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硅太阳能电池的效率

硅太阳能电池的效率
硅太阳能电池的效率

Appl Phys A(2011)103:977–982

DOI10.1007/s00339-010-6095-0

Analysis of sunlight loss for femtosecond laser microstructed silicon and its solar cell ef?ciency

Wang Fang·Chen Changshui·He Huili·Liu Songhao

Received:1July2010/Accepted:14October2010/Published online:4November2010

?Springer-Verlag2010

Abstract Black silicon,which is obtained by irradiating the surface of a Si wafer with femtosecond laser pulses in the presence of a sulfur-bearing gas,holds great promise in the preparation of high-performance intermediate band silicon solar https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da6741649.html,ing a three-level model,the enhanced useful-ness of sunlight of the microstructured silicon was?rstly analyzed.A detailed study on the relationship between the light loss,the ionization energy of doped impurities in sil-icon and the impurity band width were given.Then the ef-fect of the position of intermediate band within the forbid-den gap of silicon on the theoretical conversion ef?ciency for the corresponding solar cell is discussed using the De-tailed Balance Theory.Finally problems need to be resolved in making intermediate band solar cells based on femtosec-ond laser microstructured silicon are pointed out with great emphasis.

1Introduction

Silicon is the second richest element on earth,next to https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da6741649.html,pared with silicon,other material is hard to be pre-dominant in the solar cell industry owing to their limited abundance.Therefore people have reasons to believe that only silicon will be the most sustainable material for solar W.Fang·C.Changshui( )·H.Huili·L.Songhao

School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering,South China Normal University,Guangzhou,China

e-mail:cschen@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da6741649.html,

Fax:+86-20-85211768

Present address:

C.Changshui

South China Normal University,Room503,Laser Building,

Tianhe District,Guangzhou city,Guangdong Prov.,China cells in the future.However,due to the limitation of the band gap of silicon,nearly one third of sunlight cannot be ab-sorbed and transformed,the theoretical limiting ef?ciency for ordinary single crystalline silicon solar cell is only29%. As a result,bringing up new cell structure,improving mate-rial,technology and equipment to reduce the solar cell cost and increase ef?ciency is of great value and signi?cance.

In1997,Mazur group of Harvard University fabricated new material“black silicon”(femtosecond laser microstruc-tured silicon)which is quasi-regular arrays of microme-ter cone-shaped,by irradiating the surface of semiconduc-tor with high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses[1].Re-searchers found that this new material has unusual optical properties such as the strong absorption of light with wave-length from0.25μm to17μm[2],nice?eld emission char-acteristics and so on,providing silicon with many new fea-tures.Professor Mazur predicted that black silicon has in-comparable superiority to other materials in solar cell?eld. Besides,the black silicon material has important potential applications in the?elds of detector,sensor,display tech-nology,microelectronics and so on.

The two most striking features of black silicon are the ex-tremely low re?ection of sunlight and the current measured broad-spectrum absorption wide to about17μm,these are just its unique advantages to make detector,solar cells and so on.Research results indicate that the enhanced visible light absorption of microstructured silicon is mainly owing to the multi-re?ection caused by the periodic structure on its surface,while the strong infrared absorption is mainly due to the deep energy levels,which consists of impurities and defects which are introduced by laser-assisted chemical etching[3,9,11,12],within the band gap.Chalcogen is re-ported to be able to introduce impurity levels into the band gap of silicon.Figure1shows the reported impurity levels in silicon introduced by doping with sulfur[4].

978W.Fang et al.

Fig.1Impurity bands in silicon band gap introduced by doping with

sulfur

We found that introducing deep levels in silicon through ultra-fast laser pulses happens to hold the same view as the design idea of intermediate band solar cell brought up by A.Luque et al.[5]to a certain extent.Transitions via inter-mediate energy band,in addition to transitions from the va-lence band to the conduction band,increase the generation rate of electron–hole pairs.It is calculated that the highest ef?ciency of solar cells with intermediate band can reach 63.1%,higher than the limiting ef?ciency of the single so-lar cell and two tandem solar cells,40.7%and55.4%re-spectively.A relatively simple way to introduce interme-diate band into the energy band structure of ordinary so-lar cells material is impurity doping.Therefore,we study the relationship between the sunlight loss of material,the position of the introduced impurity level in silicon and the width of impurity band with a three-level absorption model, the in?uence of different introduced intermediate bands on the ef?ciency of the corresponding solar cell.These stud-ies would enable us to purposefully choose the appropriate doping impurities,improve doping technology and fabricate black silicon with low damage?aw as well as high electro-optic performance,which are signi?cant to make solar cell and other optoelectronic devices based on black silicon,and other multi-bandgap solar cells.

2Analysis of sunlight loss for silicon doped by femtosecond laser irradiating

The three-level structure of silicon after the introduction of an impurity band is shown in Fig.2.In this graph,d stands for the width of impurity band,EI is for the cen-tral ionization energy of impurity band.We can see that Eg1=EI?0.5d,Eg2=Eg?EI?0.5d,Eg is the band gap of silicon at room temperature;we take Eg=1.12in our calculation.The solar spectrum data ASTMG173[13] were used in our calculation.

