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被动语态的翻译

被动语态的翻译
被动语态的翻译

第六单元句子的翻译(2)

被动语态与“是”字句的翻译

第一部分:被动语态的翻译

一、英汉语态的比较

英语句式中被动语态的使用范围很广,凡是在不必说出、不愿说出或不知道动作施动者时,以及为了上下文的连贯起见时,往往可以使用被动语态。英语的被动句还有着十分规范的形式标志。这是由于英语是一种形合语言,具有较为丰富的形态变化,特别是动词,英语的被动句由动词的被动语态来表达,它由be + p.p.(过去分词)构成,一目了然,是显性的。从思维方面看,西方哲学的“人为万物尺度”,物我分明,主客体对立。所以西方人的思维方式,并非单纯的主体意识,并非单纯的客体意识,而是该强调物时,就是客体意识,该强调人时,就是主体意识;该强调“物”,即动作对象时,就用被动句。

汉语句子很少使用被动态,只有几个助词勉强算得上是被动句的形式标志,如,“被”、“叫”、“让”、“给”等等,另外,汉语被动句常常会给人一种不幸或不快的感觉。究其原因,汉语属于主题显著语言,频繁使用主题——述题结构,将句中宾语部分提前作为说话的主题来交代,常在动词上暗示被动语气,更多使用词汇手段表示被动含义。此外,还可能与中国人的主体思维习惯有关,即“天人合一”,强调“悟性”,重视“事在人为”和个人感受。因此在语言的使用上,多采用主动语态、人称表达法、无主句、主语省略句,以及无形式标记的被动句。英译汉时,不能过于局限于原文的语态结构,而要根据语言习惯,在语态上做一些必要的变换。如果语态使用不当,不仅会使译文显得别扭,而且在某种程度上还会影响表情达意。初学翻译的人,容易一见被动语态,马上就将其译成被动结构。比如:He has been given a book.如果译成“他被给了一本书”,那就不成体统了。

二、被动态的翻译

英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛,尤其是在科技英语中被动语态几乎随处可见,这是因为:(1) 被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩,科技论著注重客观事实,在需要这种特性;(2) 被动结构更能突出主要特征,说明对象,引人注目;(3) 在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短。而汉语中的被动结构却不那么常见,因为从习惯上讲,汉语中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人不那么舒服的感觉,因此在英汉翻译时,往往要尽量将被动语态化为主动结构。在翻译英语的被动句时,可分析具体情况,采用相应的翻译方法。以下是常用的几种方法。

1.译成汉语“被、受、由、把、遭、挨、予以”等有标志的被动结构

英语被动句如果表达的是令人不快或不幸的事情,句中又有施动者,则正符合汉语被动句的使用条件。因此大都可以译成汉语的被动结构。

例如:

·His passport was confiscated by the police.

他的护照被警方没收了。

·Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes

flying in and out of the airfield.

我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。

·The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer.

这艘宇宙飞船将完全由机载电子计算机控制。

·The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.

大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。

(“使”是汉语的被动标志)

·The plan is going to be examined first by the research group.

计划将先由研究小组加以研究。

(“由”是汉语的被动标志)

·By evening the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew.

至傍晚,占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。

·Every single member of that first party had been captured by Spanish Frontier police anti put into a concentration camp.

第一批的所有人都被西班牙的边防警察逮捕并被关进了集中营。

(“被”是汉语的被动标志)

·He was looked down upon by all his friends.(被动态)

他为所有的朋友所鄙视。

(“被”是汉语的被动标志)

但有时在句子并非表现负面的事物时,汉语仍然可以用被动句。

·He was sent to the front.(被动态)

他被派往前线。

(“为”是汉语的被动标志)

·Besides voltage,resistance and capacitance, an alternating current is also influenced by inductance.(被动态)

除了电压、电阻和电容以外,交流电还受电感的影响。

(“受”是汉语的被动标志)

·The poor child was beaten black and blue.(被动态)

这个可怜的孩子给打得青一块紫一块。

(“给”是汉语的被动标志)

·He was set upon by two masked men.(被动态)

他遭到两个蒙面人的袭击。

(“遭到”是汉语的被动标志)

·But one hundred years later,the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.(被动态)

然而,100年过去了,黑人依旧没有获得自由。100年过去了,黑人的生活仍然很悲惨,为种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的锁链所摧残。

(“所”是汉语的被动标志)

·Mistakes must not be covered up. They must be exposed before you can correct them.(被动态)

错误不应当加以掩饰,而必须加以揭露,才能加以改正。

(“加以”是汉语的被动标志)

·In his early days Hitler was backed by powerful financial interests in Germany.(被动态)希特勒早年曾经受到德国很有势力的财团的支持。

(“受到”是汉语的被动的标志)

·In the first battle of this period two divisions were disarmed and two divisional

commanders were captured.(被动态)

第一仗就把敌军两个师解除了武装,俘虏了两个师长。(“把”是汉语的被动标志)·Granny Wang was forced by fail circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child laborer at the age of twelve.

王大妈为家境所迫,十二岁就到上海一家针织厂作童工。(译成“为……所”的结构)

·I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.

我为这些话所深深感动,后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上了。(译成“为……所”的结构)

2.译成主动形式被动含义的句子

·The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has

never been totally eradicated.

他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还没有完全消除。

·The whole country was armed in a few days.

几天之内全国都武装起来了。

·Nothing that the United States did or could have done within the reasonable limits of its capabilities could have changed that result:nothing that was left undone by this country has contributed to it.(被动态)

美国在它能力的合理限度以内所实际采取过的,或本来能够采取的种种措施,都不能改变这个结果,美国也没有因为未能采取某些措施而促成这个结果。(主动句)·It was a wonder that the car was severely damaged beyond any

means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.

