专业英语翻译(中英对照)
1. Electrical Measuring Instruments电子测量仪表
Electrical personnel use many different types of measuring instruments. 电子技术人员使用许多不同类型的测量仪器。Some jobs require very accurate measurements while other jobs need only rough estimates. 一些工作需要精确测量面另一些工作只需粗略估计。Some instruments are used solely to determine whether or not a circuit is complete. 有些仪器被使用仅仅是确定线路是否完整。The most common measuring and testing instruments are voltage testers, voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, continuity testers, megohmmeters, wattmeters（功率计）, and watt-hour meters（电度表，电表）。最常用的测量测试仪表有：电压测试仪，电压表，欧姆表，连续性测试仪，兆欧表，瓦特表还有瓦特小时表。
All meters used for measuring electrical values are basically current meters. 所有测量电值的表基本上都是电流表。They measure or compare the values of current flowing through them. 他们测量或是比较通过他们的电流值。The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit. 这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。
1.1 SAFETY PRECAUTION安全预防
Correct meter connections are very important for the safety precaution of the user and for proper maintenance of the meters. 仪表的正确连接对于使用者的安全预防和仪表的正确维护是非常重要的。A basic knowledge of the construction and operation of meters will aid the user in making proper connections and maintaining them in safe working order. 仪表的结构和操作的基本知识能帮助使用者按安全工作程序来对他们正确连接和维护。
Many instruments are designed to be used on DC or AC only, while others can be used interchangeably. 许多仪表被设计的只能用于直流或只能用于交流，而其它的则可交替使用。Note: It is very important to use each meter only with the type of current for which the meter is designed. 注意：每种仪表只能用来测量符合设计要求的电流类型。Using a meter with an incorrect type of current can result in damage to the meter and may cause injury to the user. 如果用在不正确的电流类型中可能对仪表有危险并且可能对使用者引起伤害。
Some meters are constructed to measure very low values. 许多仪表被设计成只能测量很低的数值Other meters can measure extremely high values.还有些能测量非常大的数值。
CAUTION: Never allow a meter to exceed its rated maximum limit. 警告：仪表不允许超过它的额定最大值。The importance of never allowing the actual value to exceed the maximum value indicated on the meter can not be overemphasized. 不允许被测的实际数值超过仪表最大允许值的要求再强调也不过分。Exceeding maximum values can damage the indicating needle, interfere with proper calibration, and in some instances may cause the meter to explode, resulting in injury to the user. 超过最大值对指针有伤害，有害于正确校准，并且在某种情况下能引起仪表爆炸造成对作用者的伤害。Some meters are equipped with over correct protection. However, a current many times greater than the instrument’s design limit may still be hazardous. 许多仪表装备了过载保护。然而，通常情况下电流大于仪表设计的限定仍然是危险的。
2. Fundamentals of Solid-state Power Device固体功率器件的基本原理
In this chapter we focus on solid-state power devices, or power semiconductors,
only as they are being used in the power leads or power circuits to three-phase 460 V AC squirrel cage induction motors for either phase (voltage) control or frequency (speed) control. 本章将集中讨论固态功率器件或功率半导体器件，并且只研究它们在采用相控（电压控制）或频率控制（速度控制）的三相交流鼠笼式感应电机的功率电路中的应用。 2.2 SOLID-STATE POWER DEVICES固态功率器件
The five major types of power semiconductors used in solid-state AC motor control are: 有五种用于固体交流电机控制中的功率元器件：
Diodes二极管
Thyristors[e.g., silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs)] 晶闸管（例如：可控硅整流器SCR）
Transistors电子晶体管
Gate-turn-off thyristors门极可关断晶闸管（GTO）
Triacs 双向可控硅
SCRs and triacs are commonly used for phase controls. 晶闸管SCR和双向可控硅一般用于相位控制（相控）。Various combinations of diodes, SCRs, transistors, and GTOs are used for speed controls. 各种二极管，晶闸管SCR，电子晶体管，门极可关断晶闸管的联合体用于频控。The commonality of these devices is the use of crystals of silicon in the form of wafers that are layered so as to form various combinations of PN junction. 这些器件的共性是：利用硅晶体形成的薄片构成P-N结的各种组合。The P junction is usually called the anode and N junction is usually called the cathode for diodes, SCRs, and GTOs; the corresponding terms for transistors are collector and emitter. 对二极管，SCR， GTO一般P结叫正极N结叫负极；相应的电子晶体管叫集电极和发射极。The differences among these devices relate to how they go into and out of conduction and in their available ampere and voltage capabilities. 这些器件的区别在于导通和关断的方法及电流和电压的容量。 Let’s take a brief look at each of these devices in terms of these parameters. 让我们根据他们的参数简单看一下这些元器件。
3 Analog Electronics模拟电子
3.1 INTRODUCTION介绍
3.1.1 The Contrast between Analog and Digital Electronics模拟和数字电子学对照
We have already explored how transistors and diodes are used as switching devices to process information which is represented in digital form. 我们已经研究过三极管和二极管怎样作为开关器件用于处理以数字形式出现的信息。Digital electronics uses transistors as electrically controlled switches: transistors are either saturated or cut off. 数字电子学中，三极管用作电子控制开关：它不是饱和就是截止。The active region is used only in transition from one state to he other.（三极管的）动态区域仅用于从一种状态过渡到另一种状态。
By contrast, analog electronics depends on the active region of transistors and other types of amplifiers. 与之相对的是，模拟电子学依赖于三极管的动态区域和其它放大器的形式。The Greek roots of “analog” mean “in due ratio”, signifying in this usage that information is encoded into an electrical signal which is proportional to the quantity being represented. 希腊语词根“analog”的意思是“以一定的比例”，在这里表示信息被编码成为与表达量成正比的电信号。
In Fig.3.1 our information is some sort of music, originating physically in the
excitation and resonance’s of a musical instrument.在图3.1中，我们的信息是某种音乐，物理上由乐器的激励和共鸣产生。The radiated sound consists in the ordered movement of air molecules and is best understood ad acoustic waves. 辐射的声波由空气分子的有序运动组成，准确的理解为声波， These produce motion in the diaphragm of a microphone, which in turn produces an electrical signal. 它使话筒的振动膜移动，依次产生电信号。The variation in the electrical signal are a proportional representation of the sound waves. 电信号的变化与声波成比例。The electrical signal is amplified electronically, with an increase in signal power occurring at the expense of the input AC power to the amplifier. 电信号被用电子的方法放大，即利用输入放大器的交流电能将信号的功率放大。The amplifier output drives a recording head and produces a wavy groove on a disk. 放大器的输出驱动一个记录头，并且在一个圆盘上产生起伏的沟槽。If the entire system is good, every acoustic variation of the air will be recorded on the disk and, when the record is played back through a similar system and the signal reradiated ad sound energy be a loudspeaker, the resulting sound should faithfully reproduce the original music. 如果整个系统正常，每一次声波振动都会记录在圆盘上，并且当该记录通过类似的系统重放，信号以声能的形式从扬声器辐射出来，所产生的声音能忠实地重现原始音乐。
