搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 科技英语翻译

科技英语翻译

科技英语翻译
科技英语翻译

Unit 13-1 科技英语翻译

科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语,是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。科技英语自70 年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究,目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告,科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。

一、科技英语的文体特点

科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性,也由于科技工作者长期

以来的语言使用习惯,形成了自身的一些特点,使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上:

(一)词汇层面

(1)专业术语多。专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇,其词

义常不为专业外读者所明白,如cryogenics (低温学)、norepinephrine (新肾上腺素)等。这些专业术语的特点是:a. 词形较长,大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄,意义较为明确固定,符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。如:nucleonics (核子学),semisomnus (半昏迷),autoradiography (自动射线照相术),excoriation (表皮脱落)等。b. 多复合词。人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物,如radiophotography (无线电传真),anti-armored fighting vehicle missile(反装甲车导弹) 等。c. 多缩略词。为使用便利和节省时间,科技英语同经贸英语一样,也有许多缩略词,如cpd (compound 化合物),FM (frequency modulation 调频),telesat(telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)等。

(2)准专业术语和词汇多。准专业词汇指的是那些在不同学科中都存在但意义所指不同的词汇,其中有相当数量的词汇属于普通常用词汇。如frame 一词在日常英语中指"框架",而在机械原理中指"机架",在电讯技术中又作"帧"或"镜头"解;normal 在化学中指"中性的"、"当量的"和"标准浓度",在物理上指"简正的",在数学上指"垂直的"、"法线的"和"法线",在生理上又指"不受感染的";transmission 在无线电工程学中指"发射",在机械学中指"传动"、"变速",在物理学中指"透射",而在医学中又指"遗传"。

(二)句法层面

(1)多名词化结构。为使行文简洁,科技英语中多用表示动作或状态的

抽象名词或起名词功用的V-ing 形式以及名词短语结构。如the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves (通过无线电波来发射和接收活动物体的图像);computer programming teaching device manual (计算机程序编制

教学装置手册),the generation of heat by friction (摩擦生热)等。

(2)多长句和逻辑关联词(logic connectors)。科技英语中虽然大量使用名词化词语、名词短语结构以及悬垂结构来压缩句子长度,但是为了将事理充分说明,也常常使用一些含有许多短语和分句的长句,同时还常使用许多逻辑关联词,如hence, consequently, accordingly, then, however, but, yet, also, on the contrary, as a result, furthermore, finally, in short 等,以使行文逻辑关系清楚、层次条理分明。(3)多用一般现在时和完成时。这两种时态之所以在科技英语中常见,是因为前者可以较好地表现文章内容的无时间性,说明文章中的科学定义、定理、公式不受时间限制,任何时候都成立;后者则多用来表述已经发现或获得的研究成果。(4)多被动语态。英语中的被动语态要比汉语中的多,在各种文体中都是这样,在科技英语中尤为突出。国外有学者统计,在物理、化学、工程类教科书里,全部限定动词中至少有三分之一用被动语态,著名语言学家Quirk 曾说科技英语中被动语态的使用率要比主动态高出十多倍。科技英语的语旨是要阐述客观事物的本质特征,描述其发生、发展及变化过程,表述客观事物间的联系,所以它的主体通常是客观事物或自然现象,这样一来,被动语态也就得以大量使用。此外,被动语态所带有的叙述客观性也使得作者的论述更显科学从而避免主观色彩。与这一特点相适应的是科技英语中少用第一人称和第二人称,即便是非用不可也常常是使用它们的复数形式以增强论述的客观性。

(5)先行it 结构多。将较长的主语从句放到句末而用形式主语it 来引导句子,可以避免句子结构上的头重脚轻,也使行文更加凝重平稳,符合科技英语的总体风格。

(6)介词词组连用多。为了较为简练地反映各事物(即各句子成分)之间的时空、所属、因果等逻辑关系,科技英语中介词词组(短语)连用较多。例如:The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high

altitude.空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。

总之,科技英语以客观事物为中心。它在用词上讲究准确明晰,论述上讲究逻辑严密,表述上则力求客观,行文上追求简洁通畅,修辞以平实为范,辞格用得很少,句式显得单一少变,语篇中有许多科技词汇和术语以及公式、图表、数字、符号,句子长而不乱。

二、科技英语的翻译

要做好科技英语的翻译工作,译者必须注意以下几点:

