综合英语(一)课文翻译练习及答案Lesson01

Lesson One: The Time Message

Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。

1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look ahead, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer Control!

译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢控制。

2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem.

译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。

3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice.

译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。Message1. Control time from the beginning.

4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term.

译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。Message2. Get the notebook habit.

5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

译：要旨二、养成用笔记本的习惯。

马上去买个笔记本，用它来计划你每一天的时间，一旦订好下每周的学习计划，每周就要这么做，但容许有些小的变动，星期日是制订下周计划的好时间。

Message3. Be realistic.

6 Often you know from experience how long it takes you to write a short essay, to study for a quiz, or to review for a final exam. When you plan time for these things, be realistic.Allow for unexpected things. Otherwise you entire plan may be upset.

译：要旨三、要现实些。

你由经验可知道写一篇短文，准备小考或为期术考试复习需要多长的时间，当你为这些事情计划时间时，要现实些，要留有余地，要预计发生意外的事情，否则你的整个计划就会被打乱。

Message4. Plan at least one hour for each hour in class.

7 How much study time you plan for each classroom hour depends on four things: (1) your ability, (2) the difficulty of the class, (3) the grades you hope to achieve, and (4) how well you use your study time. One thing, however, is Certain; you should plan at least one hour of study for each classroom hour, in many cases, two or three hours will be required.

译：要旨四、为每节课至少计划1小时。

你为每节课安排多少学习时间，取决于4个因素：(1)你的能力；(2)该节课的难度；(3)你希望取得的分数；(4)怎样有效利用你的学习时间。有一件事是肯定的：你应该为每节课至少安排1小时，在很多情况下会需要2到3小时

Message5. Keep your plan flexible.

8 It is important that you re-plan your time on a weekly basis so that you can make certain changes when necessary.For example, before mid-term or final exams, you will want to give more time to reviewing. A good plan must be a little flexible so that special projects can be done well.

译：要旨五、灵活安排计划。

每周重新安排时间很重要，这样才能在必要时对计划进行调整。例如，在期中或期末考试前，你要给复习留下更多的时间。好的计划必须是有一些灵活性，这样便可做好特别的项目。Message6. Study for sometime each class day.

9 Some solid work each day is better than many study hours one day and nothing the next. When you work out your schedule, try to include at least two study hours each day. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments.

译：要旨六、有课的日子每天都要抽出一些时间来学习。

每天都踏踏实实地学习一会儿，比一天学习很长时间，第二天什么也不学要好。当你制订你的计划时，每天至少要安排出2个小时的学习时间，这不仅使你能保持这一学习习惯，而且还能帮助你跟上课堂进度。

Message7. Free on Saturday----study on Sunday.

10 It is good to stop all study activities for one full day. Many students choose Saturday for sports or social activities. Sunday, one the other hand, seems to be the best study day for many students. It is a good day to catch up on back reading and other assignments.

译：要旨七、星期六休息，星期天学习。

把所有的学习任务都停下来一整天是有益的，很多学生选择星期六进行体育活动或社会活动。另一方面，对很多学生来说，星期天似乎定最好的学习时间，这个时间是用来补上拖欠的阅读任务和其他作业的好时机。

word list （单词表）

message n..要旨，要点

tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的，棘手的；（人）狡猾的

beginning n.开始；起初

semester n. （尤指美国大专院校的）学期

cover v.处理

duty n.任务

management n.管理

number one adj.最重要的；头号的

seriously adv. 真心地，当真地；认真地，严肃地

once conj. 一旦……（就……）

weekly adj.每周一次的

follow v.遵照；沿用

following adj.紧接着的

realistic adj.现实可行的

essay n.作文；短文

quiz n.考查；测验

upset v. 打乱（计划等）；打翻

ability n. 能力；才智

grade n.（考试或作业的）分数

achieve v. 获得

flexible ad j. 灵活的

re-plan v.重新计划

basis n.基础；根据

project n. 课题；科研项目

mid-term adj.期中的

solid adj. 扎实的

schedule n.计划表

alive adj. 起作用的；现存的；活着的assignment n.（指定的）作业

activity n.活动

social adj.社交的；交谊的

seem v.似乎；好像

back adj.以前的；过去的

proper names

elwood n. chapman埃尔伍德·n·查普曼（人名）Useful Expressions(常用短语)