汽车损坏严重,已无法修理,而驾驶员却安然无恙,真是奇迹。(主动句)

·What measures have been or are being adopted by the local government to reduce air pollution?(被动态)

当地政府已经采取了或正在采取哪些措施来降低空气的污染程度?(主动句)

·On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages.

《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。

·The whole country was armed in a few days.

几天以内,全国就武装起来了。

译成带表语的主动句。

·The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。

·In the old society,women were looked down upon.

在旧社会,妇女们是受歧视的。

3.原文的主语变为宾语

·What is little understood by the outside world is that this is a

failure legislated for. It is a failure which has been carefully designed.

外界很少有人知道,这种无法做到的情况是立法造成的,是经过精心策划的。

·Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.

人们常说,电视使人了解时事,熟悉政治和科学领域的最新发展变化,并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。

·By the end of the war,800 people had been saved by the organization,but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 大战终了时,这个组织拯救了800人,但那是以200多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

·They are ordered to do so by the government.

政府命令他们这样做。

·A new regime was established in Changsha.

长沙建立了新政权。

·Another middle school has been set up in our district.

我们区又办了一所中学。

·1,200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake.

在地震中,战士们已救出1200人。

另外,下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译以it作形式主语的英语句子,翻译时常要转为主动形式,有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等不确定主语。

·It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses.

据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。

·It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday.

有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。

·It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colors.

众所周知,自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。

这类句型还有:

·It is asserted that…有人主张……;It is believed that…有人认为……;It is generally considered that…大家(一般人)认为……;It is well known that…大家知道(众所周知)……;It will be said…有人会说……;It was told that…有人曾经说……。

4.译成汉语的无主句

·American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels.

允许美国俘虏领取红十一字会的食品包裹。

·When (it is) seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.

用望远镜看,太阳接近边缘的部分显得略暗。

·It was after a serious discussion that a conclusion was arrived at.

经过认真讨论才得出结论。(汉语没有主语)

·A nuclear power station has been built to generate electricity in that remote area.

在那个偏远地区,为了满足对电力的需求,已经建立了一座核电站。(汉语没有主语)·If mistakes are to be avoided,there must be the closest international collaboration in which we in the United Kingdom will gladly play our part.

为了避免犯错误,我们需要有最密切的国际合作,联合王国乐意为此承担自己的义务。(汉语没有主语)

·The wilderness of the new continent had to be cleared, the enemies had to be defeated and the disputes at home had to be settled.

新大陆的荒野必须开垦,敌人一定得打败,国内的争端必须解决。(第一句,第三句是属于无主句,第二分句中有“得”字,“得”属于汉语中有标志的被动态)

·Some measures must be taken to control the water pollutio n.必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。

·Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again.

现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用的方法。

5.译成泛指人称

·To explore the moon’s surface,rockets were launched again and again.

为了探测月球的表面,人们一次又一次地发射火箭。

·A lot of ground has been marked out for building more restaurants.

人们划出一大片土地供建造更多的饭店使用。

我们看下面一则短文,里面出现了十几处被动语态,但是在译文中都转化成了主动语态。

·As oil is often found in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling i n. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.

由于石油深埋地下,靠研究地面,不能确定有没有石油。因此对地下岩层结构必须进行地质探测。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油,则在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫“井架”。井架用来吊升分节油管,把石油放入由钻头打出的孔中。当孔

钻成后,放入钢管以防孔壁坍塌。如钻探到石油,则在油管顶部紧固地加盖,让石油通过一系列阀门流出。

综上所述,英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句,只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句,才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯,又保持上下文连贯的译法。同时,既要注意语态转换的一般规则,也要注意其例外情况,有的被动语态形式已习语化了,更是不可忽视的。

语态的转换

汉语中有一些可以或者必须用英语被动式来表达,这是研究语态变换的主要问题。

当然,英语中被动语态的各种用法都有一定的理由。归纳起来,不外乎是:1. 着重被动的动作;2. 突出动作承受者(人或事物)的重要性;3. 不知道或无须说出动作的执行者;4. 便利上下文的连贯,衔接。这些理由也正是我们在汉译英时进行语态变换的重要依据。现在从以下几方面来谈:

一、关于汉语被动句的英译问题

汉语的被动句子,从结构上说,大体可以分为两类:一类带有表达被动意义的标记;另一类则不带这种标记。普通而常见的是后一类。不论属于哪一类,英译时基本上仍可运用被动语态。下面分别介绍:

1. 带有被动标记的汉语被动句

这类句子,一般表示较强的被动意义,着重于被动的动作。此类的句子可按照英语的惯用法,理应译成英语的被动句子。汉语这一类被动式,用助词“被”“受”“遭”“给”“挨”“叫”“让”等为标记。

·海外华侨现在不再被人轻视了。

Over-seas Chinese are on longer looked down upon.

·他深受大家尊敬。

He is greatly respected by everyone.

·他的一位朋友被匪徒所杀害。

One of his friends was killed by bandits.

·这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。

It (the problem) must be dealt with by appropriate means at an appropriate time.

但是,还必须指出,并不是所有带被动标记的句子都一定要译成英语的被动式。必须首先考虑所选的英语动词的特点,习惯用法以及上下文关系等,然后再决定用什么语态。

2. 不带有被动标记的汉语被动句

这类句子在形式上一般都有主语,也有动词,但是主语在实际上是谓语动词的动作承受者,而不是执行者。动作执行者并未出现。这类句子结构上为主动句,而含义上为被动句。这种句子翻译时一般也要用被动语态来处理。

·这座桥将在今年年底建成。

The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.

·这个问题正在研究。

The problem is now being studied.