1)了解相关专业知识

由于科技英语涉及自然科学的各个领域,因此译者应有较宽的知识面,尤其要具备翻译材料所属学科的一些基本的专业知识。为此,一般翻译工作者都应努

力学习各科知识,使自己成为一个"杂"家。要勤于向书本和专家求教,不可不懂装懂或是想当然乱译一通。

2)准确理解词义

要注意那些常用词在特定学科中的特定含义,不可以常义代特定义,但同时也不应将所有的常用词全部作专业或准专业词理解,这一点很重要,因为科技英语只是英语的一种文体,并非完全不同的另一种语言,其中的词汇大部分仍是共核词汇。科技翻译中不仅要勤查词典,而且更要结合一个词的上下文及所在专业大家网翻译论坛https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e418385153.html,/forum-110-1.html

领域来确定其真实含义。其次,科学技术发展迅速,相应的新词不断出现,而翻译最新科技成果与信息又往往是我们翻译实践的主要内容,所以译者应随时关注相关领域的最新动态与发展,同时要勤于动手动脑,这样才能准确理解并再现那些新词的意义。

3)仔细分析长句

科技英语中有大量长句,这些长句中往往又含有若干分句和许多短语及其它修饰限定成分,这给理解带来了一定困难。翻译时首先必须对长句进行深入细致的分析,先理清主干、再层层明确各成份之间的语法关系和语义逻辑关系,然后根据情况,选择采用顺译、逆译或综合译法。表达时一定要将意义的准确性和明晰性放在首位,该断句就断句,该增译就增译,不可死抠原文形式。

4)用词要得体

总的来讲,科技英语语体较为正式,因此翻译时要尽可能选择与该文体相当的较为正式的词语,行文要向严谨规范的书面语靠拢。此外,原文因语篇内容与功能的不同(如科普文章与学术论文)而在语气的正式程度上也会有所不同,阅读对象的接受能力和文化层次也各异。因此,翻译时应先对原文的正式程度和译文的潜在读者进行一番分析,以求得译文和原文在文体和功能上最大程度的对等。对于学术性和专业性较强的语篇中正式程度高的语汇,译者一般也应将之译成正式程度相当的语汇,如AIDS 译为"获得性免疫缺乏综合症",poliomyelitis 译作"脊髓灰质炎",conjunctivitis 译作"结膜炎",diarrhea 译为"腹泻"。如原文正式程度偏低,则译文的语体也应相应降低。如pink eye 译为"红眼病",the runs 译为"拉肚子"。如果一些专业性较强的词语出现在通俗性的语篇中,翻译时出于为读者着想也可适当降低其译文的正式程度。如AIDS 可译"艾滋病",poliomyelitis 可译"小儿麻痹症"。

5)熟悉构词法。熟悉构词法,特别是科技词汇的常见构词法,对于准确理解词义,特别是新词词义,有着非常重要的意义。以下简要说明科技词汇的几种主要的构词法。

(1) 合成法。合成法指将两个或两个以上的词组合成一个新词,如heartman

(换心人),fallout (放射性尘埃),photobotany (光植物学),salt former (卤素),hot press(热压)。结合后形成的新词,其义多为单个词语词义的叠加,但有的也会发生变异,翻译时要予以注意,如waterproof(防水的),heart burn(胃灼热/心口灼热)以及上边提到的heartman。

(2) 拼缀法。拼缀法(或词缀法)是指在一个旧词前或后加上词缀构成新词的方法。科技英语中以这一方法构成的新词最多,可以说俯拾皆是,如antiparticle (反粒子),antineutron (反中子),antibody (抗体);semisynthetic (半合成的),autocorrelation (自相关)等。需要指出的是以V+er/or 构成的词,有许多是指某一仪器而不指人,如semicorrelator (自相关器),conductor (导体),holder (支架/托) 等,这一点译者应留意。

(3) 混成法。将原有二词各取其中一部分(有时还是某一词的全部)合成新词。

如teleprinter+exchange = telex (电传),copy+electron=copytron (电子复印)。这样构成的一些词,其新义大都是原词各义的叠加,以前者修饰后者的为多,如biorhythm (biological+ rhythm) (生理节奏)。

(4) 缩略法。以首字母缩略为主,即将某一词组中的几个主要词的首字母合

起来组成新词。如AC (alternating current 交流电),DC (direct current 直流电),CCTV(closed circuit television 闭路电视) 以及teleran (television radar air navigation 电视雷达导航仪) 等。这些词的翻译,请参阅有关术语翻译部分。还须注意的是,一种缩略形式,可能是好几个不同词或词组的共同的缩略形,翻译时必须依据上下文加以分析。如APC,它可以是American Power Conference (美国动力会议) 的缩写,也可是adjustable pressure conveyor (调压输送机) 的缩写,还可以代表automatic phase control (自动相位调整)或是automatic program control (自动程序控制)。而AC 在不同的语境中,则可有多达28 个不同的意义,如:①bsorption coefficient (吸收系数), ② adapter cable (适配电缆), ③ adjustment calibration (调整──校准), ④ air condenser (空气冷凝器,空气电容器), ⑤ air conditioner(空调器), ⑥ analog computer(模拟计算机) 等。所以,翻译缩略词一

