比如“水平”一词译成英语,不一定都是level, 要根据句子的含义确定译法。 1.他的英语水平比我的高。 He knows more English than I. 这里,汉语“水平”一词虽未译出,但其以已含在句子中。若照汉语字面应译成:The level of his English is higher than that of mine.就不符合英语表达习惯。 2.要奋发图强,把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平……。 We must work hard to r aise to a new height the military and political quality of our army……. 这里“水平”指高度,故译作height,和动词搭配也比较顺。 3.各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. 这里的“领导水平”,实际上指领导能力、领导艺术、故译作art of leadership. 以上的例子说明一个词的具体含义往往要结合上下文才能确定,在翻译的时候也只有结合上下文来考虑怎样处理这个词,才能译得准确。因此在辨析词义和正确选词时可注意下列几种情况。 (一)注意词的广义与狭义 英语中有不少同义词的词义有广、狭之区别,运用范围也就各不相同。例如 1.农业是国民经济的基础。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. 原文“农业”一词是广义,指一切农业经济(农、牧、林、渔),古译作agriculture。但在“农林牧副渔结合的方针”中,农与林木副渔并立,是指耕作的农业,不是指整个农业经济,古译作farming。整个词组应译为the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery. 2.他从不喝酒。 He never touches wine. 原文“酒”是指一切酒类,故译作wine。但在“他不喝烈性酒”一句中,“酒”是狭义,是和淡性酒相对而言的,又需译作spirits。 (二)注意词义的强弱 3.反动派的暴行激起了人民的极大愤怒。 The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation. 这里的“愤怒”含义强烈,故在译文中选用了indignation,而不用anger. 4.孙中山是个好人。 Dr. Sun Y et-sen was a man of integrity. 如果译作a good man, 则与这位伟大的革命先行者的身份不相称。 (三)注意词义的褒贬
第3章词语的英译 3.1 复习笔记 一、词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的确定 1. 指称意义的理解与表达 指称意义是“词的确切和字面的意义”。并且一词多义的现象在语言中广泛存在。 在具体翻译时,应结合词语所处的具体搭配关系和语言环境对词语的指称意义进行全面、周密的分析。例: 他是我父亲。He is my father. 这姑娘是漂亮。This girl is really beautiful. 此人是书就读。This man reads every book he can reach. 是可忍,孰不可忍?If this can be tolerated, what cannot? 是古非今。Praise the past to condemn the present. 【解析】“是”在以上各句中的指称意义各不相同。第一句的“是”表示判断。第二句中的“是”应重读,表示“的确、实在”。第三句中的“是”表示“凡是”。第四句的“是”意为“这”,仅用于书面语中,“是”的这一用法已带有蕴涵意义了。第五句的“是”意为“认为正确”,作动词用,也是书面语。 2. 蕴涵意义的理解与表达 蕴涵意义指词语内含的情感和联想意义,是词语的隐含意义。主要体现在词语的修辞色彩、文体特征、文化内涵等方面。 ★汉语词语的语言形式往往具有浓厚的修辞色彩,集中体现在汉语的国俗词语中,如俗
语、成语、歇后语等等。翻译此类词语时,译者可采用直译等方法尽可能在译文中反映出原文独特的文化信息和审美价值。例: 宝钗笑道:“不用问,狗嘴里还有象牙不成!”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》) “I don’t have to ask,” retorted Pao-chai. “One doesn’t expect ivory from a dog’s mouth.”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译) ★词语的蕴涵意义还体现为词语的文体特征。两个指称意义相同的词在文体上常有庄谐、雅俗之分。 ★汉语中的颜色词、叠词、数词等词汇往往具有丰富的蕴涵意义,译者在翻译这类词语时应充分考虑到它们在汉语语言文化中的特殊内涵,注重其蕴涵意义在译文中的再现。 二、词语英译与语言语境 词义与语境关系密切。“每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词”(Each word when used in a new context is a new word。)所以,汉译英时应结合具体的语境对词语进行分析。 1. 根据语言语境确定原文词义 搭配(collocation)指的是语言系统内各个语言成分的同现和组合,是语言语境的重要组成部分。所以,汉译英时可根据词语的搭配关系确定词义。例如“红包”一词的翻译:过年、婚庆、生日等场合所送的红包指的是“礼金”,应译成gift money; 单位在节假日时发的红包指的是“奖金”,应译作bonus; 行贿时所送的现金也称作“红包”,应译作bribes。 2. 根据语言语境选择译文用词 语言中存在着大量的近义词。在翻译的表达阶段,译者常常需要根据译语的语言语境来