We made the following assumptions in our calculation: (a)EI

conduction

band;Fig.2Band diagram of silicon after the introduction of an impurity band

(b)photons with energy lower than Eg1can not be absorbed

at all;

(c)a photon produces an electron hole pair at most,the por-

tion of photon energy higher than Eg are all wasted. (d)photon selectivity is assumed such that photons with

high energy preferentially excite the transition need higher energy.See Fig.2;photons with energy higher between Eg2and Eg will excite process A IV?rst while photons with energy higher than Eg will?rst excite process A CV.

Ordinary silicon can only absorb photons with energy higher than the forbidden gap energy,the energy loss of the part below forbidden gap energy is

E0=

Eg

N(E)E dE(1)

E stands for the photon energy and the N(E)is for the num-ber of photons whose energy is E,its unit is(S cm2ev)?1. Photons with energy higher than Eg enable electronic to

Analysis of sunlight loss for femtosecond laser microstructed silicon and its solar cell ef?ciency979 jump from the valence band to the conduction band.Ac-

cording to the assumption(c),for ordinary silicon,a consid-

erable number of photons with energy greater than Eg,and

the extra part(E-Eg)cannot be used,the energy loss of this

part is

E0 = ∞

Eg

N(E)(E?Eg)dE(2)

The total loss of sunlight for ordinary silicon at room tem-perature is

L0=

E0+E0

N(E)E dE

(3)

The sunlight loss of ordinary silicon calculated according to the above formulas is about51%.

The electronics have three kinds of transition(shown in Fig.2)after introducing an impurity band into silicon.We assumed that the photon with energy below Eg1cannot be absorbed and this part of the sunlight loss can be expressed as

E1=

Eg1

N(E)E dE(4)

According to assumption(d),the sunlight loss of mi-crostructured silicon when photon energy is between Eg1 and Eg2is

E2=

Eg2

Eg1

N(E)(E?Eg1)dE(5) Similarly,

E3=

Eg

Eg2

N(E)(E?Eg2)dE(6) E4=

Eg

N(E)(E?Eg)dE(7) The total sunlight loss is

L=E1+E2+E3+E4

N(E)E dE

(8)

When the introduced impurity band is close to the valence band,that is EI>EC,we will get similar formulas.With MATLAB software,we calculated the sunlight loss when the width of doped impurity band is between0ev and0.2ev according to formulas(4)–(8).The result is shown in Fig.3.

According to Fig.3,the sunlight loss of silicon after the introduction of impurity band is related with the impurity ionization energy of the central impurity band and the width of the impurity band.The results show that a minimum sun-light loss of about35.6%can be obtained when the

impurity Fig.3Relationship of sunlight loss,position of doped impurity in the band gap of silicon(above)and impurity band width(below)

band with EI=0.366ev or EI=0.754ev,d=0.11ev is introduced into the band gap of silicon.The greater the im-purity ionization energy,the lower the sunlight loss when the ionization energy of the introduced impurity is less than 0.366ev;the case is opposite for introducing impurity band with ionization energy greater than0.754ev.The relation-ship between the sunlight loss and the width of impurity band is not monotone,but in most cases,the wider the im-purity band,the greater the sunlight loss.

Figure4shows the sunlight loss when sulfur shown in Fig.1is introduced into silicon,assuming that the impurity band width is from0ev to0.2ev.The calculation results show that the minimum light loss of35.61%can be got when the introduced sulfur exists in the form of primarily ionized diatomic sulfur with impurity ionization energy of0.371ev and d=0.1.

It should be noted that we did not take into account the fact that one high-energy photon can generate numbers of electron hole pairs in femtosecond laser microstructured sil-

980W.Fang et

al.

Fig.4Relationship of sunlight loss and impurity band width when doping with sulfur of different modalities

icon,because energy released in the transition of electrons, which were excited by high energy photons,from excited states back to the conduction band,is no longer released in the form of heat by crystal collision,but stimulates electrons from the value band to the deep level or from a deep level to the conduction band due to the introduced deep level sub-bands in the non-equilibrium supersaturated process.We as-sume that the reused probability of the remaining energy of high-energy photons after the?rst transition is g,and for-mulas(5),(6)and(7)should be changed for a more precise result:

E2=

Eg2

Eg1

N(E)(E?Eg1)(1?g)dE(9)

E3=

Eg2

Eg1

N(E)(E?Eg1)(1?g)dE(10) E4=

Eg

N(E)(E?Eg)(1?g)dE(11)

As there is still no comparatively thorough understanding of this phenomenon till now and we know so little about the probability g,we just give the formulas here and no longer discuss it further.Furthermore,numbers of impurity levels or bands are introduced into silicon inferred from a great deal of experimental results,thus the transitions of electrons are diverse.Nevertheless,we just illuminate the relationship between the sunlight loss,the adulteration ionization energy and the impurity band width in the simplest case here.We will further discuss the case that one phonon generates sev-eral electron hole pairs and the case that several middle lev-els are introduced into black silicon in our future work.3Analysis of the ef?ciency of intermediate band solar cell based on femtosecond laser microstructured silicon