Electronic systems based on analog principles form an important class of electronic devices. 基于模拟原理的电子系统形成了一类重要的电子仪器。Radio and TV broadcasting are common examples of analog systems, as are many electrical instruments used in monitoring deflection (strain gages, for example), motion (tachometers), and temperature (thermocouples). 收音机和电视机的播放是模拟系统的典型例子，许多仪器也是模拟系统，它们的应用领域包括偏差检测（应变计量器）运动控制（测速仪）和温度测量（热电偶）。Many electrical instruments-voltmeters, ohmmeters, ammeters, and oscilloscopes-utilize analog techniques, at least in part. 许多电子仪器——电压表、电流计欧姆表、和示波器应用或至少是部分应用了模拟技术。
Analog computers existed before digital computers were developed. 模拟计算机在数字计算机成熟之前就已存在。In an analog computer, the unknowns in a differential equation are modeled with electrical signals. 在模拟计算中，用电信号模拟微分方程的未知量。Such signals are integrated, scaled, and summed electrically to yield solutions with modes effort compared with analytical or numerical techniques. 用电子的方法对这些信号积分、比例运算和求和以获得方程的解，比起解析或数值求解方法要容易一些。
4.1.1 What is a Digital Signal什么是数字信号
A Historical Example. 一个历史例子“Listen my children and you shall hear of the midnight ride of Paul Revere…”"听，我的孩子们，你们将会听到保罗·瑞维尔午夜策马飞奔的传奇，"According to Longfellow’s poem, Paul Revere was sent riding through the New England countryside by a signal from the bell tower of the Old North Church in Boston. 根据朗费罗的诗，保罗·瑞维尔通过波士顿老北教堂的钟楼那里给新英格兰农民发信号。（不写：如果英军今晚无论是从陆地还是从海上来犯，在老北教堂钟楼的拱门上高挂一盏灯笼作为信号）“One if by land and two if by sea.”。"一盏灯笼表示从陆地来，两盏灯笼表示从海上来"。That is, one light was to be displayed if the British forces were advancing toward Concord by the road from Boston, and two lights were to be displayed if they were crossing the Mystic River to take an indirect
route)那就是说，如果英国军队从波士顿陆地向康科德前进，展示一盏灯，如果他们穿过Mystic河走间接航线，两盏灯将被展示。
The message received by the Patriot was coded in digital form. 爱国者们收到的消息就是数字形式的编码。We would say today that the two“bits”of information were conveyed by the code(strictly speaking, two bits could indicate four possible message and would require distinguishable lights, say one red and one white). 我们今天将说这两个"位"的信息通过代码运传送(严格地说，二位能表明4个可能消息，并且要求可分辨的灯，一个红灯和一个白色的灯) .The first light signaled that the British were advancing. 第一个灯光通知英国军队正前进，The second light indicated by what route they were coming. 第2盏灯指示他们通过什么路线来。Because only two routes of advance were envisioned, this second bit of information could be interpreted as indicating one of the two routes. 因为想象只有两条路，信息的第二位能被解释为表明两条路线之一。
Information can be communicate in digital form if the massage is capable of being defined by a series of yes/no statements. 如果信息能被一系列的YES/NO所定义，信息就能以数字形式确定。There can be only two states of each variable used in conveying the information. 每个变量只可能有两种状态在传送信息方面使用。Reducing information to a series of yes/no statements might appear to be a severe limitation on this method, but the method is in fact quite powerful. 这种方法把信息简化为一系列是/不看起来有局限性，但是这种方法实际上十分有用。 Numbers can be represented in base 2 and the alphabet by a digital code. 数目可以以基数2表示，字母表可以表示成数字代码。Indeed, any situation with a finite number of outcomes can be reduced to a digital code. 的确，有限输出的任何情形都可以被简化成数字代码。 Specifically, n digital bits can represent 2∧n states of possible outcomes. 具体的，n位数字能描述成2∧n个可能状态。 Digital communication takes a well-defined code known to the parties at both ends, as in our historical example. 如同在我们的历史例子中，数字通讯能用明确定义的代码在两种情况下都通知到大家。
Analysis of the Revere Communication Code. 瑞维尔通讯码分析。In order to fix further the idea of digital information, we shall define two digital variables which describe the Paul Revere communication system, Let B describe whether the British are coming, and L describe the route by which they are coming, provide that they are coming. 为了更进一步确定数字的信息的概念，我们将定义两个来描述保罗瑞维尔通信系统的数字变量，让B描述是否英国人正来，并且L描述他们正来的路线。The mathematical variables, B and L, are unusual mathematical variables because each can have only two values. 数学变量，B和L，是不平常的数学变量，因为每一个只能有两个值。We may call those two values by any names we wish :yes /no, true/false, one/zero, high /low, even black/white.我们可以用我们希望的任何名字给两值命名：是/不，真/假，一/ 0，高/低，甚至黑色/白色。When this type of mathematics was used primarily for analysis of philosophical arguments through symbolic logic, the values of the variables were called true or false, according to the validity of the logical propositions being represented. 当这类数学被通过符号逻辑用于哲学论据分析时，变量的值被叫对还是错，根据逻辑命题被阐述的正确性。 Recently, the names one /zero have come to be preferred(首选的；优先的) by engineers and programmers dealing with digital codes. 近来，命名1/0已经开始被工程师和程序员(处理数字代码)更喜欢These names have the
obvious advantage of fitting with the binary (base2) number system for representation of numerical information, but these names occasionally lend confusion to the discussion of digital systems. 这种命名有明显的优势，适用于二进制数字系统(base2)处理数字信息，但是这些命名偶尔对数字系统的讨论造成混乱。Nevertheless, we shall use 1/0 of one/zero as our two possible states of the digital variables B and L. 虽然如此,我们将使用ONE/ZERO或1/0作为我们数字变量B和L的两种可能的状态Thus the definitions of B and L are B=1 B=0 L=1 L=0 if the British are coming if the British are not coming if coming by sea if coming by land因此B和L的定义是如果英国人将来，B = 1 如果英国人不来，B = 0 如果通过海上来，L = 1 如果由陆路来，L = 0
The first light (B)uniquely determines if he should ride. 第一个光(B) 唯一确定他是否骑马。 When the first light appears, he mounts his horse. 当第一光出现时，他骑上他的马。But he cannot leave until the second light (L) appears (or fails to appear), for the second light reveals the route of the British and hence defines in part the message to be announced. 但是他不能离开直到第2盏灯(L)出现(或者不出现) ,对于第2盏灯来说显示英国人的路线并且因此确定要被宣布的部分消息。Representing Digital Information Electrically. 用电力描述数字信息。In digital electronics, digital variables are represented by logic levels. 在数字电子方面，数字变量通过逻辑级描述。At any given time, a voltage is expected to have one value or another, or more precisely to lie within one region or another. 在任何规定时间，电压预计有一值或者另一个，或者更确切在一个范围内。In a typical system, a voltage between 0 and 0.8 V would be considered a digital zero, a voltage between 0.8-2 V would be forbidden; that is if the voltage fell within this range, you would known that digital equipment needs repair. 在一个典型系统里， 0和0.8 V之间的电压将被认为是数字的零，在0.8和2 V之间的电压将被禁止；如果电压属于这范围，你知道数字设备需要修理了。这些定义显示在图4.1中These definitions are shown in Fig.4.1. As an illustration of a digital circuit, we shall consider the amplifier-switch as a NOT circuit. 作为一个数字电路的插图，我们将考虑放大器开关作为一条非门电路。The output of a NOT circuit is the digital complement, or the opposite, of the input. 非电路的输出是输入数字的“反”或者“补码”。 First we shall represent the definition of the NOT circuit with a truth table. 首先我们将用一个真值表描述非电路的定义。This is shown in Fig.4.2: A represents the input, which may be either 1 or 0 ；B represent the output，which may also be 1 or 0，but depends upon the input. 这在图4.2显示：A描述输入，可能1或者0；B描述输出，也可能是1或者0，但是由输入决定。The NOT, or logical complement, operation is indicated algebraically by the equation under the truth table. 非或者逻辑补的操作，以真值表以下的那些方程式用代数方式被表达。