第一章 一、概述 1.(1)英语:是语法型,重语法结构,注重以形显意,靠关联词,用显性连接 (2)汉语:是语义型,重语义结构,通过逻辑纽带或语序间接地表现出来,隐形连接。 2.英语的形式接应手段:除关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词之外,还有若干连词和为数众多的介词。英语的句子通常均有各种关联词来表示多种语法关系。 3.翻译特点(意合与形合): (1)英语译为汉语:形合转为意合类似松绑(注意汉语意合表现力、句法特点) (2)汉语译为英语:意合转为形合类似(注意符合英语句法结构),要求上下文中语义搭配合乎事理,强调的是语言结构内部意义关系的“意合”,即造句注重意念连贯,具体表现是关联词的大量省略,很多成分也经常隐去。 4.关于形合与意合的说明:虽然英语和汉语句法中有形合与意合的 特征以及两者相互转换的必要,但不能由此推断英语中的形合结构必须一律转换为汉语的意合,或汉语的意合一律转成英语的形合。因为每一种语言都有自身的伸缩性,形合与意合两种句法在英语和汉语中同样是存在的,只是在汉语中意合更为普遍,而英语中形合更为普遍。 二、例句 1.形合到意合的转换: (1)I may be wrong and you may be right,and by an effort ,we may be nearer to the truth.也许我是错的,你是对的。我们做出努力,就会更接近真理。 (2)Now there is in America a curious combination of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living and genius delight in what one is able to accomplish with one’s own hands.现在美国有一个奇特的现象:一方面人们为上升到不在需要靠体力劳动谋生的地位而感到自
翻译理论与实践 Introduction of the course(高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲): 1)培养目标(p1) 2)课程描述(p25)笔译 3)英语专业课程设置:专业技能;必修课;高年级 4)教学要求:翻译(八级要求p10) Selection of texts: 1) 孙致礼《新编英汉翻译教程》 陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》(“十五”规划教材) 2)彭长江《英汉-汉英翻译教程》(修订本) 3)自编练习与对照读物。 课程考核: 平时课堂及作业占30%,期末占70% 教学目的:旨在让学生了解什么是翻译以及翻译的性质 教学重点与难点:翻译的定义和性质 教学方法:讲述与实例相结合 参考书目:陈宏薇,《新编汉英翻译教程》;孙致礼,《新编英汉翻译教程》;彭长江,《英汉-汉英翻译教程》。 Topic 1 Definition and Nature of Translation 教学目的:旨在让学生了解什么是翻译以及翻译的性质 教学重点与难点:翻译的定义和性质 教学方法:讲述与实例相结合 参考书目:孙致礼,《新编英汉翻译教程》;陈宏薇,《新编汉英翻译教程》;彭长江,《英汉-汉英翻译教程》 教学时间:2 节 1.What is “to translate”? The Oxford English Dictionary: “to turn from one language into another” “翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言” Taken literally, it can be given four meanings, according to concrete
第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68) 粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves) 海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky) 灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine) 纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart) 无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole) 扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain) 大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums) 风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking) 二.翻译下列句子 (1)这是他们夫妻之间的事情,你去插一脚干吗? That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? (2)别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全,真是个顺风耳啊! You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. (3)这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I’m extremely terrified by the news. (4)她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. (5)我不敢班门弄斧,诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of(在……面前)an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten(启发,启蒙)us on this matter. (6)敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. (7)敌军军官听说后路已被切断,吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. (8)这些问题盘根错节,三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.