look ahead看前面；考虑未来

at the beginning of 在……的开始

plenty of 大量的

have time on one’s hand s 有许多时间

towards the end of…即将结束时

work for 为……效力

work against 对……不利

get the most out of sth. 充分利用……的机会put… into practice 付诸实践

allow for 考虑到

at least 至少

in… case 在…… 情况下

on a weekly /daily basis 每周/每天

work out 制定出

seem to be 看来，好像

keep sth./sb. + adj. 使……保持某种状况

run out (of )(被)用完，将尽

time is running out.

I have run out of money.

take… some time to do… 花……时间做……

it will take us an hour to get there.

depend on取决于，随……而定

it depends on how many people are going

so that 以便（用来引出目的状语从句）

tell me your telephone number so that i can call you when i have time.

catch up on 赶上，补上

I have to catch up on my didn’t sleep much last night.

Verb Pattern 1(动词句型1)

主语+系动词+表语(代词/名词/名词短语)

Time is money.

The dictionary is mine.

Wasting time is a bad habit.

You mus t become the master of time not ist servant.

Sunday seems to be the best study day for many students

注意:用于这一句型的系动词主要有appear, be ,become, feel ,look, prove, remain ,seem和prove后面可加to be.

重点词汇短语

一重点单词

n..要旨,要点,中心思想;信息,信,电报

○1Can you tell me the maessgae of the story

你能告诉我这个故事的中心思想吗

○2.Would you mind giving him a message

请你给他带个信好吗

vt. 处理;涉及

○1she is so young that she can’t cover these affairs.

她太年轻了,处理不了这些事情.

○2.Their work covers a wide field.

他们的工作涉及的范围很广.

vt. 打乱(计划);打翻

○1Our plan was upset by rainy day.

我们的计划被雨天打乱了.

○2.A large wave upset the boat.

一个巨浪打翻了那只船.

vt.获得,得到;完成,实现

○1At last ,he achieved his father’s support.

最后他得到了他父亲的支持.

○2.He has achieved only half what he hoped to.

他只完成了他原来计划的一半

adj.

灵活的;有弹性的

○1This plan is very flexible .

这个计划非常灵活.

○2.The tube is flexible and tough.

这根管子既有弹性又很结实.

adj.起作用的;现存的;活着的

○1We must do well we can to keep his hopes alive.

我们必须尽一切可能使他断续抱有希望.

○2.Is he still alive

他还活着吗

○3The conflict is still alive.

矛盾依旧存在.

二.重点短语

for /against为…效力/对…不利

○1He is working for an oil company.

他为一家石油公司效力.

○2.Time is working against you.

时间越长对你越不利

…into pratice 付诸实践

We should put these principles into practice.

我们应该把这些原理应用到实践中去.

…for 考虑到

You must allow for his inexperience

你们必须考虑到他缺乏经验.

sth./sb. +adj 使...保持某种状况

Keep the room clean

保持房间清洁

on取决于,随…而定

Whether or not we can overcome the difficully depends on out efforts.能否克服困难取决于我们的努力.

up on 赶上,补上

I have got a lot of work to catch up on .

我有很多工作得赶着做.

more … the more …越...越…

The harder you work,the greater progress you’ll make.

工作越努力,进步就越快.