二、关于汉语主动句的英译问题

汉语都采用主动语态,但在英译时有时改用被动语态。形态的变换基于多种原因,概括起来说,主要是:

1. 为了强调接受动作的人或事物的重要性

英语里常常运用被动结构把动作的承受者作为句子的主语,来突出它的地位,强调它的重要性。由于这个原因,汉译英时,往往将汉语的主动句变换为英语的被动句,把原文的宾语变成译文的主语。

·我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国庆节。

National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct.1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year.

·一群人把他围住了,向他提出一个又一个的问题。

Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions.

2. 为了加强上下文的连贯性

英语中,常常为了上下文的连贯,使句子之间的衔接紧密自然而运用被动结构。为此目的,在汉译英时也常常将汉语的主动句改译为英语的被动句。

·他出现在台上,观众给予热烈鼓掌。

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.

·口试时,问了十个问题,她全都答对了。

She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly.

3. 为了使措词得当,语气婉转

英语常因为礼貌上的考虑,不说出者,尤其是第一人称,因而采用被动语态。汉译英时往往也将汉语的主动语态转译成英语的被动语态,多见于讲话,通知,请帖等。

·请全系老师和干部于星期三下午二时在会议室集合,听报告。

All teachers and cadres of the Department are requested to meet in the conference room at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday to hear a speech.

·来宾请出示入场券。

Visitors are requested to show their tickets.

三、关于汉语的一些习惯用语的翻译方法

汉语中还有一些习惯用语,从语态上看是主动语态,但英译时通常都用被动语态。请注意以下一些用法:

据说(有人说)……。

It is said that…

大家知道……。

It is well known that…

据报道……。

It is reported…

由此可见……。

It will be seen from this that…

人们有时会问……。

It is sometimes asked that…

人们希望……。

It is expected that…

I. SENTENCE TRANSLATION

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da13561227.html,munications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the

world.

2. The old woman’s body was found at the end of the alley.

3. In the move most of the furniture was left to the neighbors or distributed among friends.

4.The process is similar to that performed at the transmit end,and the carriers are suppressed within the balanced modulators.

5.If there is any confusion or misunderstanding,the patent might not be granted or the inventor might not be fully protected.

6. One must admit that a good deal of discontent is reflected in those statistics.

7.George Washington is remembered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,and as the first President of the United States.

8. The most important part of the teaching of a place like Yale is found in the lessons of public spirit and devotion to high ideals which it gives; these things can in some measure be learned from daily life of the college and the sentiments which it inculcates.

9. Much is left to be desired.

10.This instrument must be handed with great care.

第二部分:“是”字句的翻译

“是”字句的翻译

“是”字在汉语语法中称为“判断词。“是”字句在汉语中占有非常重要的位置,可表示等同、类属、存在、特征、让步、加强语义等多种意义,翻译成英语时也有许多选择,值得注意。

一、“是”字译为“be”

主语+系动词+表语是英语五大基本句型之一,而be在系动词中使用频率最高。大凡汉语中的“是”,译成英语时多译成be。

·武汉是湖北省的省会,是华中地区工业、金融、商业、科技、文化教育的中心。

Wuhan is the capital of Hubei Province. It is also the center of industry, trade, science, culture and education in the area of the country.

原文用了两个“是”,均表示等同。

·十亿多人口的中国是个巨大的市场,与各国的经济合作有着广阔的前景。

With a population of over 1.1 billion, China itself is a huge market that holds great potential for countries looking for economic cooperation.

原文中“是”是表示特征的。

·我不是不懂,是不想说。

It’s not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.

原文中,“不是”的意思并非否定,而是用来加强“不懂”的语义;后面的“是”用来加强“不想说”的语义。

·这些电子计算机是新华公司制造的。

These computers were made in Xinhua Company.

“是”与“的”配合表示被动,翻译时要用被动语态。

·是人,就会犯错误。

To err is human.

原文中的“是”的意思为“凡是”,译文套用了英文成语“To err is human.”来表示“人非圣贤,孰能无过?”的含义。

然而,不必凡“是”皆译be。现代汉语中,“是”字使用频率甚高,这要求我们在汉译英时力戒照搬,力求有所变化;而汉语立言造句中的“是”字,除了表示判断之外,还可能据它所依托的题旨语境表达出多种意义来,这就为我们汉译英时使用不同动词来表示“是”字的所指提供了可能性。

二、“是”译为remain,表示continue to be的意义

·实现工业化仍然是我国现代化进程中艰巨的历史任务。

It remains an arduous historical task in the process of our

modernization drive to accomplish industrialization.

·扩大就业是我国当前和今后长时期重大而艰巨的任务。

The task of increasing employment is arduous now and will remain so for a long time to come.

·和平与发展仍是当今时代的主题。维护和平,促进发展,事关各国人民的福祉,是各国人民的共同愿望,也是不可阻挡的历史潮流。

Peace and development remain the themes of our era.To preserve peace and promote development bears on the well-being of all nations and represents the common aspirations of all people.It is an irresistible trend of history.

除remain一词外,译文中还活用了represent一词,其词义是correspond to in essence (与……本质上符合),与common aspiration构成动词和宾语的搭配,既避免了三个“是”字的机械性重复,又文从意顺,准确地表了原文中的信息。

三、“是”译为constitute,表示make up,form的意义

·以上十条,是党领导人民建设中国特色社会主义必须坚持的基本经验。

The above-mentioned 10 principles constitute the basic experience the Party must follow as it leads the people in building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

·党的基层组织是党的全部工作和战斗力的基础。

The primary organizations of the Party constitute its foundation for doing all its work and building up its combat effectiveness.

·建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障体系,是社会稳定和国家长治久安的重

要保证。

Establishing and improving a social security system compatible with the level of economic development constitute an important guarantee for social stability and long-term peace and order in the country.