“文化”( culture ) 物质文化( material culture ) 制度文化( institutional culture ) 心理文化(也称观念文化)(mental culture)咖啡( coffee)、 巧克力( chocolate )、 色拉( salad)、 三明治( sandwich )、 歇斯底里( hysteria)、 休克( shock)、 基因( gene)、 钙( calcium)、 维他命( vitamin )、 奥林匹克( Olympic )、 雷达( radar)、 先令( shilling )、 夹克( jacket)、 电视( television )、 激光( laser)、 飞机( aeroplane)、 火车( train)、 交响乐( symphony )、 基督徒( Christian )、 面包( bread)、 盲文( brail )、 圣诞老人( Santa Claus)、 圣经( Bible )、 马海毛( mahair)、 贝雷帽( beret)、 革命( revolution ) 、营养( nourish )、 解放( liberate )、 民主( democracy)、 科学( science)、 独裁( dictatorship )、 心理学( psychology )、 形而上学( metaphysics)、 图书馆( library )、 想象( imagination )、 暗示( hint )、 投资( investment) 磁卡电话( card phone)、 立交桥( overpass)、 隐形眼镜( contact lenses)、
“文化”(culture) 物质文化(material culture) 制度文化(institutional culture) 心理文化(也称观念文化)(mental culture)咖啡(coffee)、 巧克力(chocolate)、 色拉(salad)、 三明治(sandwich)、 歇斯底里(hysteria)、 休克(shock)、 基因(gene)、 钙(calcium)、 维他命(vitamin)、 奥林匹克(Olympic)、 雷达(radar)、 先令(shilling)、 夹克(jacket)、 电视(television)、 激光(laser)、 飞机(aeroplane)、 火车(train)、 交响乐(symphony)、 基督徒(Christian)、 面包(bread)、 盲文(brail)、 圣诞老人(Santa Claus)、 圣经(Bible)、 马海毛(mahair)、 贝雷帽(beret)、 革命(revolution) 、营养(nourish)、 解放(liberate)、 民主(democracy)、 科学(science)、 独裁(dictatorship)、 心理学(psychology)、 形而上学(metaphysics)、 图书馆(library)、 想象(imagination)、 暗示(hint)、 投资(investment) 磁卡电话(card phone)、 立交桥(overpass)、 隐形眼镜(contact lenses)、
下拉菜单(pulldown)、 软驱(floppy drive)、 光驱(CD drive)、 鼠标(mouse)、 电脑(computer)、 内存条(RAM chip)、 复印机(xerox machine)、 安乐死(euthanasia)、 艾滋病(AIDS)、 香波(shampoo)、 连锁店(chain store)、 热狗(hot dog)、 自助餐(buffet)、 牛仔服(cowboy suit)、 T恤衫(T-shirt) 意合(parataxis) 隐性(covertness) 显性(overtness) 形合(hypotaxis) 伦理(ethics) 认知(cognition) 顺其自然(Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency)、 听其自然(leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is)、 听天安命(accept the situation)、 听天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God's mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one's fate)。 individualism( 不管别人怎样做)只按个人方法行事的感觉或行为;我行我素 个体主义”。 整体(integrity) 综合性(synthetic) 个体(individuality)、 分析性(analytic) 直觉(intuition) 实证(evidence) 天人合一”(The Unity of Man and Heaven
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲 (英文名称E-C Translation: Theory and Practice) 一、课程说明 课程编码 22110280 课程总学时 32 周学时 2 学分 1.5 课程性质专业必修课适用专业英语专业1、教学内容与学时安排(见下表): 教学内容与学时安排表
2、课程教学目的与要求: 本课程是高等学校英语专业三年级学生开设的一门专业必修课。它是理论与实践相结合的一门课程,其主要目的在于使学生具备笔头英汉翻译的基本能力。通过介绍各类文体语言的特点、汉英两种语言的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法,使学生掌握英汉翻译的基本理论,掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英译汉的能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅,翻译速度达到每小时250-300字。 3、本门课程与其它课程关系: 本课程为英语专业本科三年级学生开设。学生在修该课程之前已修完综合阅读,综合英语,语法学,词汇学,英美文化等课程,这些课程都为学生修该课程奠定了扎实的语言基础。该课程又是学生综合英语语言运用能力的体现和反映,它的开设不仅能提高学生的翻译能力,而且它与英美文学,语言学,口译,高级英语等都能帮助学生进一步提高他们的综合英语语言运用能力。 4、推荐教材及参考书: 教材采用孙致礼编著的《新编英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社(2003年4月第1版)教学参考书 Baker, Mona. 2001. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Bassnett S, Lefevere A. 2001. Constructing Cultures: Essays On Literary Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Brown Gillian & Yule George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000 Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Hatim B. 2001. Communication Across Cultures:Translation Theory and Contrastive Text
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语,注意词语的不同搭配 1. a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子,注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句,注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances. 2. This state of affairs must be changed. 3. How do matters stand with them?