We shall now define logic levels for the amplifier-switch such that it performs the NOT function. 我们现在将确定放大器开关的逻辑级这样它能执行非的功能。 The input-output characteristic of the circuit is repeated in Fig.403. 电路的输入输出特性被在图4.3中重复。Clearly, we wish 10 V to be in the region for a 1 and 0.7 V to be in the region for a 0. 显然，我们希望10 V为1区域，0.7 V在 0区域。 That is if the input were 10 V (digital 1), the output should be less than 0.7V (digital 0), and vice versa（反之亦然）. 那就是说，输入是10 V(数字1) ,输出应该少于0.7 V(数
字0) ,反之亦然。 Hence we might consider making the region for a digital 0 to be from 0～1 V, and the region for a digital 1 to be, say, from 8～10 V. 因此，我们可能考虑数字0的范围从0-1V，数字1的范围大约从8 -10 V。This will work but leaves insufficient range for a working digital system. 这对一个工作的数字系统能很好工作，但是离开了能胜任的范围。That is, it is desirable to broaden the range of values in the regions for 1 and 0 to allow for variations in transistors, power supply voltage, noise that might get mixed in with the signal, and the like. 那就是说，希望扩展区域1和0的有效范围，以允许晶体管和电源电压的变化以及混杂在信号里的噪音等因素的影响。In the present case, we can by trail and error （试凑法） determine that the region 0～1.5 V as a digital 0 works well with 5～10 V as a digital 1; with these definitions the circuit operates as a NOT circuit, that is, it performs the logical complement。These logic levels are shown in Fig.4.4. 在目前例子中，我们能以错误操作的范围0-1.5 V作为数字0，好的操作范围5 -10 V作为数字1；即由于这些定义电路作为一条并非电路，即，它执行合乎逻辑的补足。这些逻辑级被用图4.4显示。
5 Introduction to Electrical Machines电机的介绍
5.1 Brief History of Electrical Machines电机的简要历史
Electrical machinery has been in existence for many years. 电机存在了多年。The applications of electrical machines have expanded rapidly since their first use many years ago. 从他们多年前的第一个使用，电机的应用已经迅速扩大了。At the present time, applications continue to increase at rapid rate. 目前，应用继续快速增加。
Thomas Edison is given credit for developing the concept of widespread generation and distribution of electrical power. 托马斯·爱迪生因为电力的普遍阶段和电力传输（配电）的概念的发展获得荣誉。He performed developmental work on direct-current (DC) generators which were driven by steam engines. 他对被蒸气机驱动的直流(DC)发电机进行了发展的工作。Edison’s work with electrical lights and power production led the way to the development of DC motors and associated control equipment. 爱迪生对电灯和电力产品的工作带来了直流电动机和相关控制设备的发展。
Most early discoveries related to electrical machinery operation dealt with direct-current systems. 大多数早期的发明都与处理直流电系统的电机操作有关。Alternating-current (AC) power generation and distribution became widespread a short time later. 交流电(AC)发电机和传输后来才变得广泛。The primary reason for converting to AC power production and distribution was that transformers could be used to increase AC voltage levels for long-distance distribution of electrical power. 转变为交流电能产生与传输的主要原因是变压器能升高交流电压电平以适适合电能的长距离传输。Thus the discovery of transformers allowed the conversion of power production and distribution systems form DC to AC systems. 因此，变压器的发明允许电能的产生与传输系统从DC到AC系统的变换。Presently, almost all electrical power systems produce and distribute three –phase alternating current. 目前，几乎所有电力系统产生与传输使用三相交流电。Transformers allow the voltage produced by an AC generator to be increased while decreasing the current level by a corresponding amount. 变压器允许交流发电机产生的电压在以相应数量级减少电流时被增加。This allows long-distance distribution at a reduced current level, reduces power losses, and increases system efficiency. 这样，允许在很低的电流下远距离传输，降低了电力损耗，增加系统效率。
The use of electrical motors has increased for home appliances and industrial and commercial applications for driving machines and sophisticated equipment. 电机的使用增加了家庭用具的使用，驱动电机和复杂设备的工业和商业上的应用也增加了。Many machines and automated industrial equipment now require precise control. 很多机器和自动化的工业设备现在需要准确的控制。Thus motor design and complexity has changed since early DC motors which were used primarily with railroad trains. 由于早期直流电动机主要用于铁路，因此，电动机设计和复杂性都改变了。Motor control methods have now become more critical to the efficient and effective operation of machines and equipment. 对机器和设备的经济性和有效操作来说，电动机控制方法现在已经变得更关键。Such innovations as servo control systems and industrial robots have led to new developments in motor design. 象伺服控制系统和工业机器人这样的革新，已经导致了在电机设计方面的新发展。
Our complex system of transportation has also had an impact on the use of electrical machines. 传输系统的复杂也已经对电机使用有影响。Automobiles and other means of ground transportation use electrical motors for starting and generators for their battery-charging systems. 汽车及其他地面交通工具采用电机启动，并用发电机对蓄电池充电。There has recently been emphasis in the development of electric motor-driven automobiles. 在电机驱动的汽车的发展过程中最近他们被强调了。Aircraft use electrical machines in ways similar to automobiles. 飞机用类似于汽车的方式使用电机。However, they also use sophisticated synchro and servo-controlled machines while in operation. 不过，他们也在运行中使用复杂的同步和伺服控制的机器。
7 Electrical Machine Control Systems电子设备控制系统
The previous chapters have dealt primarily with the types and characteristics of electrical machines. 先前的章节我们主要处理电子设备的类型和特性。This chapter provides an overview of several power control systems which are used with electrical machines.这个章节提供了几种用于电源控制的电子设备系统的概观。
7.1 CONTROL SYMBOLS控制符号It is necessary to become familiar with the electrical symbols which are commonly used with machine control systems. 熟悉一些常用在设备控制系统的电子符号是很必须的事。Some common machine control symbols are shown in Fig.7.1. 一些常用的设备控制符号如图7.1所示。
7.2 MACHINE CONTROL WITH SWITCHES开关控制设备
An important type of electrical machine control is the switch. 开关是一种重要
类型的电子控制设备。Many types of switches are used to control electrical machines. 有多种类型的开关用在控制电子设备。The function of a switch is to turn a circuit on or off; however, many more complex switch functions can be performed. 开关的功能是开断电路，但是还有很多的复杂的开关有更多的功能。
7.2.1 Toggle switches切换开关