Question On the Text (课文问题)

is the article written for And why

It is written for first-year college student .Because some of them don’t know how to plan their study time.

three things does the author say about time in the first three pargraphs of the article

The three things are : time is tricky,time is dangerous and time is valuable.

does the author advise you to do at the beginning of the term

He advise us to make a plan at the beginning of the term

is the use of a notebook

It can be used to plan our study each day

is it important to be realistic when you plan time for a short essay,or an exam

Because unexpected things often happen .If we don’t see this and plan to do too many things,our plan might be upset.

you think one hour of study for each class hour is enough Not enough Or too much

It it enough,but sometimes,two or three hours will be required

a good plan be a little flexble

Because it’s easy to make certain changes when necessary in a flexible plan.

you think it is a good habit to study for some time each class day

Yes.

which day of the week do many students stop all study activities Why that day

Saturyday seems to be best day because after five days of study ,students need a rest. Saturday is a good day for sport.

the author think it is good to stop all study activities both on Saturday and On Sunday

doesn’t. He thinks Sunday is a good day for study.

can Sunday be used

It can be used to catch up on back reading and other assignments.

of the seven messages do you think is the most importantOr do you think they are all important Are you going to put them into practice

I think they are all important. Yes,I am .

Written Work (笔头作业)

Translate the following passage into English

将下面的短文翻译成英语.

时间很重要.人人每天都有24小时,每年有365天,一旦我们生命中的一天消逝,就再也不会回来.我们要热爱生命,就不应该浪费时间.我们应该掌握时间.使用时间最好办法就是好好计划时间.

在制定学习计划时,我们应该记住两件事.每一,应该现实一些,不要企图干太多的事情.第二,好的计划要灵活一点.我们可以每周做些小的变动,但总的模式不变.

让我们当时间的主人,今天就开始我们的计划.

译文:Time is very has 24 hours a day,365 days a year. Once a day in our life is gone, it will never back .If we love life, we should not waste should control time. The best to use our time is to plan it well.

When we make a study plan, we must remember two things. First,we must be realistic and should not try to do many things. Second, a good plan should be a little flexible. We can make small changes but the same pattern every week.

Let us become the master of time and start our plan today.

Vocbulary Exercises(词汇练习)

1.根据下列构词法则完成以下练习.

*形容词+_ly(以…方式地)副词如:stupidly愚蠢地cleverly聪明地weakl无力地clearly清楚地frankly 坦率地gladl高兴的

*名词+_ly(以…方式地) 形容词如:brotherly兄弟般的motherly母亲般的ghostl y deathly死一般的cowardly胆小的manly男子气的

*名词+_ly(每隔一段时间发生的/地;每隔一段时间出版的报纸等)形容词/副词/名词如: Hourly 每小时一次的/地quarterly每季度一次的/地;季刊

将_ly加在下列单词后面构成新词,必要时适当更改单词拼写.

1)easy(easily) faithful(faithfull y) true(truly) quiet(quietly) bad(badly)

2)king(kingly) love(lovely) father(fatherly) man(manly) friend(friendly)

3)night(nightly) year(yearly) week(weekly) day(daily) month(monthly)

2将下列句子翻译成英语.

1)用课文中的词或词组.

(1)我的食物都吃光了,得再买点.

I have run out of food, so I have to buy more.

(2)既然你这么说了,就应该把你的话付诸实践.

You have said so, you should put what you said into practice.

(3)坐公共汽车去那儿至少要花两个小时.

It takes at least 2 hours to get there by bus

(4)尽管我们失败了,便至少我们也尽力了.

Although we falied,at least we tried out best

(5)大声说话,让大家都听得见.

Speak a litter louder, so that everyone can be heard.

(6你花了多少时间写那篇文章.

How long has it taken you to write that article

(7)你似乎很难过.告诉我们发生了什么事了,这样我们好帮你.

You seem to be very sad. Tell us what has happened so that we can help you.

(8)我们应该保持教室干净.

We should keep our classroom clean.

(9)我们可以请小王帮我们,他好像有好多时间.

We may ask Xiao wany for help. He seems to have plenty of time on his hand.

(10)我哥哥下周要来北京,他要充分利用在这里的逗留时间

My brother will go to Bejing next week,and He wishes to get the most of the time when he stays here.

2)用本课的动词句型1

(1)你正是我要找的人

You are the person whom(who) I’m looking for

(2)这本书不是我的,是约翰的

This book is not mine, but john’s.