We?rst use Detailed Balance Theory to discuss the limiting conversion ef?ciency of ideal silicon solar cell with interme-diate band.It must be noted that like the analysis before,we did not consider the phenomenon of multiple electronic out-puts for femtosecond laser microstructured silicon,and here we just discuss the relationship between the limiting con-version ef?ciency of the ideal three-band silicon solar cell and the position of the introduced intermediated band in sil-icon according to Detailed Balance Theory.This limit of the conversion ef?ciency will have signi?cant reference value for a solar cell based on femtosecond laser microstructured silicon if suitable impurity levels were introduced into sili-con.The physical model for intermediate band solar cells is similar to Fig.2.

According to the common Planck formula,the number of photons with energy between EI and Eh which are emitted to the hemisphere at temperature T by the blackbody is

˙N(E

l,E h,T,u)=

2An2π

h c

E

h

E l

E2dE

e

(12)

The meaning of the letters in the formula can be seen from[6].For solar cells with intermediate band,the current I that?ows to the external circuit is

I/q=˙N(Eg,∞,T s,0)?˙N(Eg,∞,T a,u CV)

+˙N(Ec,Eg,T s,0)?˙N(Ec,Eg,T a,u CI)(13)

To get the highest conversion ef?ciency,out?ow of current from the intermediate band should be0:

˙N(E

I,Ec,T s,0)?

˙N(E

I,Ec,T a,u IV)

=˙N(Ec,Eg,T s,0)?˙N(Ec,Eg,T a,u CI)(14)

For a given external voltage solar cell V,we have

qV=u CI+u IV=u CV(15)

The IV curve for solar cells can be obtained by formula(12) to(15);then the maximum ef?ciency for solar cells isη=πVI

σT4S

,σis the Boltzmann constant.

Calculating by the formula above we get the relationship of the theoretically maximum conversion ef?ciency for the ideal three-band silicon solar cell and the band position,as shown in Fig.5.

We can see that the limiting conversion ef?ciency of sil-icon solar cell after introducing a third band is54.1%,the maximum ef?ciency can be obtained when the introduced band is0.362ev away from the bottom of the conduction (or valance)https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da6741649.html,paring Fig.5with Fig.3we?nd that

Analysis of sunlight loss for femtosecond laser microstructed silicon and its solar cell ef?ciency

981

Fig.5Relationship of the theoretically maximum conversion ef?-ciency for ideal three-band silicon-based solar cell and band position

the variation trends of sunlight loss and the limiting con-version ef?ciency with the position of introduced energy level are extremely consistent.However,we did not take into account the light absorption and scattering of Earth’s atmosphere when we calculate the limiting conversion ef?-ciency while the solar radiation data used here were mea-sured on the ground.Therefore we believe that the limiting ef?ciency we calculated here may well implicate the actual three-band solar cell model.

Figure 6separately states the relationship between the conversion ef?ciency of solar cell and the cell voltage when different impurity level of sulfur is introduced into silicon.We can see that if silicon was doped with varying amounts of sulfur,a maximum ef?ciency in theory of about 54%can be got when we introduce the primarily ionized diatomic sulfur with impurity ionization energy of 0.371ev into silicon.As the understanding for femtosecond laser microstruc-tured silicon is limited and the mechanism of its wild spec-trum absorption is still under exploration,we have no idea whether this high conversion ef?ciency can be achieved by silicon doping using a femtosecond laser.However,we can study the ef?ciency of a solar cell based on femtosecond laser microstructured silicon according to the existing re-sults.To get an optimal cell ef?ciency,?rstly there should be a stable intermediate impurity band in the forbidden gap of silicon,requiring that the doping concentration of im-purities cannot be lower than 1019cm ?3.The doping con-centration is high enough so that the spacing between im-purity atoms would be small enough to ensure that their outer electron wave function has enough overlap,thereby ensuring the carrier transport and restraining nonradiative recombination [5].Besides,the doped impurity atoms need to be able to ionize effectively to form impurity levels.The general doping concentration of sulfur in

femtosecond

Fig.6Relationship of solar cell conversion ef?ciency and the cell voltage when a different sulfur impurity level is introduced into sili-con

laser microstructured silicon is 1019or 1020[7,8]orders of magnitude so that femtosecond laser microstructured sil-icon can meet the requirement for concentration.But there is no direct evidence that proves that stable impurity levels are formed in silicon by femtosecond laser doping.In addi-tion,the high doping effect brought about by high concentra-tions of impurity doping cannot be ignored because it would severely affect the solar cell ef?ciency.High concentrations of doping would lead to shrinking of forbidden gap,and the shrinkage will decrease voltage of solar cells,thereby re-ducing ef?ciency;a high doping effect would also lead to distinct decrease of carrier mobility and thus shorter minor-ity carrier lifetime.The open circuit voltage would drop if the doping concentration is too high that the impurities can-not be fully ionized.However,for the nano-structure heav-ily doped by chalcogenide and deep-level sub-bands having been formed,the Auger effect possibly develops in the pos-itive direction,that is the electronic excitation probability is greater than the recombination probability,making a high-energy photon in black silicon able to stimulate more than one electron,thus a quantum ef?ciency higher than 100%could be obtained.Therefore,thorough studying of the ef-fect of high concentrations of doping on femtosecond laser microstructured silicon and the selection of suitable impu-rity doping concentration are compulsory to make highly ef?cient solar cells based on femtosecond laser microstruc-tured silicon.