Among the simplest type of switches are toggle switches. The symbols for several kinds of toggle switches are shown Fig.7.2.Notice the symbols that are used for various types of toggle switches. 在所有开关类型中切换开关是最简单的。几种不同的切换开关符号如图7.2所示。注意那些符号用于不同类型的切换开关
7.2.2 Pushbutton switches按压开关
Pushbutton switches are commonly used for machine control. 按压开关也很经常用于设备控制。Many machine control applications use pushbuttons as a means of starting,
stopping, or reversing a motor. 很多设备控制应用中使用按压开关作为一种电动机起动，停车，或是反转。 Pushbuttons are manually operated to close or open a machine control circuit. 按压开关能用手工地操作来闭合和断开设备控制电路。There are several types of pushbuttons used for of machines. 有几种类型的按压开关用于设备的控制。Pushbuttons are usually mounted in enclosures called motor control stations按压开关常常安放在被称为电机控制柜的柜子里。
Ordinarily, pushbuttons are either the normally closed (NC) or normally open (NO) types. 普遍地，按压开关有常开和常闭两种类型，However, there are a few modifications. 但是有一些调整。A normally closed pushbutton is closed until it is depressed manually and will open a circuit when it is depressed. 一个常闭按压开关是闭合的直到手工的按下，按下时断开电路。The normally open pushbutton is open until it is manually depressed and, then, once it is depressed, it will close a circuit. The “start” pushbutton of a motor control station is of NO type, while the “stop” switches of NC type. 常开按压开关是断开的直到手工的按下，按下是闭合电路。电机控制柜采用常开的按压类型来起动，而用常闭来停车
7.2.3 Rotary switches转动开关
Another common type of switch is the rotary switch. 另一种常用的开关类型是转动开关。Many different switching combinations can be wired by using a rotary switch. 许多不同的开关组合连线都是通过使用转动开关实现。The shaft of a rotary switch is attached to sets of stationary contacts.转动开关的轴附上一连串的动触点。These moving contacts touch different sets of stationary contacts which are mounted on ceramic segments when the rotary shaft is turned to different positions. 那些动触点不同于当转轴转到不同的位置时那些安放在绝缘瓷上的一连串固定的触点。The shaft can lock into place in an of several positions. 转轴可以锁在任何位置中的几个。Rotary switches are usually controlled by manually turning the rotary shaft clockwise or counterclockwise. 转动开关常常通过顺时针或是逆时针转动转轴来控制。A knob （旋钮）is normally fastened（固定） to the end of the rotary shaft to permit easier turning of the rotary shaft. 在转轴的末端常用一个旋钮来固定使得转轴的转向更容易。
7.2.4 Limit switches限位开关
Limit switches are merely on/off switches that use mechanical movement to cause a change in the operation of the electrical control circuit of a machine. 限位开关仅仅用于机械运动引起的电子设备控制电路的动作的变化的开断开关。The electrical current developed as a result of the mechanical movement is used to limit movement of the machine or to make some change in its operational sequence. 电流的变化导致机械运动被用于限制设备的动作或者是工作顺序的改变。Limit switches are often used in sequencing, routing（行程）, sorting（分类）, or counting（） operations in industry. 限位开关经常被用于工业上的排序、行程安排、分类、或者计数操作。Often, they are used in conjunction with hydraulic （流体的——液压的） or pneumatic（气动的） controls, electrical relays, or other motor-operated machinery such as drill presses（钻床）, lathes（车床）, or conveyor systems. 也常与液压、气动控制，继电器，或是和钻床压紧装置、车床、传输系统的电机操作机器配合使用。
In its most basic form, a limit switch converts mechanical motion into an electrical control current. 限位开关最基本的组成，一个限位开关能把机械动作转换成电子控制电流。Notice the cam, which is an external part that is usually mounted on a machine.
注意那个常安放在设备外部的凸轮。The cam applies force to an actuator of the limit switch. 凸轮提供了力给限位开关的执行部件。The actuator is the part of the limit switch that causes the internal NO or NC contacts to change state. 作为限位开关一部分的执行部件引起内部常开或常闭触点的状态改变。The actuator operates due to either linear or rotary motion of the cam, which applies force to the limit switch. 执行部件的动作是由给限位开关提供力的凸轮的平动或转动引起的。The other terms associated with limit switches are pretravel and overtravel. 其他与限位开关有关的术语是预冲程和过冲程。Pretravel is the distance that the actuator must move to change the normally open or normally closed state of the limit-switch contacts. 预冲程就是执行部件移动到限位开关常开或常闭触点状态改变的距离。Overtravel is the distance the actuator moves beyond the point where the contacts change state. 过冲程就是执行部件移动到超过触点状态改变的点的距离。Both pretravel and overtravel settings are important in machine setups where limit switches are used. 在限位开关使用的设备设置中，预冲程和过冲程的设定都是重要的。
7.2.5 Temperature switches温控开关
Temperature switches are common types of control devices. 温控开关是一种常用的控制设备类型。The control element of a temperature switch contains a specific amount of liquid. 温控开关的控制元素包含特殊定量的液体。The liquid increase in volume when temperature increases. 当温度增加时液体容积增加。Thus changes in temperature can be used to change the position of a set of contacts within the temperature-switch enclosure. 这样温度的改变可以用来改变在温控开关柜里的一连串触点的位置。Temperature switches may be adjusted throughout a range of temperature settings. 温控开关能适应整个温度设定范围内的温度。
8.1 Control Sensor 简介
In feedback control systems- plant response is measured and compared with a reference input and the error is automatically employed in controlling the plant. 在反馈控制系统中设备的响应被测量来跟设定输入比较，然后误差叠加到控制设备上。It follows that a measurement system is an essential component in any feedback control system and forms a vital link between the plant and the controller. 因此测量系统是一个基本的部分在任何反馈控制系统，在设备与控制器之间组成至关重要的联系。Measurements are needed in many engineering applications. 在很多电气应用需要测量变送。The measurement process has to he automated, however, in control systems applications. 无论如何，在控制应用系统中测量变送需要自动化。
A typical measurement system consists of one or more sensor-trans-ducer units and associated signal-conditioning and modification device. 一个典型的测试系统包含一个或多个传感器单元和与之相关的信号调理（和调整）设备。Filtering to remove unwanted noise and amplification to strengthen a needed signal are considered signal conditioning. 过滤掉不想要的噪声和放大增强需要的信号被称为信号调理。
Analog-to-digital conversion(ADC),digital-to-analog conversion(DAC),modulation and demodulation are signal modification methods. 模数转换，数模转换，调制和解调都是信号调整的方法。Note that signal conditioning can be considered under the general heading of signal modification. 注意信号调理被认为处于信号调整之前。Even though data recording is an integral function in a typical data acquisition system it is not a crucial function in a feedback control system. 即使数据采样是典型的
数据获得系统的集成功能部分，但在反馈控制系统中不是关键的功能。For this reason