上述三句的共同之处在于,“是”字的功用是解释和分类(参见丁声树、吕叔湘等著《现代汉语语法讲话》),即主语分别隶属于谓语部分中的“基本经验”、“基础”和“重要保证”,constitute所表达的,正是“构成”、“形成”、“组成”的意思。

四、“是”译为serve或serve as

·实现两岸直接通邮、通航和通商,是两岸同胞的共同利益所在。.

As the direct links of mail,air and shipping services,and trade across the Taiwan Strait serve the interests of the compatriots on both sides.

句中,serve的意思是comply with (符合),而“serve the interests”正是“是共同利益所在”。

·这是实现现代化建设第三步战略目标必经的承上启下的发展阶段,也是完善社会主义市场经济体制和扩大对外开放的关键阶段。

The two decades of development will serve as an inevitable connecting link for attainting the third-step strategic objectives for our modernization drive as well as a key stage to improving the socialist market economy and opening wider to the outside world.

句中,serve as的意思是function or act as (充当),译者把“是”、“也是”合一,由will serve as统领inevitable connecting link和a key stage,重在说明新世纪头二十年的重要性,准确地表达了原文的信息焦点。值得一提的是,译文用for attainting和for improving 两个介词短语译出原文中的两个长定语,句式工整,神形俱备,可谓佳译。

五、“是”译为mean,表示signify(意指,意谓)的意思

·与时俱进,就是党的全部理论和工作要体现时代性,把握规律性,富于创造性。

Keeping pace with the times means that all the theory and work of the Party must conform to the times,follow the law of development and display great creativity.

·团结就是力量,团结就是胜利。

Solidarity means strength;solidarity means victory.

“是”字的这种译法,易于为英语学习者理解和掌握,如“效率就是金钱、时间就是生命、坚持就是胜利”,我们可取mean而译为:Efficiency means money. Time means life.Perseverance means victory.

六、“是”的其他译法

·创新是一个民族的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力,也是一个政党永葆生机的源泉。

Innovation sustains the progress of a nation.It is an inexhaustible motive force for the prosperity of a country and the source of eternal vitality of a political party.

“创新是一个民族的灵魂”为什么不译成“Innovation is the soul of a nation”?这是由全文主旨和该句的上下文所决定的。党的十六大的主题是:高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想,继往开来,与时俱进,全面建设小康社会,加快推进社

会主义现代化,为开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面而奋斗。强调的是要“进”、要“创”。该句的上文是对“与时俱进”的阐释,并强调“能否做到这一点,决定着党和国家的命运”,这就说明了“民族的灵魂”的本质和含义,而该句的下文则呼应上文,再次强调国家要兴旺发达、政党要永葆生机,则非具备“创新”这个民族的灵魂不可。

译者出于对原文的深刻理解和准确把握,把“是民族的灵魂”译为“sustain the progress nation”,可谓匠心独运,逻辑严谨,忠实可信。句中,sustain与the progress构成动词+宾语的搭配,意思是“(enable to) keep up or maintain the progress”。

·党的领导主要是政治、思想和组织领导。

Leadership by the Party mainly refers to its political, ideological and organizational leadership.

丁声树、吕叔湘等先生在《现代汉语语法讲话》一书中谈到“是”字的功能时说,“就大多数句子而论,解释和分类是一件事的两个方面”。译文中,refer to正含有classify,relate 等意思,准确、等值地传达了原文信息。

·我们党的最大政治优势是密切联系群众,党执政后的最大危险是脱离群众。

The biggest political advantage of our Party lies in its close ties with the masses while the biggest potential danger for it as a ruling party comes from its divorce from them.

细读原文,两个“是”字确实表示的是“在于”、“来自”之意。可以想像,若非译者潜心体会原文中“是”字的涵义,是难以把这两个“是”字译得如此准确贴切的。

·就业是民生之本。

Employment has a vital bearing on the people’s livelihood.

据《辞源》的解释,“民生”是平民的生计;“本”是事物的根基或主体。所以“民生之本”,就是人民赖以谋生的根基。它不同于“水有源,木有本”之“本”(a tree has its root),也不同于“胜利之本”之“本”(the foundation of victory)。高明的译者深谙此道,独辟蹊径,把“是民生之本”译为to have a vital bearing on the people’s livelihood。have a bearing 意思是have relation to(与……有关系),而vital意思是of living,connected with living (生死攸关、不可或缺) ,这种译法,体现的不仅仅是译好“是”字的技巧,更重要的是译出了原文中党中央对千方百计扩大就业的重视和关切之情。

I.SENTENCE TRANSLATION

1. 这本书我是有的,可是我一下找不到。

2. 不管怎么样,我是决意要完成这项任务的。

3. 玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。

4. 这次火灾是他们不小心而引起的。

5. 我很清楚这种人在危急时刻是靠不住的

6. 你们这样做是杀鸡取蛋。

7. 这个病人的死,毫无疑问是医生的治疗不当造成的。

8. 他对我的朋友这样挑剔真是奇怪。

9. 你主动提出帮助我,真是太好了。

10. 容易生气是她的特点。

答案I. SENTENCE TRANSLATION

1.全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。

2.老妇人的尸体在小巷尽头发现了。

3.搬家时大部分家具要么留给了邻居,要么分给了朋友。

4.此项过程和在发送端所进行的相类似,载波被抑制在平衡调节器内。

5.如果申请中含有不清或令人误解的地方,专利局也许就不会授予申请者专利权,发明者也就得不到充分的保护。

6.必须承认,这些统计数字反映了许多不满情绪。

7.乔治·华盛顿作为一个伟大的将军、共和国创始人之一和美国第一位总统而被人们永世不忘。

8.在耶鲁这样的学府里,最重要的课程是为公众服务的精神以及由此产生的献身于崇高理想的品质。在一定程度上,这些可以从大学的日常生活及大学教诲的情操中学到。9.有许多需要改进的地方。

10.必须仔细操作这样的机器。

第二部分:

II.