Besides the formation of stable impurity level to restrain the nonradiative recombination,solar cells with impurity in-termediate band also require one to maintain that the recom-bination lifetime of carrier is longer than its relaxation time in each band,so that carriers will not be combined when they move in the band.However,for femtosecond laser mi-

982W.Fang et al.

crostructured silicon,not only a large number of impurities but also abundant defects are introduced into silicon.These defects,together with impurities,will form amounts of re-combination centers within the forbidden band,and these centers will increase the bulk recombination and badly af-fect the lifetime of the minority carrier.There must be sub-stantive defects and dangling bonds on the conical surface of femtosecond laser microstructured silicon,which would speed up the surface recombination carrier.The high den-sity of majority carriers in the surface layer may increase the Auger electron recombination caused by lattice colli-sions and shorten the lifetime of carrier.Thus the loss of carrier recombination is most likely related to the leading electrical losses for solar cells based on femtosecond laser microstructured silicon.Therefore,the effect of defects in femtosecond laser microstructured silicon on its properties must be further studied to reduce the negative impact of de-fects.Some relevant research to minimize the negative im-pact of these defects in microstructured silicon has been car-ried on.In the year2006,T.G.Kim prepared“?at black silicon”with?at surface[8],which is supersaturated with sulfur and free from extended defects(dislocations,grain boundaries,stacking faults,twins)and yet absorbs strongly in the sub-bandgap region.There are also a large number of experimental studies on the effect of annealing on the mi-crostructured silicon[9,10].It is well known that annealing can repair the lattice defects caused by laser irradiation.Al-though the original increased light absorption of microstruc-tured sulfur-doped silicon decreases sharply after annealing, it is found that the optical absorption changes very little for microstructured silicon doped with selenium,tellurium and some elements.

In some respects,black silicon cannot meet the require-ments of high ef?cient intermediate band solar cells accord-ing to the present?ndings,but we expect to improve laser doping or other doping techniques to effectively control the impurity band position and width,and reduce the introduced defects in the doping process in the future,thus making max-imized use of the strong wild spectrum absorption of black silicon and making high ef?ciency solar cells with interme-diate band.

4Conclusion

Making ef?cient solar cells is an effective way to solve to-day’s energy and environmental problems.Solar cells with an intermediate band provides a new idea for high ef?cient solar cells and impurity doping is a comparatively simple way to introduce intermediate bands.Selecting the appro-priate doping impurities and making clear the effect of the impurity and its position within the material on solar cell ef?ciency are absolutely necessary for high ef?ciency im-purity intermediate band solar cells.The new material black silicon with strong wild spectrum absorption is expected to become the ideal material for intermediate band solar cells and other solar cells.We?rstly analyze the enhanced useful-ness of sunlight for microstructured silicon with the three-level model.Calculations show that,for microstructured sil-icon doped with sulfur,the minimal light loss can be ob-tained when suitable amount of sulfur with ionization en-ergy of0.371ev is introduced into silicon.Then the effect of the position of intermediate band in the forbidden band of silicon on the theoretical conversion ef?ciency for the corre-sponding solar cell is discussed using Detailed Balance The-ory.The results show that a maximum ef?ciency can be got when the intermediate band which is0.362ev away from the bottom of the conduction(or top of the valence)band is introduced into silicon.For silicon doped with sulfur,a maximum conversion ef?ciency of about54%in theory can be obtained when a suitable amount of sulfur with ioniza-tion energy of0.371ev is introduced into silicon.Finally, problems that need to be resolved in making intermediate band solar cells based on femtosecond laser microstructured silicon are pointed out.

Acknowledgement This work was co-funded by the Key Pro-gram of Natural Science Foundation of Guandong province(No. 10251063101000001;No.8251063101000006)and the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.60411130595). References

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晶体硅太阳能电池的制造工艺流程

晶体硅太阳能电池的制造 工艺流程 This model paper was revised by the Standardization Office on December 10, 2020