,we shall not go into details of data recording devices in this book.由于这个原因，我们在这本书中不详细深入数据采样设备。In a multiple measurement environment ,a multiplexer could be employed prior to or following the signal-conditioning process, in order to pick one measured signal at a time from a bank of data channels for subsequent processing. 在多元的测试环境中，一个多路开关用在处理信号调理过程之前或之后。为了在同一时间从随后的一连串通道进程中挑选一个测试信号。In this manner one unit of expensive processing hardware can be time-shared between several signals 通过这种方法，一个昂贵的硬件处理单元可以在让几个信号分时复用。Sensor-transducer devices are predominantly analog components that generate analog signals,even though direct digital transducers are becoming increasingly popular in digital control applications. 传感器设备主要使用模拟元件来产生模拟信号，甚至在数字控制应用中直接使用数字传感器变得越来越流行。When analog transducers are employed analog-to-digital converters ADCs have to be used to convert analog signals into digital data for digital control. 当使用模拟传感器进行数字控制，模数转换器把模拟信号转换为数字数据。This signal modification process requires sampling of analog signals at discrete time points. 信号的调整过程需要在离散的时间点采样模拟信号。Once a value is sampled, it is encoded into a digital representation such as straight binary code, a gray code, binary-coded decimal BCD code or American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII. 一旦一个数值被采集，它被编码成数字表示比如：二进制码，格雷码，BCD码(二进制编码的十进制)，或是ASCII码（美国标准信息交换码），The changes in an analog signal due to its transient nature should not affect this process of ADC. 模拟信号的改变是由于它的短暂不足以影响模数转换的过程。
To guarantee this, a sample-and-hold operation is required during each sampling period. 为了保证这样，在每个采样期间都需要一个采样保持器。For example the value of an analog signal is detected in the beginning of each sampling period and is assumed constant throughout the entire sampling period比如，一个模拟信号在每个采样开始期间被采集并且假定在整个采样过程中一直保持。This is, in fact
, the zero-order hold operation. 事实上，这就是零阶保持器。The operation of multiplexing sampling and digitizing have to be properly synchronized under the control of an accurate timing device for proper operation of the control system. 对于正常的控制系统，在精确控制定时设备（时钟）中，多元的操作，采样和数字化都同步进行。This procedure is shown schematically in Fig.8.2. 这个过程如8.2原理图所示。
All devices that assist in the measurement procedure can be interpreted as components of the measurement system. 所有参与测量过程的设备可以被解释成测量系统的元件。Selection of available components for a particular application or design of new components should rely heavily on performance specification for these components. 在特殊的应用或是新元件的设计中选择合理的元件很大一部分应该依靠那些元件的性能参数。A great majority of instrument ratings provided by manufacturers are in the form of static parameters. 大部分仪器厂家提供的是静态参数In control applications, however, dynamic performance specifications are also very important. 然而，在控制应用中，动态参数说明书也是非常重要的
When two or more components are interconnected the behavior of individual components
in the overall system can deviate significantly from their behavior when each component operates independently. 当两个或更多的元件连接在一起，在整个系统中单个元件的性能可能会与他们单独使用时的性能有所不同。Matching of components in a multicomponent system, particularly with respect to their impedance characteristics should be done carefully in order to improve system performance and accuracy. 在一个多元件系统中，为了提高系统的性能和精确性，尤其考虑到阻抗特性，元件的匹配应该用心对待。
9 Introduction of Computer nets 计算机网络介绍
Each of the past three centuries has been dominated by a single technology. 独立技术已经支配了过去3个世纪中的每一个。The 18th century was the era of the great mechanical systems accompanying the Industrial Revolution. 18世纪是伴随工业革命的大机械系统的时间。The 19th century was the age of the steam engine. 19世纪是蒸气机的时代。During the 20th century, the key technology was information gathering, processing, and distribution. 在20世纪，关键技术是信息的收集，处理，以及分配（分类）。Among other developments, we saw the installation of worldwide telephone networks, the invention of radio and television, the birth and unprecedented growth of the computer industry, and the launching of communication satellites. 在其他发展中，我们已经看见全世界电话网络的安装，收音机和电视的发明，计算机工业的诞生和空前的发展，以及通信卫星的发射.
Due to rapid technological progress, these areas are rapidly converging ，and the differences between collecting, transporting, storing, and processing information are quickly disappearing. 由于技术的快速进步，这些领域正在快速融合。信息的收集、传送、存储和处理之间的区别正在迅速消失。Organizations with hundreds of offices spread over a wide geographical area routinely expect to be able to examine the current status of even their most remote outpost at the push of a button. 拥有数百遍布世界各地的办公室的组织，通常期望只按一下按钮，即使他们在最遥远的村落也能检查当前工作状态。As our ability to gather, process, and distribute information grows, the demand for ever more sophisticated information processing grows even faster. 作为我们收集，处理，分配信息的才能的增长，更复杂信息处理的那些需求更迅速的增长了。Although the computer industry is still young compared to other industries (e.g., automobiles and air transportation), computers have made spectacular progress in a short time. 虽然计算机工业与其他工业相比很年轻(例如,汽车和空运) ,在很短的时间内计算机工业已经取得壮观的进步。During the first two decades of their existence, computer systems were highly centralized, usually within a single large room. 在他们存在的前两十年期间，计算机系统是高度集中的，通常在一个单独的大房间内。Not infrequently, this room had glass walls, through which visitors could gawk at the great electronic wonder inside. 通常，这个房间有玻璃墙，参观者能通过它看到里面的电子奇迹。A medium-sized company or university might have had one or two computers, while large institutions had at most a few dozen. 一个中型公司或者大学可能有一两个计算机，而大机构有至少几打。The idea that within twenty years equally powerful computers smaller than postage stamps would be mass produced by the millions was pure science fiction. 在20年内，比邮票还要小的同样大功率的计算机将会成千上万的大量生产，是纯粹的科学幻想。
The merging of computers and communications has had a profound influence on the way
computer systems are organized. 计算机与通信的合并已经对电脑系统组织的方式有深远的影响。The concept of the ''computer center'' as a room with a large computer to which users bring their work for processing is now totally obsolete. 一台大型计算机充斥一个房间给用户处理他们的工作，这样的"计算机中心"的概念，现在完全是过时的。The old model of a single computer serving all of the organization's computational needs has been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job. 为组织内部所有的计算需求提供服务的旧的单机模式已经被另一个模式替换，在这个模式中，由许多独立的但又相互联系在一起的计算机完成工作任务。These systems are called computer networks. 这些系统被叫为计算机网。The design and organization of these networks are the subjects of this chapter.这些网络的设计和组织是这章的主题。