A

1. I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.

2. I mean to accomplish the task, come what may.

3. It was mean of him to play with her affections.

4. The fire resulted from their carelessness.

5. I know quite well such people are not to be relied upon in a crisis.

6. You are killing the goose that lays golden eggs.

7. There is no doubt that patient has died of the doctor’s improper treatment.

8. It is strange that he is so critical of my friend.

9. It is so kind of you to offer me help.

10. It’s typical of her to get angry easily.

翻译的基本技巧 被动语态的翻译

翻译的基本技巧——语态转换译法 语态转换译法 1 顺译法 顺译成被动句 顺译成主动句 2 倒译法 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 倒译成汉语的无主句 3 分译法 一、顺译法 既保留原文的主语,又要使译文主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。 1 顺译法 (Translation in Original Order) 1. 1 顺译成被动句 A.译成“被”字 所谓“被”字句,就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个“被”字来表示被动的句子。主要表示这个动作不利于受事者或这个情况有点特殊,或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起读者的注意并表示“被”这一动作动作接受者(受事者)是不乐意或不情愿接受的。 例1:Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated. 【译文】维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。 例2:Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate. 【译文】花一旦被授了粉并受了精,植株就会对新生种子提供养料贮藏,以备种子未来发芽之需。例3:She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre) 【译文】她以为一切都是公正合法的,做梦也没想到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套,跟一个骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。 B. 译成“挨”字句 “挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者(受事者)不利或不好的句子。 例1:The boy was criticized yesterday. 【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。 例2:I was caught in the downpour. 【译文】我在大雨中挨浇了。 C. 译成“给”字句

英语被动语态的翻译举例

英语被动句的翻译举例 英语被动句翻译为汉语时,应根据具体情况灵活掌握。 1. 用“被”、“由”、“受(到)”、“挨”、“得到”、“给”、“叫……给”、“让……(给)”、 “是……的”、“为……所”、“加以”等译成汉语的被动句。例如: 1)The door was mended by him. 门被他修好了。/ 门叫(让)他给修好了。/ 门是他修的。 2)He was praised(表扬). But we were criticized(批评;责备). 3)The machine is used by many people. 这台机器为(被)许多人所使用。 4)The problem must be studied carefully. 这个问题必须仔细加以研究。 2. 借助句中的状语等做主语,译成汉语的主动句。例如: 1)All kinds of drinks are sold in that supermarket. 在那家超市里卖各种各样的饮料。或:那家超市卖各种各样的饮料。 2)Table tennis is played all over China. 中国各地都打乒乓球。 3.按照英语句子的主谓顺序,译成可省“被”字的汉语句。例如: 1)His homework has just been done. 他的家庭作业刚做完。 2)The food has been eaten up. 食物已吃光了。 4.成汉语的无主句。例如: 1)Soon the news was received. 不久就收到了那个消息。也可译为:不久那个消息就收到了。 2)After a while, many people were seen to run out. 过来一会儿,看到许多人跑了出来。 5. 添加“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等泛指的主语译成汉语。或译为“据……”。 例如: 1)He was seen to take the book. 有人看见他拿走了那本书。 2)Air is known to be a mixture of gases. 人们(大家,我们)都知道空气是一种气体的混合物。 3)She is said to know nothing about it. 据说她对这件事什么也不知道。 4)It is said that …. 据说…… It is well known that …. 大家知道……;众所周知…… It is believed that …. 有人相信…… It will be said that…. 有人(将)会说…… It was reported that…据报道…… 6. 改译成主动句。例如: 1)A new dress was made for me by my mother. 我妈妈给我做了一条新裙子。 2)I was given many nice presents on my birthday. 在我的生日那天,我收到了许多漂亮的礼物。

英语翻译技巧第八节 英语被动语态的翻译

第八节英语被动语态的翻译 汉英对比,英语的被动句显然多于汉语,因为英语重视形态(形式),汉语不重视形态,重视语感。如: (1)海水不可斗量。(2)文章总算写好了。说汉语的 人自古以来有一种主体思维方式,认为“成事者必在 人”,施事者“尽在不言之中”。所以很多被动关系不必 一定用“被”字句。 一、被动语态的语义价值 第一、被动语态有强调受事者,将它置于话题(topic)的主位的语用功能。 1).Peter was robbed to pay Paul. Peter was robbed by him to pay Paul. 他偷了彼得的钱去还保尔的债。(他剜肉补疮。) 2).The happy man cannot be harried. 吉人自有天相。 第二、被动语态有承接上句的修辞功能。 3)Many advances in computer technology took place in the twenty years after 1950.They are generally classified into four stages or generations. 第三、被动语态在特定的语境中表达对主语的尊敬或说话者的谦恭。 4)Where can you be reached?

在什么地方可以找到您?(请问您住在什么地方?) 5)When will I be interviewed? 我什么时候来参加面试呢? 第四、被动语态常用以表示说话者对所提出的话题持有某种客观态度,因而比较委婉。 6)He is said to be the most respected teacher in our Department. 7)It is suggested that each speaker is alloted five minutes. 建议每位发言者讲话不要超过五分钟。 二、被动语态的翻译问题 (一)译成汉语主动句 1、原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语 2、原文中的主语在译文中作宾语 3、译成带表语的主动句“…的是…”或“……是……的” 4、常用被动句型的翻译 5、用“在…下”式(主动式动词+介短) (二)译成汉语被动句 1、“被…”或“给…”“让”“叫” 2、“(遭)受…” 3、“为…所” 4、“加以”“予以”“给以”