提高太阳能电池的转换效率和降低成本是太阳能电池技术发展的主流。 晶体硅太阳能电池的制造工艺流程说明如下: (1)切片:采用多线切割,将硅棒切割成正方形的硅片。 (2)清洗:用常规的硅片清洗方法清洗,然后用酸(或碱)溶液将硅片表面切割损伤层除去30-50um。 (3)制备绒面:用碱溶液对硅片进行各向异性腐蚀在硅片表面制备绒面。 (4)磷扩散:采用涂布源(或液态源,或固态氮化磷片状源)进行扩散,制成PN+结,结深一般为-。 (5)周边刻蚀:扩散时在硅片周边表面形成的扩散层,会使电池上下电极短路,用掩蔽湿法腐蚀或等离子干法腐蚀去除周边扩散层。 (6)去除背面PN+结。常用湿法腐蚀或磨片法除去背面PN+结。 (7)制作上下电极:用真空蒸镀、化学镀镍或铝浆印刷烧结等工艺。先制作下电极,然后制作上电极。铝浆印刷是大量采用的工艺方法。 (8)制作减反射膜:为了减少入反射损失,要在硅片表面上覆盖一层减反射膜。制作减反射膜的材料有MgF2 ,SiO2 ,Al2O3,SiO ,Si3N4 ,TiO2 ,Ta2O5等。工艺方法可用真空镀膜法、离子镀膜法,溅射法、印刷法、PECVD法或喷涂法等。 (9)烧结:将电池芯片烧结于镍或铜的底板上。 (10)测试分档:按规定参数规范,测试分类。

由此可见,太阳能电池芯片的制造采用的工艺方法与半导体器件基本相同,生产的工艺设备也基本相同,但工艺加工精度远低于集成电路芯片的制造要求,这为太阳能电池的规模生产提供了有利条件。

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硅太阳能电池的结构及 工作原理 集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)

一.引言: 太阳能是人类取之不尽用之不竭的可再生能源。也是清洁能源,不产生任何的环境污染。?? 当电力、煤炭、石油等不可再生能源频频告急,能源问题日益成为制约国际社会经济发展的瓶颈时,越来越多的国家开始实行“阳光计划”,开发太阳能资源,寻求经济发展的新动力。欧洲一些高水平的核研究机构也开始转向可再生能源。在国际光伏市场巨大潜力的推动下,各国的太阳能电池制造业争相投入巨资,扩大生产,以争一席之地。 全球太阳能电池产业1994-2004年10年里增长了17倍,太阳能电池生产主要分布在日本、欧洲和美国。2006年全球太阳能电池安装规模已达1744MW,较2005年成长19%,整个市场产值已正式突破100亿美元大关。2007年全球太阳能电池产量达到3436MW,较2006年增长了56%。 中国对太阳能电池的研究起步于1958年,20世纪80年代末期,国内先后引进了多条太阳能电池生产线,使中国太阳能电池生产能力由原来的3个小厂的几百kW一下子提升到4个厂的4.5MW,这种产能一直持续到2002年,产量则只有2MW左右。2002年后,欧洲市场特别是德国市场的急剧放大和无锡尚德太阳能电力有限公司的横空出世及超常规发展给中国光伏产业带来了前所未有的发展机遇和示范效应。 目前,我国已成为全球主要的太阳能电池生产国。2007年全国太阳能电池产量达到1188MW,同比增长293%。中国已经成功超越欧洲、

日本为世界太阳能电池生产第一大国。在产业布局上,我国太阳能电池产业已经形成了一定的集聚态势。在长三角、环渤海、珠三角、中西部地区,已经形成了各具特色的太阳能产业集群。 中国的太阳能电池研究比国外晚了20年,尽管最近10年国家在这方面逐年加大了投入,但投入仍然不够,与国外差距还是很大。政府应加强政策引导和政策激励,尽快解决太阳能发电上网与合理定价等问题。同时可借鉴国外的成功经验,在公共设施、政府办公楼等领域强制推广使用太阳能,充分发挥政府的示范作用,推动国内市场尽快起步和良性发展。 太阳能光伏发电在不远的将来会占据世界能源消费的重要席位,不但要替代部分常规能源,而且将成为世界能源供应的主体。预计到2030年,可再生能源在总 绿色环保节能太阳能 能源结构中将占到30%以上,而太阳能光伏发电在世界总电力供应中的占比也将达到10%以上;到2040年,可再生能源将占总能耗的50%以上,太阳能光伏发电将占总电力的20%以上;到21世纪末,可再生能源在能源结构中将占到80%以上,太阳能发电将占到60%以上。这些数字足以显示出太阳能光伏产业的发展前景及其在能源领域重要的战略地位。由此可以看出,太阳能电池市场前景广阔。 在太阳能的有效利用当中;大阳能光电利用是近些年来发展最快,最具活力的研究领域,是其中最受瞩目的项目之一。