we will use the term ''computer network'' to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology. 我们将使用"计算机网络"这个术语，来表达自治计算机的相互连接的集合。Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exc hange information. 如果两台计算机之间能交换信息，也可以说他们是互连的。The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwav es, infrared, and communication satellites can also be used. 连接不一定非要通过铜线，光纤，微波，通信卫星也能被使用。By requiring the computers to be autonomous, we wish to exclude from our definition systems in which there is a clear master/slave relation. If one computer can forcibly start, stop, or control another one, the computers are not autonomous. 通过需要计算机是自治的，我们希望从我们定义的系统中排除哪一个有清楚的主/从关系，如果一台计算机能强迫启动，停止，或者控制另一个，计算机不是自治的。A system with one control unit and many slaves is not a network; nor is a large computer with remote printers and terminals. 有一个控制单元和很多从属机器的系统不是一个网络；有远程打印机和终端的大型计算机也不是。There is considerable confusion in the literature between a computer network and a distributed system. 在计算机网络和分布系统之间在文献（资料）上相当混乱。The key distinction is that in a distributed system the existence of multiple autonomous computers is transparent to the user. 在分布系统内关键区别是,那些存在的多自治计算机对用户是透明的。He can type a command to run a program, and it runs. 他能键入一个命令运行程序，并且运行它。It is up to the operating system to select the best processor, find and transport all the input files to that processor, and put the results in the appropriate place. 选择最好的处理器是操作系统的责任，发现并且把全部输入的文件传送到处理器，并且把结果放进合适的地方。
In other words, the user of a distributed system is not aware that there are multiple processors; it looks like a virtual uniprocessor. 换句话说，一个分布系统的用户不会意识到有多台处理器；它看起来象实际上的单处理机。Allocation of jobs to processors and files to disks, movement of files between where they are stored and where they are needed, and all other system functions must be automatic. 处理器的工作分配和文件存入磁盘，文件在他们被储存的地方和需要的地方的运动，心脏全部其他系统函数都必须是自动的。
With a network, users must explicitly log onto one machine, explicitly submit jobs remotely, explicitly move files around and generally handle all the network
management personally. 对于一个网络，用户必须明确地登录到一台机器，明确地远程提交作业，明确地移动文件并且一般亲自处理全部网络管理。With a distributed system, nothing has to be done explicitly; it is all automatically done by the system without the users' knowledge. 对于一个分布系统，没有什么必须被要求去做；不依赖于用户的知识，它全部自动通过系统做了。
In effect, a distributed system is a software system built on top of a network. 实际上，一个分布系统是在一个网络之上建造的一个软件系统。The software gives it a high degree of cohesiveness and transparency. 软件给它一种高度的内聚性（粘结性）和透明度。Thus the distinction between a network and a distributed system lies with the software (especially the operating system) rather than with the hardware. 因此在一个网络和分布系统之间的区别在于软件(特别是操作系统) ,而不是硬件。Nevertheless, there is considerable overlap between the two subjects. 虽然如此，在两个主题之间有相当多的重叠。For example, both distributed systems and computer networks need to move files around. The difference lies in who invokes the movement, the system or the user.例如，分布系统和计算机网都需要移动文件。差别在于谁产生运动，系统还是用户。
翻译基本理论知识
翻译概述（1） 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠："漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"（谭载喜：《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司，1984，p.10）。翻译虽为个体所承作，却是一种社会活动，一门综合性很强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言，翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步，这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言，翻译是人类社会活动的产物，具有很强的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的；翻译理论产生于翻译实践，反过来又指导实践，实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说，没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生；没有翻译理论作为指导，翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此，学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习，又要加强翻译实践；理论联系实际，这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要，因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通，而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner和张培基所说的那样：Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思想，促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段，
高三英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析
高三英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．她五年前开始拉小提琴。(play) 2．由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。(owing) 3．每位设计师都希望自己的作品能经受时间的考验。(stand) 4．能否抵御网络游戏的诱惑是摆在中学生面前的一道难题。(It) 5．在展览会上，公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate) 【答案】 1．She began to play the violin five years ago. 2．Owing to bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours. 3．Every designer hopes that his work can stand the test of time. 4．It is a difficult problem for high school students whether they can resist the temptation of online games. 5．At the exhibition, the company’s sales manager demonstrated the new type of electronic toys (which/that) children were looking forward to. 【解析】 1．根据“五年前”确实时态，可知用一般过去时，注意短语play the violin。 【考点定位】考查动词时态、习语及表达能力。 2．根据提示词可知，由于译为：owing to ，此处to是介词。注意用被动语态，因为航班被推迟。 【考点定位】考查介词短语及被动语态。 3．此句希望（hope）是谓语动词，后接宾语从句。时态用一般现在时。 【考点定位】考查宾语从句及时态。 4．此句it是形式主语，whether引导主语从句，时态一般现在时。短语：抵御诱惑resist the temptation。 【考点定位】考查主语从句及形式主语it的用法。 5．注意句子结构的安排，“孩子们翘首以盼的”应译为定语从句。时态用一般过去时。 【考点定位】考查定语从句及相关短语的表达。 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．熬夜大大影响健康。(affect) _________________________ 2．等他明年回来，这个体育馆就建好了。(by the time) _________________________ 3．从长远来看，你的知识面越广，就越有能力应付工作中的问题。(capable)
全新版大学英语-2-英语短语翻译整理
Unit 1 Ⅰ. Useful Expressions 1. 被系在…上be attached to… 2. 探索行为exploratory behavior 3. 偶尔on occasion 4. 父母的责任parental duties 5. 揭示，阐明throw light on 6. 最终目的an ultimate purpose 7. 要做的动作desired action 8. 所希望的结果desirable outcome 9. 关键critical point 10. 育儿观 value of child rearing 11. 弥补某种错误行为making up for a misdeed 12. 回想起来in retrospect 13. 善意的well-intentioned 14. 前来帮助某人come to sb.’s rescue 15. 极其熟练、温和地with extreme facility and gentleness 16. 适用于apply to 17. 发展到evolve to 18. 发展创造力promote creativity 19. 值得追求的目标worthwhile goals Ⅵ. Sentence Translation 1. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing. (=然而，我和艾伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。) 2. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot. (=他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。) 3. I soon realized that this incident was directly relevant to our assigned tasks in China: to investigate the ways of early childhood education (especially in the arts), and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity. (=我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育（尤其是艺术教育）的方式，揭示了中国人对创造性活动的态度。) 4. 我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。(= With a few exceptions my Chinese colleagues displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel.)