定要搞清它是哪些词或词组的缩写,手头有一本英汉科技词典和缩略语大词典是很有必要的。

6)熟悉数量增减表达法

科技英语中表述数量增减的方式多种多样,译者稍不留神就会出错,所以

不仅要小心谨慎,还要熟悉它们常用的表达方式(详见《新实用英译汉教程》7)注意术语的准确表达与翻译

术语翻译常被视为科技英语翻译的难中之难,这主要和译者的专业知识欠缺

以及原文中新词多有关。因此译者一定要拓宽自己的知识面,增加自己对所译材料涉及到的专业知识的了解,准确理解原文的含义,并用妥帖的术语将其意义表达出来。

Unit13-2 科技语篇的翻译之数词的译法

一、数字增减的译法:

1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+than

The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。

2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到…或减少到…

Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。

二、百分数增减的表示法与译法

1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%

The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35%

2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%

Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3%

The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60%

3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量

By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%

4.句式特征:%+比较级+than表示净增减的数量

Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。

5.句式特征:%+比较级+名词表示净减数

The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied.

新型机械能耗量净减10%

6.句式特征:a + % + increase表示净增数

There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.

与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%

7.句式特征:%+ (of) 名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译

The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60%8.句式特征:%+up on 或over表示净增数

The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。

三、倍数增加的表示法及译法

一)表示法

汉语表示“增加了几倍”时,英语的倍数表示倍数需减一,译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”,则照译不误。

1. 表示增加意义的动词+n times“表示成倍地增长,译成“增加到N倍”或“增加n-1倍”。

注:1倍once; 2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或three times)

2. 表示增加意义的动词+by+n times,该句式与上述相同。

3. 表示增加意义的动词+to+n times表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了n-1倍“

4. 表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of +n times

5. 表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of +n times表示增加以后达到

的倍数,译成”比…大(长、宽…)N-1倍“

6. 表示增加意义的动词+n times+比较级+than...

7. 表示增加意义的动词+n times +adj./adv. +as....

8. 表示增加意义的动词+a +n times(或n-fold) +increase.....表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了N-1倍“

9. 表示增加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比…大(长、宽…倍)例如:

Line A is as long again as line B. A线比B线长1倍。

This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。

10. 表示增加意义的动词+half as + adj./adv.+ again as.....译成”比…大(长、宽…半倍)”

11. 用double表示倍数,译成”等于.....的2倍“或”增加了1倍“

12. 用treble表示倍数增加,译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“

13. 用quadruple表示倍数增加,译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“

二)英语倍数句型及其译法

英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12)等,见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:

倍数增加

(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①)

A is n times greater (longer,more,…)than B.(②)

A is n times the size (length,amount,…)of B.(③)

以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,…)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多…)n-1倍]. 例如:

This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. 这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。

注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。

(二)increase to n times(④)

increase n times/n-fold(⑤)

increase by n times(⑥)

increase by a factor of n(⑦)

以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。

The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。

The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.

化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。

That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.

那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。

The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.

漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。

注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧)

应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式。例如:

A record high increase in value of four times was reported.

据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。

(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:

A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩)

应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。

A is half as much (large,1ong,…)again as B.

【= A is one and a half times as much (large,1ong,…)as B.】(11)

应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。

倍数减少

(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12)

A is n times smaller (lighter,slower,…) than B.(13)

以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。

The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.

氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。

This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.

这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。

注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。

(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14)

decrease by n times(15)

decrease by a factor of n(16)

以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。

decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slow down等词替代。例如:

Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.

新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。

When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。

The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.

该设备误差概率降低了4/5。

(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…

应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)

这个句型还有其它一些形式,例如:

A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.发现迅速减少到1/7。

The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.

这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。

从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④;句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease (by)3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。

课堂练习

It’s Only Rocket Science

1. Scientists are already experimenting with propulsion systems that may travel much faster than today’s conventional chemical rockets. Franklin Chang’s plasma rocket may be the answer. “In a plasma rocket you’re continually accelerating,” he explains.