晶体硅太阳能电池

晶体硅太阳能电池 专业班级:机械设计制造及其自动化13秋姓名:张正红 学号: 1334001250324 报告时间: 2015年12月

晶体硅太阳能电池 摘要:人类面临着有限常规能源和环境破坏严重的双重压力,能源己经成为越来越值得关注的社会与环境问题。人们开始急切地寻找其他的能源物质,而光能、风能、海洋能以及生物质能这些可再生能源无疑越来越受到人们的关注。光伏技术也便随之形成并快速地发展了起来,因此近年来,光伏市场也得到了快速发展并取得可喜的成就。本文主要就晶体硅太阳能电池发电原理及关键材料进行介绍,并对晶体硅太阳能电池及其关键材料的市场发展方向进行了展望。 关键词:太阳能电池;工作原理;晶体硅;特点;发展趋势 前言 “开发太阳能,造福全人类”人类这一美好的愿景随着硅材料技术、半导体工业装备制造技术以及光伏电池关键制造工艺技术的不断获得突破而离我们的现实生活越来越近!近20年来,光伏科学家与光伏电池制造工艺技术人员的研究成果已经使太阳能光伏发电成本从最初的几美元/KWh减少到低于20美分/KWh。而这一趋势通过研发更新的工艺技术、开发更先进的配套装备、更廉价的光伏电子材料以及新型高效太阳能电池结构,太阳能光伏(PV)发电成本将会进一步降低,到本世纪中叶将降至4美分/KWh,优于传统的发电费用。 大面积、薄片化、高效率以及高自动化集约生产将是光伏硅电池工业的发展趋势。通过降低峰瓦电池的硅材料成本,通过提升光电转换效率与延长其使用寿命来降低单位电池的发电成本,通过集约化生产节约人力资源降低单位电池制造成本,通过合理的机制建立优秀的技术团队、避免人才的不合理流动、充分保证技术上的持续创新是未来光伏企业发展的核心竞争力所在! 一、晶体硅太阳能电池工作原理 太阳能电池是一种把光能转换成电能的能量转换器,太阳能电池工作原理的基础是半导体PN结的光生伏特效应。

硅太阳能电池的结构及工作原理

一.引言: 太阳能是人类取之不尽用之不竭的可再生能源。也是清洁能源,不产生任何的环境污染。 当电力、煤炭、石油等不可再生能源频频告急,能源问题日益成为制约国际社会经济发展的瓶颈时,越来越多的国家开始实行“阳光计划”,开发太阳能资源,寻求经济发展的新动力。欧洲一些高水平的核研究机构也开始转向可再生能源。在国际光伏市场巨大潜力的推动下,各国的太阳能电池制造业争相投入巨资,扩大生产,以争一席之地。 全球太阳能电池产业1994-2004年10年里增长了17倍,太阳能电池生产主要分布在日本、欧洲和美国。2006年全球太阳能电池安装规模已达1744MW,较2005年成长19%,整个市场产值已正式突破100亿美元大关。2007年全球太阳能电池产量达到3436MW,较2006年增长了56%。 中国对太阳能电池的研究起步于1958年,20世纪80年代末期,国内先后引进了多条太阳能电池生产线,使中国太阳能电池生产能力由原来的3个小厂的几百kW一下子提升到4个厂的4.5MW,这种产能一直持续到2002年,产量则只有2MW左右。2002年后,欧洲市场特别是德国市场的急剧放大和无锡尚德太阳能电力有限公司的横空出世及超常规发展给中国光伏产业带来了前所未有的发展机遇和示范效应。 目前,我国已成为全球主要的太阳能电池生产国。2007年全国太阳能电池产量达到1188MW,同比增长293%。中国已经成功超越欧洲、日本为世界太阳能电池生产第一大国。在产业布局上,我国太阳能电池产业已经形成了一定的集聚态势。在长三角、环渤海、珠三角、中西部地区,已经形成了各具特色的太阳能产业集群。 中国的太阳能电池研究比国外晚了20年,尽管最近10年国家在这方面逐年加大了投入,但投入仍然不够,与国外差距还是很大。政府应加强政策引导和政策激励,尽快解决太阳能发电上网与合理定价等问题。同时可借鉴国外的成功经验,在公共设施、政府办公楼等领域强制推广使用太阳能,充分发挥政府的示范作用,推动国内市场尽快起步和良性发展。 太阳能光伏发电在不远的将来会占据世界能源消费的重要席位,不但要替代部分常规能源,而且将成为世界能源供应的主体。预计到2030年,可再生能源在总 绿色环保节能太阳能 能源结构中将占到30%以上,而太阳能光伏发电在世界总电力供应中的占比也将达到10%以上;到2040年,可再生能源将占总能耗的50%以上,太阳能光伏发电将占总电力的20%以上;到21世纪末,可再生能源在能源结构中将占到80%以上,太阳能发电将占到60%以上。这些数字足以显

太阳能电池探究亮特性光照强度关系

扬州大学物理科学与技术学院 大学物理综合实验训练论文实验名称:太阳能电池探究亮特性光照强度关系 班级:物教1201班 姓名:郑清华 学号:120801117 指导老师:李俊来