最新英语翻译练习题20篇
最新英语翻译练习题20篇 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed) 2．将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to) 3．没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than) 4．家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear) 5．虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn) 【答案】 1．I’m accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep. 2．It’s up to you what kind of life will lead in the future. 3．There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme. 4．Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen. 5．While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers. 【解析】试题分析： 1．翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be accusto med to doing“习惯于做……”。 2．这句话使用了句型：It’s up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。 3．这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。 4．这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do. 5．这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。 考点：考查翻译句子 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．今年元旦我们玩得很开心。(enjoy) 2．舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate) 3．经过多年的建设，这个小镇现在和地震前一样充满了活力。(as...as) 4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(familiar) 5．她一看完那个关于已灭绝物种的电视节目，就立志加入野生动物保护组织。(No sooner)【答案】
专业知识与翻译
PPT: 第二页： When you have already acquired a good ability in translation, it’s important for you to storage professional knowledge in mind as more as possible. 1.In financial field: when it comes to 供给and 需求，we say supply and demand in stead of provision and need。 第三页 2.After this week’s disappointing economic figures, China’s central bank said Saturday that it would reduce the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves. If you have some specific professional knowledge, you know what does“the share of deposits banks must set aside as reserves”mean the moment you see the expression. It means“存款准备金”which is given to the central bank by commercial bank. 3.. The financial futures and options markets which now encircle the globe have risk as their keynote. How to translate “financial futures”and “options markets”？ It means “期货”and “期权”。So it can be translated into“金融期货与期权是目前全球范围内最具冒险性的金融衍生产品”。 第四页：with the development of science and technology , more and more materials concerning science and technology are required to be translated, which puts a high demand on us translators. 1. For example, in scientific and technological area: bedplate has a lot of meanings,such as“底座”、“机座”、“座板”、“底板” 在Cylinder block and bedplate are made of cast-iron．(气缸体和底座均由铸铁制成)句中，we translate “bedplate”to“底座”，it is because in diesel engine，“bedplate”means“底座”或“机座”，not“底板”。However,this sentence: The frame may or may not be provided with a bedplate．(机座可连同底板供应，也可不带底板)，“bedplate”should be translated into “底板”，because底板is a part of electrical machine. 2. In scientific English, different words may have the same meaning. In radio technology, vacuum tube，electron tube名称不同，实际上是同一件东西，如果不知道这一点，而是分别译为“真空管”和“电子管”，译文势必引起混乱。又如比较常见的“AC generator”和“ahemator”都指交流发电机。
高中英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题
高中英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：翻译句子 1．只有当我们了解了不同的肢体语言我们才可以很好地跟人们交流。(only＋状语从句) ________________________________________________________________________ 2．这就是我们未来的生活。(what引导的名词性从句) ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1． Only when we have mastered the different body languages can we communicate well with them. 2． This is what our life will be like in the future. 【解析】 【分析】 本大题为根据括号内的要求把汉语句子翻译成英语。翻译时尽可能地精确，按照要求翻译还要注意某些特殊的语法项目。如倒装句式等。 1．考查倒装句式。本大题要求用only+状语从句来翻译。Only+状语从句置于句首，主句要部分倒装。因此本句要翻译成部分倒装。同时要注意运用短语如肢体语言可译成“body languages”，与某人交流可译为“ communicate with”。因此本句可译为Only when we have mastered the different body languages can we communicate well with them。 2．考查由what引导的名词从句。分析句子可知，本句是一个表语从句，表语从句中的介词like缺少宾语，可用what引导。因此本句可译为：This is what our life will be like in the future. 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．熬夜大大影响健康。(affect) _________________________ 2．等他明年回来，这个体育馆就建好了。(by the time) _________________________ 3．从长远来看，你的知识面越广，就越有能力应付工作中的问题。(capable) _________________________ 4．据信，过分溺爱孩子会不知不觉地造成孩子的坏脾气，甚至缺乏自理能力。(It) _________________________ 【答案】 1．Staying up late affects one’s health greatly. 2．By the time he comes back next year, the stadium will have been set up. 3．In the long run, the wider range of knowledge you have, the more capable you are of dealing
英语翻译——笔记整理及单词概述
考研翻译重点词汇 Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象 adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速， n.接受速成教育的学生 Account (1)看法,认识 (2)解释,说明 Account for 占…(多大)比重; 解释, 说明 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt 获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获， Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进， vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce ）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称 advantage in ，守方所得则称 advantage out ） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数 vi.合计，共计 An immense amount of … 大量 An amount of … 一些 A certain amount of … 某些 Analogous 与…类似, 与…相似 And 而, 然而 Apply … to … ≈ lie with 存在于,发生于 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近； vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理； n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的； vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论； vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生； vi.起身，起来，起立 As 译为 (1) 像, 如 ; (2) 作为 As … as (比较的两者要一致) = not so … as 译成:“… 和 … 一样 ” As is mentioned above 如上所述, (如上所示,如图所示---作文可以写) Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，认定, 臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职 Attempt n.尝试，企图vt.尝试，企图 Augment vt.增加，提高，扩大； n.增加，提高，扩大 Availability n.可用性，有效性，实用性 Base n.基础，底座，基地，根据地 vt.把…建立在，以…为基础 Behavioral adj.动作的，行为方面的 Big bang 大爆炸理论 Branch n.树枝，枝条，支，分科，分系； vi.出枝，树叉 Breakthrough : 突破 Break prison (监狱)越狱 Break out v. 爆发 Out break: n. 爆发
英语翻译练习二十天(26-50)
26.我们产品质量的提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。(owe…to) The rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of the equipment. 考点一：将某事物归因、归原或归功于某人（某事物）（owe sth. to sb./sth.）e.g. He owes his success more to luck than to ability. 他认为他的成功是靠运气而不是因为自己有能力。 考点二：我们产品质量的提高（the rise in the quality of our products） e.g.The rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of the equipment. 27. 尽管他是个残疾人，他把全部精力投入到全心全意为人民服务之中。(in spite of) In spite of the fact that he was disabled, he devoted all his energy to serving the people heart and soul. 考点一：in spite of sth. 不可以直接跟从句 考点二：devote oneself/sth. to sb./sth.【为某人/某事物付出（时间、精力等）；向某人/某事物奉献（时间、精力等）】 e.g. devote all one’s efforts to one’s task（全力以赴地工作） 28. 和你一起工作的这位教授非常固执，与他争论没有意思。（point） The professor who is working with you is very stubborn. There is no point in arguing with him. 考点一：做…没有意思（there is no point in doing sth.) 考点二：stubborn的拼写 29. 在过去的20年里，中国发生了巨大的变化，但在教育领域还有许多地方有待改进。(remain) In the past 20 years, great changes have taken place in China, but much remains to be improved in education. 考点一：在过去的20年里（in the past 20 years）,须搭配现在完成时 考点二：take place只有主动语态 考点三：remain的意思是“留待以后去看、去做、去说等”。 e.g. Much remains to be done.要做的事情还很多。 30. 直到去年12月底，校长才宣布已有80名学生被北京大学录取。（It） It was not until the end of last December that the headmaster announced 80 students had been admitted to Beijing University. 考点一：not until的强调句，可用It was not until…that sb. did sth.。 考点二：被大学录取（be admitted to…）。 31. 外面噪音太大，委员会成员不能专注于发生在太空旅行期间的那个具有历史意义的事件。(with) With so much noise outside, the members of the committee couldn’t concentrate on the historic event which happened during the space travel. 考点一：with的用法。外面噪音太大（with so much noise outside） 考点二：专注于（concentrate on/focus one’s attention on） 考点三：具有历史意义的事件（the historic event）.
