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英语四级汉译英

英语四级汉译英
英语四级汉译英

汉译英

--目的,要求和评分

第一部分: 概述

一、主要目的

1996年以前,全国大学英语四级考试的阅读理解部分一直采用多项选择题型,不能真实地反映考生的水平,不能较好地检测考生是否真正地理解了原文。因此,全国大学英语考试委员会决定在阅读理解部分增设英译汉翻译题,其主要目的在于考核考生对英语书面材料的确切理解能力, 促使学生提高英语的实际动手能力。这无疑给考生提出了更高的要求。

1999年新修订的《大学英语教学大纲》对基础阶段(l~2年级)学生的翻译能力(英译汉)具体要求如下:“能借助词典将难度略低于课文的英语短文译成汉语,理解正确,译文达意,译速为每小时300个英语单词。”

二、具体要求

英译汉一般安排在阅读理解部分之后,每次共4至5题。分别从4篇文章中分别选择1个或2个句子组成,要求考生在15分钟之内将它们译成汉语,每题2分,共计10分。

因此,翻译时考生需参阅整篇文章的大意,理解上下文,以便更好地传达原意。

三、评分标准

根据最新的全国大学英语四级考试大纲公布样题的评分标准,每道英译汉题为2分,具体细化为4个部分,1.5分判给题中3个必须翻译正确的语言点,另外O.5分判给整句翻译的语言结构。

例如:And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.

第二节答题步骤

英译汉的步骤主要可分为理解、表达和校正3步。理解是表达的基础,表达是双语转换的体现,二者不可分割,没有准确的理解就没有顺畅的表达。尽管全国大学英语四级考试时间比较紧,但校正仍是不可省略的一步。

一、理解

首先是理解句子所关联的主题。由于英译汉翻译题的选句是从语篇中划出句子,其内容必然关联主题。

因此,必须对文章有一个准确的理解。对原文作透彻的理解是翻译的关键。因此必须注意下面几点:

1、理解语言现象

在翻译时学生应该依据上下文来理解原文的词汇含义,句法结构和惯用法等。例如:For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession.

对我来说,教书是一个会令人熬红眼睛,手掌出汗,精神沮丧的职业。

从上下文来看,sinking-stomach 不是指从事教书这个职业就会得胃下垂这种病,而是说明作者的精神状态,所以译成“精神沮丧的”。

2、理解逻辑关系

为了透彻理解原文,同学们还要有联系地理解原文中词,词组和句子。有时他们有几种意思,此时要根据上下文仔细地推敲,决定哪一种是确切的译法。

例如:

Let me care for your house while you are away. 在此句中“care for”应该译成“照看,照料”。

I care for classical music. 在此句中“care for”应该译成“喜欢”。

二、表达

有了正确的理解才有可能进行正确的表达。表达实质上就是把所理解的内容在头脑中进行转换,寻找恰当的汉语词语表示出来。在表达上还有一些具体方法和技巧, 在后面的讲解中我们会提到。

三、校改

校改是前面两个阶段的进一步深化,是对原文理解进行进一步核实、推敲的阶段。

校改在翻译过程中相当重要,通过校改,往往可以发现译文中存在的偏差,只有这样才能确保考出好成绩。校改的内容包括译词的错漏或不够准确,笔误,错别字,标点符号等。

第三节使用适当的翻译技巧

不同的语言各有其特点和形式。在词汇,语法,惯用法,表达方面有相同之处,也有相异之处。英译汉的一切翻译理论,方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上。

因此在翻译的过程中,很自然地要用到一些翻译技巧。学生应该掌握一些基本的翻译方法。在平时学习时,要有意识、有计划地进行这方面的训练。下面就提醒同学注意一些基本的翻译技巧。

一、在词汇方面要注意如下几个问题:

1、词义的选择

英语与汉语一样,一词多义的现象很普通,必须依靠分析词语的搭配来确定该词在上下文中的特定含义,才不会出现理解错误,造成翻译失误。例如:

I have an account in the Midland Bank.

在该句中,account的意思是“帐户”。

This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation.