被动语态的翻译

被动语态翻译 英语中被动语态使用范围很广,凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合,往往都用被动语态。英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况: 一、译成汉语主动句。 1.原句中的主语、谓语不变,译文中没有表示被动的标志,如“被、把”字等,形式上是主动句,表达被动意义。例如:Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内,全国就武装起来了。 2.原句中的主语移到谓语之后,译作宾语。Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district.我们区又办了一所中学。Eg. 1,200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中,战士们已救出1200人。 3.译成带表语的主动句。Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。Eg. In the old society,women were looked down upon. 在旧社会,妇女们是受歧视的。 4.含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。以it作形式主语的英语句子,翻译时常要转为主动形式,有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。例如:Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses.据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday.有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。Eg. It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colours.众所周知,自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。 这类句型还有:it is said that... /It is supposed that.../It must be pointed out that.../It is asserted that.../It is generally considered that... 二、译成汉语被动句 为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时,可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。 1.汉语句中有“被”、“遭受”等词。Eg. North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain,which caused severe flooding.华北地区遭受了一场意外的大雨袭击,引起了严重的水灾。Eg. The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被这小孩打碎了。 2.译成“为……所”的结构。Eg. Granny Wang was forced by familv circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child labourer at the age of twelve. 王大妈为家境所迫,十二岁就到上海一家针织厂作童工。Eg. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动,后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上了。三、译成“招”、“使”和“由”字句 Eg. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。Eg. The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 计划将先由研究小组加以研究。Eg. By evening the occupation was complete,and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clock curfew. 至傍晚,占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。四、译成无主语句 Eg. Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。Eg. Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again. 现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用的方法。 综上所述,英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句,只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯,又保持上下文连贯的译法。同时,既要注意语态转换的一般规则,也要注意其例外情况,有的被动语态形式已习语化了,更是不可忽视的。

被动语态翻译题

被动语态练习题 1.我们希望你尽快完成那项工作。 2我们已在会议上讨论了那个重大的问题。 3.学生们经常在课上做那样的练习题。 4.明年他们将在这条河上建一座新大桥。 5.你的家庭作业做完了吗? 6.这家工厂制作这种自行车。 7.上课之前我们必须交上数学练习本。

8.我们把这个房间当作会议室使用。 9.明天他们会完成植树吗? 10.你可以早一点做完它。 11.我看见她从学校出来了。 12.她给了我一件生日礼物。 13.我们还没有担完水。 14.你能在两小时之内干完活吗? 15.我从没听他说过关于这件事.

16.即使问题的确出现了,也可以轻易地得到改正或解决。 17.在全体工作人员的共同努力下,这项生产计划得以顺利实施。 18.人们重新发现了古代文明。 19.教授们因此得到了报酬。 20.人们预计直到2000年那个国家的失业率都会保持稳定。 21.必须立刻处理他频繁的逃课问题。

22.人脑与电脑的区别可以用一个词形容:复杂性。 23.从那以后人们通常认为它是一把双刃剑,就像人的克隆一样,在增加我们的财富以及给我们带来舒适的同时,其潜在的危险又让人们感到恐慌。 24.人们相信核能是我们这个时代最伟大的革新之一,然而人们又担心它会毁灭世界。 25.一种在世界范围内迅速传播的计算机病毒已

经感染了50000多台电脑。 26.大体上来说,人可以分为三种:一种是劳累至死的,一种是忧心至死的,还有一种无聊至死的。 27.总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定把握的, 然而,必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子与他的竞争能力对手对考试已经有着相同的态度;他也不会因为缺乏对手们已掌握的有关知识而被处罚。

英汉翻译方法1——被动语态译法

被动语态的翻译 教学内容 ?1、英语中常用被动语态的情况 ?Why passive voice is used in English? ?2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式 ?How the sense of “passiveness” is conveyed in Chinese ?3、英语被动语态的翻译 Memo ?Suppose a little boy broke someone’s window. ?1. Your son broke my window. ?2. The window was broken by your son. ?Notes: If the owner of the house wants to complain to the boy’s parent, he would say “1”; ?But if he just talks about the window and does not want to trace the responsibility of the incident he would simply say “2”. ?When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel. ?When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel. ?一、被动语态在英语中的运用 被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出。这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩,结构更简单,还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在。 ?1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如: Such books are written for children. We haven’t been told about it. The English evening has been put off till Saturday. ?2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。例如: You are requested to give a performance. It is said that you were late for class this morning. Why were your late? ?3、无从说出施动者是谁。例如: You’re wanted on the phone. The problem is being studied. Rice is chiefly grown in the south. ?4、为了便于上下衔接。例如: He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.

被动语态翻译练习

被动语态翻译练习 I. 请按照课上学到的方法翻译下列句子: 1. However, care needs to be taken to ensure that this feedback is itself not too loud or distracting. 【译】不过,这里也要小心处理声音的大小,要确保反馈声音的音量不能太大或者产生干扰。 2. A lot of attention was paid to Michael Jordan 's retirement from the National Basketball Association. There were endless television replays of his leaping and twisting shots . 【译】迈克尔·乔丹从美国国家篮球协会退役一事引起了人们的极大关注,他的跳跃和转体跳投的镜头在电视上无休无止地回放着。 3. Proper account should be taken of confidential business information. 【译】对于商业机密的信息,须做适当的考虑。 4. Amazon 's warehouses are stocked with 4.4 million yards of ribbon and 7.8 million sq . ft. of wrapping paper . 【译】亚马逊各地的仓库存放着440万码包装袋,780平方英尺包装纸。 5. These old-style cartoons would not apply today--apart from being present at the birth itself , fathers are encouraged to spend time with the mother and baby , and babies are usually kept with the mother as opposed to being placed in a nursery elsewhere. 【译】这些旧式的漫画如今不适用了,且不说分娩时让父亲们在场,还鼓励她们与母亲和婴儿待在一起,婴儿通常也与母亲在一起,而不是放在别处的婴儿。 6. To provide this global Internet research service , panelists are being recruited worldwide to agree to be monitored by the service , and to provide survey results for businesses which want to target consumers through the Internet . 【译】为了提供这项全球因特网研究服务,公司正在全世界招募研究小组成员,他们需同意接受检测并为那些想通过因特网捕捉消费者的商家提供调查结果。 7. Both technologies are being explored now, but both are still in the beginning stages of development. 【译】两种技术现在都在探索中,但都还处于初步开发阶段。 II. 请翻译下列段落: 1. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. 【译】要想真正生活得幸福和平安,一个人至少应该有两三种业余爱好,而且必须是真正的爱好。到了晚年才开始说“我要培养这个或那个兴趣”是毫无用处的。这种尝试只会增加精神上的负担。在与自己日常工作无关的领域中,一个人可以获得渊博的知识,但却很难有所收益或得到放松。不能爱哪行才干哪行,要干哪行爱哪行。