翻译基础知识
翻译基础知识 一、翻译的分类 1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）、语符翻译（inersemiotic translation）。 2.按翻译主体的性质，可分为人工翻译、机器翻译（Machine Translation）两类。 3.按翻译的工具和成品形式，可分为口译和笔译。 4.按翻译的客体，亦即所译资料的性质，可分为文学翻译（literal translation）和实用翻译（pragmatic translation）。 二、译家译论 1.支谦：在三国时期，支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨，不加文饰”的译经原则。 2.道安：晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出，“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句， 余尽实录。”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多，最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。其意思是，翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目，有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的，因此必须慎之又慎。 3.彦琮：北朝末年及隋初，彦琮著《辨证论》，它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论，他主张译经 “宁贵朴而近理，不用巧而背源”。可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。 4.玄奘：唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是：“既须求真，又须喻俗”。“求真”即追求准确，要力求“忠 实原作”，这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。同时必须“喻俗”，亦即使群众理解，这就是说要“通顺”。玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。 5.马建忠：清末，马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说：“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之 文字，深嗜笃好，字栉句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同异之故。所有当相之实义，委曲推究，务审其声音之高下，析其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥折之所由然。” 6.林纾：林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情，译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵 相交流。 7.鲁迅：鲁迅在《且介亭杂文二集》里说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一 则保存着原作得丰姿”。也就是说既要通顺，又要忠实。所谓忠实，是指内容上的“信”；所谓通顺，是指表达上的“顺”。 8.茅盾：文学翻译的目标是“艺术创造性翻译”——用一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使 读者读译文时能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。 9.钱钟书：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文 习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的‘投胎转世’，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。” 10.傅雷：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”“两国文字词类的不 同，句法构造的不同，文法与习惯的不同，修辞格律的不同，俗语的不同，即反映民族思想方式的不同，感觉深浅的不同，观点角度的不同，风俗传统信仰的不同，社会背景的不同，表现方法的不同。以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点，必须像伯乐相马，要“得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”。而即使最优秀的译文，其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。翻译时只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。”
【英语】 高考英语翻译专项训练100(附答案)及解析
【英语】高考英语翻译专项训练100(附答案)及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate tbe following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．我们打篮球的时间到了。 (time) 2．他设法把游客及时送到了机场。 (manage) 3．你今晚能来参加我的生日聚会? (possible) 4．应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage) 5．我对学生所谈的电子产品一无所知，我发现自己落伍了。(ignorant) 6．尽管遭受如重的自然灾害，但只要不灰心，我们终会克服暂时的困难。(Although...) 【答案】 1．It’s time for us to play basketball. 2．He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 3．Is it possible for you to attend my birthday party this evening? 4．Young people should be encouraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points. 5．Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about, I find myself left behind. 6．Although we are suffering such a severe natural disaster, we will eventually overcome the temporary difficult as long as we don’t lose heart. 【解析】 1．考查time的用法。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，it is time for sb to do sth “该到某人做某事了”。为固定句型。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：It’s time for us to play basketball。2．考查manage的用法和一般过去时。分析句子可知，本句为一般过去时，manage to do sth“设法做某事”为固定短语。in time“ 及时”为介词短语，在句中作状语。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time。 3．考查possible的用法和一般现在时。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，it is possible for sb to do sth “ 某人做某事是可能的”，it作为形式主语完成整个句子，不定式作为真正主语。再根据其它汉语提示。故翻译为：Is it possible for you to attend my birthday party this evening? 4．考查encourage的用法。encourage sb. to do sth.的被动语态形式就是sb. be encouraged to do sth.另外，此题还考查短语according to（按照）和strong points(长处，特长)。再根据其它提示。故翻译为：Young people should be encouraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points。 5．考查形容词短语作状语、定语从句以及find的用法。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，主语为I ，谓语为find， find oneself done表示“发现自己被…”,left behind是“被落在后面了”作宾语补足语。Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about 为形容词短语作原因状语从句。products 为先行词，在后面的定语从句中，作talk about的
英语四级翻译整理
【翻译原文】 自上世纪90年代后期起，七夕节(the Double SeventhFestival )开始被称为“中国的情人节”。这个节日可以追溯到汉朝，当时对恋人、女孩都是个特殊的日子。这天，女孩会举行仪式，向织女(Zhinv)乞求智慧、技艺和美满婚姻，所以七夕节还被称为“乞巧节(the Begging for SkillsFestival)”。如今，一些传统习俗已经弱化。人们现在把七夕节当作浪漫的情人节来庆祝，尤其是在年轻人中间。 【参考译文】 The Double Seventh Festival has been called ChineseValentine's Day since the late 1990s. The festival canbe traced back to the Han Dynasty. It was then aspecial day not only for lovers, but also for girls.Girls would hold a ceremony to beg Zhinv forwisdom, skills and a satisfying marriage. So it is also called “the Begging for Skills Festival”.Today some traditional customs have been weakened. Now the festival is celebrated as aromantic valentine's day, particularly among young people. 【翻译原文】 腊八节(the Laba Festival)在农历最后一个月的第八天庆祝，标志着春节庆祝活动的开始。“腊”指“腊月(the 12thlunar month)”，是农历第十二个月，“八”指的是数字8。腊八节通常在1月中旬。大多数汉族人遵循腊八节喝腊八粥(Laba rice porridge)的习俗。腊八粥最早在宋朝传入中国。据史料记载，一些大型寺庙会为穷人提供腊八粥来表达对佛祖(Buddha)的虔诚。明朝时，腊八粥成为皇帝在此节日赏赐群臣的神圣食物。 【参考译文】 Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of thelast lunar month, marking the beginning ofcelebrating the Chinese Spring Festival. La means the12th lunar month and ba means the number eight.The date usually falls in mid-January. The majorityof people from Han nationality has followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on theLaba Festival. Laba rice porridge was first introduced to China in the Song Dynasty. Accordingto historical records, some large temples would offer the poor Laba rice porridge to show theirfaith to Buddha. In the Ming Dynasty, it became a holy food that emperors would use to awardtheir officials on the festival. 【翻译原文】 早在公元前200年中国人就开始食用面条，它在中国饮食中占据重要的地位，种类繁多，如鸡蛋面、米粉(rice noodles)，绿豆(mung bean )面和小麦面。在中国北方地区，小麦面条作为主食(staple food)比人米吃得多。米粉则在南方地区更普遍。中国面条有不同的宽度和厚度，似通常都较长，因为中国人认为这象征着长寿，因此面条经常出现在生日庆祝活动中，被称为长寿面(longevity noodles)。 【参考译文】 Noodles were eaten by Chinese as early as 200 BCand occupy an important position in Chinese food.It has many kinds, such as egg noodles, ricenoodles, mung bean noodles and wheat noodles. Inthe northern regions of China, wheat noodles arethe staple food and eaten more than rice. Rice noodles are more commonly consumed insouthern China. Chinese noodles are of varying width and thickness, but they are usually longbecause they
英语翻译练习题20篇及解析
英语翻译练习题20篇及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brakes. 1．网球运动在上海越来越流行了。（popular） 2．我认为你们的建议和他们的一样有价值。（as…as） 3．只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。（keep） 4．为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍。（memory） 5．过了三天她才想起把雨衣忘在语言实验室了。（remember） 6．尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，试试救援。（despite） 【答案】 1．Tennis is getting more and more popular in Shanghai. 2．I think your suggestion is as valuable as theirs. 3．Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night. 4．A film will be made/ shot in memory of those brave fire fighters. 5．It was three days later that she remembered leaving/having left her raincoat in the language lab. 6．Despite the high mountains and thick forests, the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescue/to carry out the rescue. 【解析】 【分析】 翻译题要力争做到译文的正确、准确、地道三个要求。正确就是译文没有明显的语言错误，准确是指考生能运用合适的词汇和句式完整的表述原意，地道是指译文不但无语言错误，而且用此选句符合英语习惯，意义表达生动灵活。所以，做翻译题时要综合运用词句知识，注意词汇的习惯搭配和句子时态、语态、人称和句式的选择。 1．表示“越来越……”，英语的表达方式为“比较级+and+比较级用于进行时里中。 2．表示“与……一样……”应该用“as+ adj./adv原级+as…”结构。 3．本句要注意两点：1. 动名词用作主语的用法；2. keep + sb./sth. + adj (做宾补)使……保持某种状态。 4．“为了纪念……”应选用“in the memory of”固定短语来表达。 5．解答本题要注意两点：1. 强调句型的运用；2. remember doing sth.记住做过某事。6．本句较为复杂，除了掌握despite作为介词可以接名词构成介词短语作状语外，还要注意句中谓语动词的准确选择和时态的确定，最后还要注意“实施援救”这一目的状语的表达。 2．高中英语翻译题：翻译句子 1．只有当我们了解了不同的肢体语言我们才可以很好地跟人们交流。(only＋状语从句) ________________________________________________________________________