(3)他们一直是最好的朋友

They are always the best friends

(4)北京一直是个美丽的城市

Bejing is a beautiful city

(5)那似乎是最好的选择

That seems to be the best choice

3.用恰当的介词或副词填空.

1)Old people like to look back while young people always look ahead.

2)I have to catch up on the reading assignment this Sundy. I have no time playing cards(玩扑克牌)

3)Toward the end of the semester,the students began to worry about their final exams.

4)We’ve run out of writing you go and get some,please

5)We lost the game because our age worked against us.

6)I don’t know how much time it will take to build this road. It depends on the weather.

7)You should work out a plan at the beginning of the term.

8)I can tell from experience that something is wrong with the amchine

9) Watching TV can keep you up to date on what is happening in the world

10)You should study on the other hand,you should take some time off for sports or other pleasures

Many Americans (1)use informal shorter names instead (2)of their formal example,someone(3)named Samuel Johnson may be called Sam(4)by his friends. Likewise,Rhichard Brown may ask you to call him Rich;Brbara Stein may (5)want to be called Barb or family name(6) comes second in the .”John’s ”family name is Smith. In formal(7)situations ,or when you meet someone(8)for the first time,you would want to call him “”.Often,even people you do not know very well(9)many want to call you by your first name –this is the informal American (10)custom. Americans think it is friendlier and more relaxed to use the first name

Grammar 语法

Nouns(名词)

英语名词的分类:

1.英语的名词就其词义来说，可分为两类：普通名词和专有名词。普通名词又可以分为个体名词、物质名词、抽象名词和集本名词。

人体名词：table, dog, map, girl, book, street

物质名词：milk, beer, glass, food, bread, gold

抽象名语：courage, education, happiness, time

集体名词：family, team, police, grfoup, audience

专有名词：China, John, Beijing, the Yellow River

2.名词就其词汇形式来说，可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

人体名词是可数名词；物质名词、专有名词、抽象名词是不可数名词；有些集体名词被视作整体时就作为单数名词用，若被视作组成该集体的各成员时，则作复数名词用，如government,class,family,committee,staff等往往作复数用。

1）可数名词的用法：

A dog is a good friends. 狗是好朋友。（泛指）

Dogs are good friends. 狗是好朋友。（泛指）

He is playing with a dog. The dog is beautiful.他正在跟一条狗玩。这是条漂亮的狗。（特指）可数名词在句子中出现，有只3种形式：前面有a或the,后面带复数_s或_es.

2)不可数名词的用法：

Milk is nutritious.牛奶有营养。（泛指）

I want a glass of milk.我要一杯牛奶。（泛指）

I have bought some milk. The milk is sweet.我买了些牛奶。这些牛奶是甜的。（特指）

不可数名词在句子中出现，也有3种形式：前后什么都不加；前面加计量词或the. 不可数名词没有复数形式，但计量词有复数形式，如two glasses of milk.

3)集体名词的用法：

His family are looking for him.他的家人正在找他。

His family is a hppay one.他的家庭是一个幸福的家庭。

Many cattle are kept on the farm.农场里养了很多牛。

Grammar Exercises 语法练习

1.从括号内的两个词中或词组中选择正确的完成下列句。

1）Does your teacher give you any (homework, homeworks)

2) Excuse me .Do you have any (information, informations) about this

3) The committee (have, has) considered your suggestion.

4) The committee (are, is) divided in their opinion.

5) The cattle (are, is) grazing(吃草) on the grassy hillside.

6) (How many,How much) paper do you need

7) Can you lend me (a cup of sugar, some sugars)

8) Don’t take a lot of (baggage,baggages) with you on this trip.

9) The police (is,are) investigating this case.

10) There (is,are) enough room for you in the car.

11) The Government (is,are) discussing the plan.

12) The Government (does not,do not) encourage this.

2．在需要冠语的空白处填入恰当的冠词。

1）__ time is dangerous. It will control you if you don’t control it .

2) The computer is a useful machine.

3) I like to drink __ beer in the pub after work every day the beer there is good.