5突破英文中被动语态的翻译 二

突破英文中被动语态的翻译二 动词的分配原则 中英文的总分关系 同位语的翻译 “重译法”和“抽象名词”的翻译方法 It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly to co genetic. 不知道这样的相似究竟有多么的稀少,或者是否最常见于硅酸盐的内含物当中,比如石

榴石,它的晶体结构总的来说从某种程度上类似于钻石,但是当存在时,这种相似就被认为是有说服力的证据,钻石和内含物确实是同源的。 It is not known that… How rare this resemblance is Or Eg. He wears a coat, a hat and a scarf. Such as garnet 例如:中国选手在跳水、乒乓球、羽毛球、体操等项目上都获得了金牌。 Whose That of diamond Is regarded as Diamond

现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步,也不知道是否它最常见于像石榴石一类的硅酸盐的内含物中,而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在,这种类似就可以视作是极有说服力的证据,证明金刚石与内含物确实是同源的。 而 The resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly to co genetic. Beijing, the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. So, let us, in these next five days, start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the

英语被动语态的翻译策略

英语被动语态的翻译策略 【摘要】英语被动语态的使用非常广泛,汉语却相对较少使用。本文从比较英汉被动语态的表达方式与使用范围差异入手,发现英语显性形式的结构被动句使用普遍;而汉语存在“受事施动化”现象,常以主动形式表达被动意义。借用《名利场》与杨必译本这一对名著名译作为对比材料,归纳被动语态的翻译策略,并揭示翻译实践的启示。 【关键词】被动语态;英汉翻译策略;《名利场》;杨必译本 一、引言 语言的表达丰富多彩不拘一格。这也对翻译工作者提出了挑战,只有熟悉语言之间的差异,才能选择最理想的翻译策略。刘宓庆指出:“翻译实务也好、翻译研究也好、对比分析也好,思维上的选择性和批判性都是至关重要的,目的是择善从优,而这里的‘善’就是真实,‘优’就是‘适应性’(adaptability)――适应于目的、效果,适应于整体的,全局的发展”(x)。因此,翻译思维必须具有高度的选择性和批判性。译者必须丰富自己的语言能力,根据语境选择恰当的翻译策略。

《名利场》杨必译本以其生动流畅的语言被奉为经典译文。文心在《一仆二主》中如此评价:“读《名利场》,如读传统的白话文小说,通俗清新、美丽流畅的译文一下子拉近了读者与原著的距离,让人感到亲切、和蔼,欢欢喜喜地读下去”。杨必的译文之所以能达到这样的效果,不止是译者透彻理解原作,更在于译者能突破英语语法的束缚,采用丰富的翻译手段,从而译出了通达自如富有韵味的译文。因此本文选择这样的佳译,来比较英汉被动语态的差异,探究英语被动语态的翻译策略,希望能对翻译实践有所启示。 二、英汉被动语态的比较与分析 (一)基本特征与结构形式 被动句可以分为结构被动句和意义被动句。“结构被动句(syntactic passive)指可借助形态变化,即用动词的被动语态从结构上标示出来的被动句;意义被动句(notional passive)指不用动词的被动语态,而用主动的形式表达被动的含义”(邵志洪,230)。 英汉被动语态的使用差异很大。就基本特征而言,汉语的语态范畴是词汇化来表现,而英语用动词的屈折形态变化来标定。结构上,汉语的结构被动句基本有两类:①词汇标志,即“被”、“叫”、“给”、“让”;②“为…所”式、“是…的”式、“…的是…”式等特殊句式。英语句子必须主谓结构,若选择受事者作主语,则谓语基本结构固定,为“be + past

被动语态的翻译

被动语态的翻译 英汉两种语言都有被动语态,但由于表达习惯上的差异,英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达,而汉语则和主动语态来表达。如:That young man cannot be relied upon.译成汉语就应该是“那位年轻人不可信赖”或者“我们不能信任那位年轻人”。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句“那位年轻人不可以被信赖”,译文就会显得很别扭,不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见,翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。英语中被动语态的使用十分广泛,尤其在考研翻译中,这种现象更为多见。相比之下,汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。因此,在英译汉时,大量被动语态的句子需要通过种种方法加以处理,以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。 一、译成汉语主动句 将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的方法一般包括以下几种: (一)保存原文主语 当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词,而且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体时,翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。 The meeting is scheduled for April 6th. 会议定于四月六日举行。 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变成固体。 When rust is formed , a chemical change has taken place. 当锈形成的时候,就发生了化学变化。 (二)主宾颠倒 英语中很多被动句子在表示行为主体的词前都加上by,翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语,而将原来的主语译成宾语。 She was given a new pen by her father. 她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change. 这种化学反应能放出热和光。 Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us. 现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。 有时英语被动句中并未出现by结构,而只是代之以一个由介词短语构成的状语。这时仍可采用主宾颠倒的译法,将介词短语中的名词或名词词组译成句子的主语。Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。 The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter. 下一章提供了有关的数据资料。 (三)增加主语 有些英语被动句并未在句中出现表示行为主体的词或词组,在翻译这类句子时,可适当增添一些不确定的主语,如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等。 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。