第10单元演讲(Speeches) 10.1 复习笔记 翻译理论选读 一、 A New Concept of Translating by Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. T aber Each language has its own genius.1 In the first place, it is essential to recognize that each language has its own genius. That is to say, each language possesses certain distinctive characteristics which give it a special character. 尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)博士是美国圣经学会翻译部主任。他不仅在美国主持《圣经》的英译工作,还在世界各地指导许多其他语言的翻译工作。 奈达认为,过去人们在翻译过程中过于重视与原文在形式上保持一致,而他主张着重考虑读者对译文的反应,应使译文的读者和原文的读者产生同样的感受。 关于原语,就《圣经》而言,也就是希伯来语和希腊语,奈达认为它们也不过是工具,被人们用来表达《圣经》里包含的意思而已。 关于译语,奈达认为每一种语言都有自己的特点,在构词法、语序、句子结构、谚语诸方面各不相同。各个民族的文化背景不同,对各自的语言也产生不同的影响。译者不必因为译语缺少某种表达方式而抱怨;相反地,他应该尊重这一语言的特点,最大限度地发挥其潜
力,以找出适当的表达方式。他的结论是,要想使译文保持原作的内容,就必须在形式上有所改变。 word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, techniques for linking clauses into sentences, markers of discourse,2 and special discourse types of poetry, proverbs, and song. Each language is rich in vocabulary for the areas of cultural focus, the specialties of the people, e.g., cattle (Anuaks in the Sudan), yams (Ponapeans in Micronesia), hunting and fishing (Piros in Peru), or technology(the western world). Some languages are rich in modal particles.3Others seem particularly adept in the development of figurative language, and many have very rich literary resources, both written and oral. To communicate effectively one must respect the genius of each language. Rather than bemoan the lack of some feature in a language, one must respect the features of the receptor language4and exploit the potentialities of the language to the greatest possible extent. Unfortunately, in some instances translators have actually tried to “remake” a language. For example, one missionary in Latin America insisted on trying to introduce the passive voice of the verb into a language which had no such form. Of course, this was not successful. One must simply accept the fact that there are many languages which do not have a passive voice. They merely choose to report actions only as active. Rather than force the formal structure of one language upon an- other, the effective translator is quite prepared to make any and all formal changes5 necessary
汉英翻译基础教程
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语,注意词语的不同搭配 1. a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water
play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子,注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now
新编汉英翻译教程(第二版)期末考试比较a 与b题型归纳 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d43381606.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR
以下是课本几乎所有有a,b 的都收集起来了,已经超过老师所说的20多条的.....自行挑着看,重点看第四章!!!其他爱看不看啦... 2.金桂湖位于武汉的南部后花园一一咸宁市咸安区南川水库。 9页 a.Jingui Lake, which lies in the south part of Wuhan, called the Back Garden—the Nanchuan reservoir. b. Jingui Lake is located in the Southern back garden of Wuhan— the reservoir of Xian an district of Xianning. C. Jingui Lake lies in the area of Nanchuan Reservoir, Xian'an District, Xianning, which is reputed as the Back Garden to the south of Wuhan 3.本书收集了有关他们(钱锺书、杨绛)生平与创作的资料,有关的评论文章,同时选 编了研究资料的目录索引,是研究钱锺书、杨绛的必备书。9页 a. It is a necessary book to study Qian Zhongshu and Yang Jiang, since it collects materials of their life and works as well as relevant comment writings,and compiles contents and index of the research materials. b.It includes materials of their life experiences, literary creation and related commentary essays. A bibliographic index is also presented here, which all the more entitles the book to a must for the research on the two. 练习四58页 1.这是民国六年的冬天,大风刮得正猛,我因为生计关系,不得不一早在路上走。 a. It's the winter of 1917. The wind was blowing hard, but I had to walk in the street to make a living. b. It happened during the winter of 1917. A bitter north wind was blowing but, to make a living, I had to be up and out early. 2.世事洞明皆学问,人情练达即文章。 a. The world's affairs, well understood, are all scholarship. Human relationships, maturely experienced, are already literature. b. True learning implies a clear insight into human activities. Genuine culture involves the skilful manipulation of human relationships. 3.这尊塑像站了几百年了,他觉得这是一种苦役。 a. Having stood there for several hundred years, the statue had now come to detest it as a kind of forced drudgery. b. Having stood there for several hundred years, the statue felt that it was hard labor. 13.西风,秋水,雁阵,衔着落日的远山,交融在一起,更增添打猎者的无限兴致。 (徐光兴《枪口》) 66页 a. The joy of hunters was enhanced by the west wind, the autumn stream and the wild geese mingled with the distant mountains that held the sinking sun.