4) I spoke with a beer in the pub after worik every day. The beer there is good.

5)He gave me a jacket for my birthday. The jacket is beautiful.

6)An apple a day keeps a doctor away.

7)We need ___ books just as we need ___ water.

8)”All work and on play makes Jack a dull boy” is an old saying.

9)Once a plan is made, follow the same pattern every day with small changes.

10)Go and get ______ ice-cream for me. It’s too hot in the room.

综合英语(一)课文及翻译

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Unit 1 Changes in the Way We Live 在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。 Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream Life Jim Doherty 有两件事是我一直想做的――写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。 这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。 这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。 但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降

到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。 在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃，堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲――贤德之人也歇不了。 我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。 开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译

Unit1如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯 1.在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。 2.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。 3.如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。 4.语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。 5.准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想象。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。 6.另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 7.恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。 8.优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。 9.在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、

大学学术英语读写教程 下册 课文翻译

WHAT IS STRESS The term stress has been defined in several different ways. sometimes the term is applied to stimuli or events in our environment that make physical and emotional demands on us, and sometimes it is applied to our emotional and physical reactions to such stimuli. in this discussion, we will refer to the environmental stimuli or events as stressors and to the emotional and physical reactions as stress. 压力这个词已经有几种不同的定义。有时候这个术语适用于我们环境中的刺激或事件，这些刺激或事件会对我们产生身体和情感方面的要求，有时也适用于我们对这种刺激的情绪和身体反应。在这个讨论中，我们将环境刺激或事件称为压力，并将情绪和身体上的反应称为压力。 Many sorts of events be stressors, including disasters, such as hurricanes or tornadoes; major life events, such as divorce or the loss of a job; and daily hassles, such as having to wait in line at the supermarket when you need to be somewhere else in 10 minutes. What all this events have in common is that they interfere with or threat our accustomed way of life. when we encounter such stressors, we must pull together our mental and physical resources in order to deal with the challenge. How well we succeed in doing so will determine how serious a toll the stress will take on our mental and physical well-being. 许多事件都是压力源，包括灾难，如飓风或龙卷风; 重大生活事件，如离婚或失业; 每天都有麻烦，比如当你要在10分钟内到别的地方去却不得不在超市排队等。所有这些事件都有共同之处，就是它们干涉或威胁我们习惯的生活方式。当我们遇到这样的压力时，我们必须整合我们的精神和物质资源来应对挑战。我们如何成功地做到这一点将决定压力对我们身心健康将产生多大的影响。 Reacting to stressors The Canadian physiologist Hans Seyle has been the most influential writer on stress. Seyle proposed that both humans and other animals react to any stressor in three stages, collectively known as the general adaptation syndrome. the first stage, when the person or animal becomes aware of the stressor is the alarm reaction. In this stage the organism becomes highly alert and aroused, energized by a burst of epinephrine. After the alarm reaction comes the stage of resistance , as the organism tries to adapt to the stressful stimulus or to escape from it. If these efforts are successful, the state of the organism returns to normal. If the organism cannot adapt to the continuing stress, however, it enters a stage of exhaustion or collapse. 加拿大生理学家Hans Seyle在压力方面一直是最有影响力的作家。塞尔提出，人类和其他动物在三个阶段对任何压力源作出反应，统称为一般适应综合症。第一阶段，当人或动物意识到应激源时，就是警报反应。在这个阶段，机体变得高度警觉和激起，并被一阵肾上腺素所激发。当警报反应进入抵抗阶段后，机体试图适应压力刺激或逃避压力。如果这些努力成功，机体的状态就会恢复正常。然而，如果生物体不能适应持续的压力，它就进入衰竭或崩溃的阶段。 Seyle developed his model of the general adaptation syndrome as a result of research with rats and other animals. In rats, certain stressors, such as painful tail-pulling consistently led to the same sorts of stress reactions in humans, however, it is harder to predict what will be stressful to a particular person at a particular time. subjective person's the on depends stressful be will stimulus particular a Whether