太阳能电池探究亮特性光照强度关系 物教1201 郑清华指导老师:李俊来 摘要:本文介绍了太阳能电池研究背景、实验原理等。在不同光强条件对单晶硅太阳电尺进行了测试.研究发现,当光强为3433.56—10617.33W/2 m时,开路电压随着光强的增加呈对数关系增加,短路电流几乎呈线性变化。效率随着光强的增加先增加后减小,最大效率值1、21%。填充因子随着光强的增加减小。 关键词:太阳能电池;输出特性;光强特性。 一、研究背景 随着经济社会的不断发展,能量与能源问题的重要性日益凸显。人类对能源的需求,随着社会经济而急剧膨胀,专家估计目前每年能源总消耗量为200亿吨标准煤,并且其中90%左右为不可再生的化石能源来维持。就目前情况,全球化石能源储备只能维持100年左右。太阳能以其清洁、长久、无害等优点自然而然成为人类可持续发展不得不考虑的能源方式。太阳每年通过大气向地球输送的能量高达3×1024焦耳,而地球上人类一年的能源总需求达到约4.363×1020焦耳,也就是说,如果我们可以收集其中的万分之一到万分之二就足够我们的需求。太阳能是最为清洁的能源,并且不受任何地域限制,随处可取。此外,将太阳能转换为电能后,电能又是应用范围最广,输送最方便的一种能源。 太阳能一般指太阳光的辐射能量。我们知道在太阳内部无时无刻不在进行着氢转变为氦的热核反应,反应过程中伴随着巨大的能量释放到宇宙空间。太阳释放到宇宙空间的所有能量都属于太阳能的范畴。太阳能电池是目前太阳能利用的关键环节,核心概念是pn结和光生伏特效应 晶体硅太阳电池在如今的光伏市场中占据了绝对主导的地位,而且这一地位在今后很长一段时间内不会改变,因此提高晶体硅太阳电池效率,降低生产成本, 使晶体硅太阳电池能与常规能源进行竞争成为现今光伏时代的主题.太阳能是最具发展潜力的新能源。光伏发电是解决能源危机,实现能源可持续发展的重要途径之一。硅太阳能电池是当今市场的主流产品,其最高效率是24.7%,由新南威尔士大学马丁·格林教授研制的PERL单晶硅电池取得单并保持至今。继续提高转换效率十分困难,但电池的效率会随温度和光强变化而变化。因此,研究温度和光强对太阳能电池的影响是必要的。 二、太阳能光伏电池实验 (一)实验目的 1.了解pn结的基本结构与工作原理。 2.了解太阳能电池组件的基本结构,理解其工作原理。

太阳能电池的的性能主要取决于它的光电转换效率和输出功率

太阳能电池板太阳能电池的的性能主要取决于它的光电转换效率和输出功率. 1.效率越大,相同面积的太阳能电池板输出功率也就越大, 用高效率的太阳 能电池板可以节省安装面积, 但是价格更贵. 2.太阳能电池的功率, 在太阳能电池板的背面标牌中, 有关于太阳能电池 板的输出参数, 如VOC开路电压,ISC短路电流,VMP工作电压,IMP工作电流, 等. 但我们只需要用工作电压和工作电流就可以了, 这两个相乘就可以得 这块太阳能电池板的输出功率. 太阳能电池板介绍:采用高质量单晶/多晶硅材料,经精密设备树脂封装生产出来的太阳能板,有良好的光电转换效果,外形美观,使用寿命长。 太阳能电池板的作用是将太阳的光能转化为电能后,输出直流电存入蓄电池中。太阳能电池板是太阳能发电系统中最重要的部件之一。 太阳能电池组件可组成各种大小不同的太阳能电池方阵,亦称太阳能电池阵列。太阳能电池板的功率输出能力与其面积大小密切相关,面积越大,在相同光照条件下的输 出功率也越大。 2.太阳能电池板的种类 (1)单晶硅太阳能电池 目前单晶硅太阳能电池的光电转换效率为15%左右,最高的达到24%,这是目前所有种类的太阳能电池中光电转换效率最高的,但制作成本很大,以致于它还不能被大量广泛和普遍地使用。由于单晶硅一般采用钢化玻璃以及防水树脂进行封装,因此其坚固耐用,使用寿命一般可达15年,最高可达25年。 (2)多晶硅太阳能电池 多晶硅太阳能电池的制作工艺与单晶硅太阳能电池差不多,但是多晶硅太阳能电池的光电转换效率则要降低不少,其光电转换效率约12%左右(2004年7月1日日本夏普上市效率为%的世界最高效率多晶硅太阳能电池)。从制作成本上来讲,比单晶硅太阳能电池要便宜一些,材料制造简便,节约电耗,总的生产成本较低,因此得到大量发展。此外,多晶硅太阳能电池的使用寿命也要比单晶硅太阳能电池短。从性能价格比来讲,单 晶硅太阳能电池还略好。