《汉英翻译教程》 练习1 1、翻译的任务是什么? 2、翻译有哪几种种类? 3、翻译的标准是什么? 4、如何正确理解和表达? 练习2 翻译下列各句,注意词的选择和搭配: 1、那个受惊的小孩紧紧抓住他母亲的手。 2、他把自己的一生献给为人民服务的事业。 3、新生儿需要细心护理。 4、该委员会由五人组成。 5、我借一下你的电话好吗? 练习3 翻译下列各句,根据需要增补适当的词语: 1、中国总是要前进的。 2、你想看这本书,就先看吧。 3、所有公民在法律面前一律平等。 4、他们一听说有新任务就坐不住了。 5、只要中国人民积极奋斗,这个宏伟的战略目标是能够达到的。练习4 翻译下列各句,注意省略: 1.新老干部要互相学习,互相帮助,取长补短。 2.他一开口总是三句话不离本行。 3.每条河流都有上游、中游和下游。 4.一五一十地都给父母讲了。 5.他们是亲密无间的朋友。 练习5 翻译下列各句,注意划线部分词类的转换: 1.中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹,在全世界引起了巨大的反响。2.共产党员应该吃苦在前,享受在后。 3.我们觉得解决这个问题并不难。 4.我们科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。 5.社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。 练习6 翻译下列各句,注意划线部分在句中的位置: 1.他们最近的成就表明他们所取得的巨大进步。 2.这是唯一可能的解决的办法。 3.不论晴雨,我们明天非去不可。 4.我们必须清楚了解所有牵涉到的问题。
5.我率领的部队南征北战,越战越强。 练习7 翻译下列各句,注意运用语态变换的方法:1.关于这个问题,已经说得很多了。 2.医院立即收下那个重伤的男孩。 3.认识落后,才能改变落后。 4.这篇文章需要再润色一下。 5.他的话使我感到莫名其妙。 练习8 翻译下列各句,注意恰当运用正说与反说的技巧:1.他的暗示没有引起我的注意。 2.你恐怕弄错了。 3.他不在,我感到很寂寞。 4.只要他没有病倒,他是不会不来的。 5.是重力使我们不致于从地球上抛出去。 练习9 采用适当的方式翻译下列无主句: 1.以其人之道,还治其人之身。 2.前头坐着一位老人。 3.没有矛盾,就没有世界。 4.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 5.忠诚党的教育事业。 练习10 将下列汉语省略句译成英语省略句: 1.妈妈买了一架电视机。 2.象是要下雨的样子。 3.多年来一直喝这种苦药,我真是喝够了。 4.他有自己的打算,但不愿向别人谈论。 5.这件事你不懂,就别再操心了。 练习11 翻译下列各句,注意“得”字句补语的译法:1.她伤心得大哭起来。 2.床收拾得很整齐。 3.他兴奋得说不出话来。 4.他累得走不动了。 5.她的头发长得几乎拖地了。 练习12 翻译下列各句,注意“把”字词组的译法:1.今天是什么风把你吹来了? 2.他们把我们看做自己家里人。 3.不要把你的衣服弄脏了。 4.母亲把孩子叫回来复习功课。 5.那意味着把工作交给他了。
汉英翻译基础教程 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2) 第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4) 第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9) 第四章动词的翻译 (11) 第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12) 第六章成语的英译 (13) 第七章修辞格的翻译 (17) 笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19) 第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20) 第十章换序和转态译法 (23) 笫十一章断句合句译法 (25) 笫十二章长句的翻译 (27) 第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29) 第十五章风格与翻译 (30) 第十六章语用与翻译 (32)
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语,注意词语的不同搭配 1. a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子,注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.