被动语态的翻译

被动语态的翻译 时间:2008年07月09日作者:唐静来源:译路英汉两种语言都有被动语态,但由于表达习惯上的差异,英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达,而汉语则和主动语态来表达。如:That young man cannot be relied upon.译成汉语就应该是“那位年轻人不可信赖”或者“我们不能信任那位年轻人”。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句“那位年轻人不可以被信赖”,译文就会显得很别扭,不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见,翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。英语中被动语态的使用十分广泛,尤其在考研翻译中,这种现象更为多见。相比之下,汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。因此,在英译汉时,大量被动语态的句子需要通过种种方法加以处理,以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。 一、译成汉语主动句 将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的方法一般包括以下几种: (一)保存原文主语 当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词,而且句中不出现由by 引导的行为主体时,翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。 The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.

会议定于四月六日举行。 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变成固体。 When rust is formed , a chemical change has taken place. 当锈形成的时候,就发生了化学变化。 (二)主宾颠倒 英语中很多被动句子在表示行为主体的词前都加上by,翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语,而将原来的主语译成宾语。 She was given a new pen by her father. 她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change. 这种化学反应能放出热和光。 Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us. 现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。

被动语态的翻译_高中英语

被动语态的翻译_高中英语 英汉两种语言都有被动语态,但由于表达习惯上的差异,英语往往习惯用被动语态来表达,而汉语则和主动语态来表达。如:That young man cannot be relied upon。译成汉语就应该是"那位年轻人不可信赖"或者"我们不能信任那位年轻人"。如果将此句译成汉语的被动句"那位年轻人不可以被信赖",译文就会显得很别扭,不符合汉语的表达习惯。由此可见,翻译时经常进行语态的转换是十分必要的。英语中被动语态的使用十分广泛,尤其在考研翻译中,这种现象更为多见。相比之下,汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。因此,在英译汉时,大量被动语态的句子需要通过种种方法加以处理,以保证译文通顺流畅地表达原意。英语被动语态的汉译一般有以下几种方法。 一、译成汉语主动句 将英语被动语态译成汉语主动语态的方法一般包括以下几种: (一)保存原文主语 当英语被动句中的主语为无生命的名词,而且句中不出现由by引导的行为主体时,翻译时往往将原句中的主语仍然译成主语。 The meeting is scheduled for April 6th。 会议定于四月六日举行。 Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid。 水能从液体变成固体。 When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place。 当锈形成的时候,就发生了化学变化。 (二)主宾颠倒 英语中很多被动句子在表示行为主体的词前都加上by,翻译时可将这类by结构中的宾语译成主语,而将原来的主语译成宾语。 She was given a new pen by her father。 她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。 Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change。 这种化学反应能放出热和光。 Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us。 现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。 有时英语被动句中并未出现by结构,而只是代之以一个由介词短语构成的状语。这时仍可采用主宾颠倒的译法,将介词短语中的名词或名词词组译成句子的主语。 Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country。 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。 The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter。 下一章提供了有关的数据资料。 (三)增加主语 有些英语被动句并未在句中出现表示行为主体的词或词组,在翻译这类句子时,可适当增添一些不确定的主语,如"人们"、"有人"、"大家"、"我们"等。 The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored。 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed。 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。 What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change

浅析英汉翻译之被动语态的翻译策略

龙源期刊网 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da13561227.html, 浅析英汉翻译之被动语态的翻译策略 作者:李娜梁晓明 来源:《大东方》2017年第02期 摘要:翻译实践中,被动语态的使用范围较广泛,而在汉语中被动语态的使用却很少, 因此为了准确将原语文本中的被动语态按照汉语的表达习惯传达出,并且符合目的语读者的表达方式,如何在英译汉中恰当使用翻译策略起到关键性的作用。 关键词:翻译实践;被动语态;翻译策略 一、引言 被动语态的翻译技巧以及策略之前的专家学者已对其进行分析,由于英汉两种语言之间的表达方式不同,本文根据翻译实践中的案例,结合一系列的翻译策略,将被动语态的翻译技巧应用到实践中,并且对其翻译实践中使用的翻译策略进行分析,有利于给译者在处理被动语态时有所借鉴以及帮助。 二、被动语态的翻译策略 1.译成汉语主动句 例1: 原文:When(it is)seen through a telescope,the sun appears darker near the edge.(《英语笔译实务》黄源深) 译文:用望远镜看,太阳接近边缘的部分显得略暗。 分析:英文中为表达事实的客观性,将句子用被动语态的形式表达,避免主观因素的影响。be seen若采取直译的翻译策略即“太阳被看”,但汉语中很少用被动句式,因此译文的表达不符合汉语的表达习惯。若将被动语态翻译为汉语的主动句即“用望远镜看”,更加符合汉语的表达习惯。 2.翻译成汉语无主句 例2: 原文:Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed. 译文:电视是创造和传递这些情感的方式之一。

被动语态的翻译-高中英语

1. 会议定于四月六日举行。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. 当锈形成的时候,就发生了化学变化。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. 她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. 这种化学反应能放出热和光。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 5. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 7. 已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 8. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 9. 印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 10. 他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 11. 那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 12. 他得到了老师的表扬。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 13. 问题应及时加以解决。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 14. 在未来较长的一段时间里,中国的老年人仍旧要由家庭来赡养。 _____________________________________________________________________________ 15. 有人强调说,科学的范畴可以分成两个主要领域:自然科学和社会科学。 _____________________________________________________________________________

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