太阳能电池转换效率

Research on New Technologies of Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency in Solar Cell Tianze LI, Chuan JIANG, Cuixia SHENG School of Electric and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255049 ,China e-mail: ltzwang@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da6741649.html, Hengwei LU,Luan HOU, Xia ZHANG School of Electric and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255049 ,China e-mail: henrylu007@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/da6741649.html, Abstract—The characteristics of the solar energy and three conversion mode of solar energy including photovoltaic conversion, solar thermal conversion, and photochemical conversion are represented in this paper. On this basis,the materials used in solar cell, as well as the working principle of solar cells, the factors of low convert efficiency of solar cells and the two major bottlenecks encountered in the solar application are analyzed.The idea that spontaneous arrangement of compound organic molecules is achieved by changing the molecular arrangement structure of the organic thin-film solar is put forward. The new structure of liquid crystal layer come into being accordingly so that the electron donor and the receptor molecules of the mixture are separated, and the contacting area between them is enlarged. So the efficiency solar photovoltaic is improved. The research and development of this new technology can solve the technical problem of the low conversion efficiency of solar cell, and open up an effective way to improve the conversion efficiency of solar cells. At last,the prospect of solar photovoltaic technology, solar energy exploit technology and the development of industry is offered in the article. Keywords- photoelectric conversion efficiency; electron donor and recipient; photovoltaic generate power technology I.I NTRODUCTION Energy is the material basis of human society survival and development. In the past 200 years?the energy system based on coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuel has greatly promoted the development of human society. However, material life and spiritual life is increasing, the awareness of serious consequences brought from the large-scale use of fossil fuels is increasing at the same time: depletion of resources, deteriorating environment, in addition to all of the above, it induce political and economic disputes of a number of nations and regions, and even conflict and war. After in-depth reflection of the development process of the past, human advance seriously the future path of sustainable development. Today in the 21st century, there is no a problem as important as a sustainable energy supply, especially for the benefit of solar energy development and has been highly concerned by all mankind. Around the world are faced with limited fossil fuel resources and higher environmental challenges, it is particularly important to adhere to energy conservation, improve energy efficiency, optimize energy structure, rely on scientific and technological progress, development and utilization of new and renewable sources.After analyzing two bottleneck problems which affect the conversion efficiency of the solar cell, we put forward a new structure of molecular arrangement of the solar cell to improve the conversion efficiency of the solar cell. II.T HE F EATURES O F S OLAR A ND T HREE C ONVERSION M ODES A.The Features of Solar Solar resources are solar radiation energy on the entire surface of the earth. Solar energy has four features. Firstly, solar energy is sufficient. The gross of solar radiation energy on the surface of the earth is about 6h1017kWh every year. It can be used several billions of years, which is reproducible and cleanest. It isn’t monopolized by any groups or coutries. Secondly, the energy density of solar energy is low. People want to obtain higher energy density by condensers. Thirdly, because of climatic change, the solar energy is mutative. For example, cloudy day and rainy day, the solar energy is weak. People should consider energy storage or use auxiliary devices which provide conventional energy to use solar energy in a row. Forthly, because of the earth rotation, the earth revolution and the angle between the axis of rotation and the orbital plane, days and sensons must change on the earth, solar energy must change too. Fifthly, use of solar energy can make energy level appropriate allocation, so heat energy is made used of. When the sun light shines on the earth, part of the light is reflected or scattered, some light is absorbed, only about 70% of the light which are direct light and scattered light passes through the atmosphere to reach the surface of the earth. Part of the light on the surface of the earth is absorbed by the objects surface, another part is reflected into the atmosphere. Fig.1 shows the schematic diagram of the sun incident on the ground. Figure1. Schematic diagram of the sun incident on the ground 978-1-4244-7739-5/10/$26.00 ?2010 IEEE

有机太阳能电池转换效率的理论极限值约为21%

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向电阻。如此,在0.5 Ωcm和2 Ωcm的p型硅片上制作的4 cm2的PERL电池的效率可达23-24%,比采用同样硅片制作的PERC电池性能有较大提高。 1993年该课题组对PERL电池进行改善,使其效率提高到24%,1998年再次提高到24.4%,2001年达到24.7%,创造了世界最高记录。这种PERL电池取得高效的原因是[28]:(1)正面采光面为倒金字塔结构,结合背电极反射器,形成了优异的光陷阱结构;(2)在正面上蒸镀了MgF2/ZnS双层减反射膜,进一步降低了表面反射;(3)正面与背面的氧化层均采用TCA工艺(三氯乙烯工艺)生长高质量的氧化层,降低了表面复合;(4)为了和双层减反射膜很好配合,正面氧化硅层要求很薄,但是随着氧化层的减薄,电池的开路电压和短路电流又会降低。为了解决这个矛盾,相对于以前的研究,增加了“alneal”工艺,即在正面的氧化层上蒸镀铝膜,然后在370 ℃的合成气氛中退火30 min,最后用磷酸腐蚀掉这层铝膜。经过“alneal”工艺后,载流子寿命和开路电压都得到较大提高,而与正面氧化层的厚度关系不大。这种工艺的原理是,在一定温度下,铝和氧化物中OH-离子发生反应产生了原子氢,在Si/SiO2的界面处对一些悬挂键进行钝化。(5)电池的背电场通过定域掺杂形成,掺杂的温度和时间至关重要,对实现定域掺杂的接触孔的设计也非常重要,因为这关系到能否在整个背面形成背电场以及体串联电阻的大小。在这个电池中浓硼扩散区面积为30 μm×30 μm,接触孔的面积为10 μm ×10 μm,孔间距为250 μm,浓硼扩散区的面积仅占背面积的1.44%。定域扩散

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几种商业化的高效晶体硅太阳能电池技术

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