在该句中,account的意思是“描述,叙述”。

3、词语的增减

因为英汉两种语言在句子结构上的差异,我们不可能进行“逐字对译”,很多情况下都采取“意译”,或者在翻译的过程中增加一些词语使句意完整,或者减少一些词语避免不必要的重复。例如:So that amounts to about a year for shouting and disabling a cop, and a year for robbing a jewelry store

根据上下文,为了更准确地理解原文,翻译此句时我们应该用增词法增加动词和减词法。“那就是说,枪击并可能致残一位警察只服了一年的刑,枪劫珠宝店也仅服刑一年”。.而原句中的”amount to”在译时给省掉了。

With what enthusiasm the students are studying English! 翻译时可以增加形容词,使译文更明确。(学生们正以多么高的热情学习英语啊!)

二、在句子结构方面

要注意名词从句、定语从句、状语从句,长句的处理和被动语态的问题。现分别举例如下:

1、名词从句。

名词从句包括主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。翻译这类从句比较容易,大多数可按原文顺序译,但也有一些特殊处理的方法。

1.1主语从句。该句型可先译主语从句,形式主语可译可不译。例如:

It does not matter which method you chose.

(你选择哪一种方法都无关紧要。)

1.2宾语从句。有it作形式宾语时,可先译that引导的宾语从句。例如:

I owe it to you that I have been so successful.

(我这么成功,多亏了你。)

1.3同位语从句。该从句往往译成“……的”这种从句往往是置后,我们可把从句名词转化为汉语的动词来译,后面的从句可用汉语的“即”或冒号引出。例如:

We have to face the fact that we have done wrong.

(我们不得不视这样的现实:我们已经做错了。)

2、定语从句。

英语中的定语从句的译法主要涉及到限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的译法。当定语从句较简单时,可以用前置法来翻译。就是说把定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组,放在被修饰的词之前。例如:If it is school success you are after, you can not negl ect studying.

(如果你追求的是学业成功,你决不能忽视学习。)

如果定语从句结构复杂,译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。例如:They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.

(他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的性命。)

3、状语从句

状语从句包括时间,条件,地点和目的等从句。在翻译时,往往可以把这类从句译成汉语的介词或副词词组,或译成分句。例如:She was late because the traffic was too heavy.

将原因状语从句译成表原因的分句,按汉语的习惯,在译文中把它前置在主句的前面。“因为交通太拥挤,她迟到了。

4、长句的处理。

碰到长句翻译时,我们要注意如下几个方面的问题。

4.1语序不同。语序是使学习英语的中国学生感到头痛的问题之一。一个句子中有众多成分,哪个在前,哪个在后?

一般说来,英汉两种语言在句子顺序的先后排列上不一样,例如:昨天上午八点半在体育馆前面我碰见了John。汉语将事件的有关情况先—一交代,最后才点明主题。英语是:I met John in front of the stadium at half past eight yesterday morning.

英语先把“什么人做什么事情”说出来,然后一步步地将地点、时间等附加状语说出来,英汉两种语言在其它方面语序也大不一样。

拿地点状语来说,汉语的习惯是从大说到小,而英语却是从小说到大,两种语序正好相反。

4.2结构的不同:英语有些句子很长,但其结构紧凑,复杂而清晰,从句里还有从句,而汉语的句子结构比较松散,常用几个小句表达一句话的意思。例如:

Hughes is one of the most accomplished writers in American literary history and is seen as one of the artistic leaders of the Har lem Renaissance, the period when a neighborhood that was predominantly black produced a flood of great literature, music, and other art forms depicting daily city life for African-Americans.

该句句子较长,结构复杂,有并列结构、被动结构、同位语和定语从句。可把原文分成三个句子来翻译。

“休斯是美国文学史上最成功的作家之一。在哈莱姆文艺复兴时期, 从黑人占优势的地区中涌现出数量众多的文学作品。音乐作品和其他的艺术形式,描写了非洲裔美国人日常城市生活。修斯被看做是这个复兴时期的一名艺术带头人。”

4.3表达习惯不同。英汉两种语言表达习惯差异较大。所以在翻译中既要保留原文结构,又要忠实原文意思往往有困难。

此时可以改变原文结构,保留原文意思。而常用的方法之一是分译法,即把原文中较长的句子成分,或者不易安排的句子成分分出来

另作处理。这样可以使译文在意义上忠实原文而意思明确。

例如:

Heat is required to change ice to water. 把句中的不定式短语译成一个分句。(要让冰融为水,就必须加热。)

She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success. 把该句拆开,译成个小句。(她已试了好几次,要帮他们另找一所出租的房子,结果并没有成功。)

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历年英语四级翻译真题 及答案 集团标准化办公室:[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

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翻译题型介绍 这部分的时间只有5分钟,考5道题,且每个题目的答案一般是简单的几个单词,否则考试时间是不够的。该题一般考的是汉译英,因为这部分考查部分词组或句型的翻译,而且还比较侧重词组的考查。建议大家参考以下步骤来完成:确定重点词组或句型,翻译剩余内容,最终把两者结合。 翻译题型有三大考点: 1. 固定搭配考点:这是翻译中的最为核心的考点,也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点,应该引起考生的高度重视。比如说名词与动词搭配,形容词与名词搭配,动词与副词的修饰关系,名词与介词搭配,更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达,这些都可能成为本次考试的命题重点。 例1:By contrast, American mothers were more likely _______________________________ (把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent.(大纲样题)。 【考点剖析】这个题目就非常典型。有两个固定搭配考点:1)be likely to do sth ; 2) owe…to /attribute…to (把…归因于) 2. 核心语法考点:这部分语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点的重现和转移,这一点要引起同学的重视,尽管词汇单选题现在不考了,但是还是不能忽视这部分题目,因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的虚拟语气,其次是倒装结构、从句知识、非谓语动词等。 例1:The professor required that ___________(我们交研究报告) by Wednesday . 【考点剖析】本题是典型的语法题目。重点考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握。Require后面接从句的时候,一定会虚拟语气,语法结构为require that +sb+should+动词原形。 例2:Not only ___________________________ (他向我收费过高), but he didn’t do a good repair job either (大纲样题) 【考点剖析】本题同样为典型的语法考点。考查了考生对倒装结构这个特殊语法现象的掌握情况。句首的Not only决定了倒装连接,下文用了过去时态,因此,这里需在he之前加did。所以答案应该为did he overcharge me。 3. 核心动词以及动词短语的考查。 例1:Though a skilled worker, ____________________(他被公司解雇了) last week because of the economic crisis . 【考点剖析】本题的重要考点就是考生对“解雇”这个核心动词的翻译。可以表示解雇的有dismiss, discharge, fire等。 五条冲刺备考建议:

高级英语5翻译答案

Translation (Unit 1) ?After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point. ?It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project. ?What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention. ?His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems. ?The younger generation today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet. ?It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign language is more easily learned in one’s childhood or otherwise. ?Never lose heart in the face of a setback; take courage and deal with it squarely. ?Rice, meat, vegetables, and fruit constitute a balanced diet. Translation (Unit 2) 1.One man’s effort is not enough to cope with such a complicated situation. 2.When do you think the new IT regulations will take effect? 3.The chances of winning a prize in a lottery are slim; perhaps only a one-in-a-hundred chance. 4.It is deplorable that many a youngster has fallen victim to the use of drugs. 5.There is virtually no one who is in favor of his proposal. 6.Beware of the swindler with a slick tongue and a smiling face. 7.Don’t touch the bag! Th e explosive in it may blow up at any minute. Your life will be at risk. 8.He looked quite confident about the job, though some doubts lurked in the depth of his mind Translation (Unit 3) 9. 1.He honked his car horn to alert the pedestrians. 10.2.The fast development of Information Technology is an outstanding example of human endeavor. 11.3.Mary groped for the appropriate words to express her indebtedness to her teacher. 12.4.The school principal’s plain words conveyed a message of challenge to the young people. 13.5.Don’t tamper with the wires, or you may cause a short circuit. 14.6.He thought he could beat everyone at the competition, but his excessive confidence failed him. 15.7.What he said seemed simple and clear, but there was an implied meaning that we couldn’t quite fathom. 16.8.He tried to steer the group’s random talk towards some constructive subjects. 17. .Translation (Unit 4) 1.Can I be exempt from the regular physical examination this year? I just had one three months ago before I went to the summer camp. 2.Could you tell me again what I should do next? 3.What you said yesterday has slipped out of my mind. 4.We all assumed that Dave was a trustworthy person, but it turned out that we were wrong.

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