2. A trip to Mars could be cut to 90 days, claims Chang. His rocket harnesses a nuclear process to produce a hot gas plasma. The plasma is magnetically held in a rocket the shape of a bottle and then expelled at very high velocity to provide propulsion. The plasma has to be heated to millions of degrees. Chang believes his system will be too good just to reach Mars. “I think it will quickly be developed for interplanetary t ravel within our Solar System”. The plasma rocket is now under development at NASA’s Houston laboratories.

3. Another new method of propulsion is already flying through our Solar System. Pushed only by an electronically driven “ion engine”, Deep Space One is already over 100 million miles from Earth. It words by ionizing xenon gas and expelling it with the aid of electric fields, so providing a gentle but constant thrust. The ion engine provides a force about the same as a single sheet of paper exerts on your hand---far too weak to lift a spacecraft from the surface of a planet--- but the continuous acceleration has already pushed Deep Space One to the speed ten times higher than any of the manned rockets we use today.

Exercise 8 Problems with Darwinian Theory

1. If Darwinian theory works so well, why challenge it? There are several reasons to do so. Although Darwinian theory explains many of the facts of evolution better than any other theory, it does not necessarily explain the whole process. Also, some of the results of evolution do not match what Darwinian theory would predict. For example, if evolution leads to a perfect adaptation through natural selection acting on random hereditary changes, the process ought to slow down as it gets closer to the optimum for each species because fewer favorable changes can be made. Indeed, some organisms ----- cockroaches and sponges, for example, are so well adapted that they have changed very little in many millions of years. Their evolutionary rate does seem to have slowed down. We should also see a decrease in the number of species as they compete with one another and unsuccessful species are eliminated. But we see no such slowing down, and the number of species appears to be at least as great now as in the geologic past and perhaps even greater.

2. Still another problem with Darwinian theory involves extinction. The dinosaurs were extremely successful for a long time they lived on the earth much longer and had

more species than many other animal groups. About the only failing of the dinosaurs that we know for sure is that they did not survive. We can work out fairly plausible explanations for such major extinctions and for the continuing fast pace of evolution. However, some evolutionists believe that such explanations stretch Darwinian theory too far.

3. For these reasons, many evolutionary biologists and paleontologists wonder if there is more to the story. In fact, geneticists have known for a long time that natural selection does not always have an opportunity to work perfectly. For example, suppose there is a very small population of pigs, say only five of reproductive age. One of the five pigs carries a mutation that makes it resistant to swine flu, a common disease among pigs. This mutation makes it better adapted than the other four. Theoretically, the better adapted animal will live longer and have more offspring than the other four, so the next generation will have a higher percentage of pigs carrying the flu-resistant trait. Such a change would be evolution because the species would change, and it would be Darwinian evolution because the change would be in the direction of a better adapted organism.

4. However, suppose that a tree falls on the superior pig before it has produced offspring. The tree could have fallen on any of the others. It was just bad luck for the species that it fell on the better adapted animal. As a result of this non-Darwinian event, the superior animal and its genes would be removed from the population. This is one form of a process that biologists call genetic drift.

Such nonadaptive chance evolution may be quite rare. But geologic time is so vast, as Darwin himself pointed out, that species pass through countless generations over millions of years. Therefore even the rare event may become probable, given enough time. This reasoning has led some evolutionary biologists to wonder whether many of the evolutionary changes we see resulted from nonadaptive changes controlled by genetic drift rather than by natural selection. Many species, for example, originate in small populations. Sometimes just a few individuals that migrate to an island, thus becoming isolated from the parent species, develop into a new species.

5. Scientists have found another kind of genetic drift in neutral traits. These traits make organisms different from one another, but the differences do not affect the species’ chances of survival. The form of a neutral trait that evolves to dominate in a species is simply a matter of chance. Biologists now wonder how many traits of living and fossil organisms have evolved in this way.

2009-2010学年第2学期 《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题 I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)(2个题) 1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2. What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy(确切性): accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy(单义性): one sense for one word C .systematization(系统性):the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct(语言的正确性): in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness(简明性): concise and easy to remember F. motivation(理据性): just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.

Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理

小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,少有变化,常用前置性陈述,即在句中将主要信息尽量前置,通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是:清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末,科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下: 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,

科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)

科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译:根据科技术语的含义,将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说,意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法,它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下: ①firewall ........ :防火墙 ②data mining .......... :数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ....................... :自动程序控制 2.形译:英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词,翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词,或保留原来的字母,这就叫形译。例子如下: I .-.bar ... 工字钢、工字条;O .-.ring .... 环形圈;twist .....-.drill .....麻花钻;X .-.Ray ...X 光;α.-.brass ..... α黄铜[1] 3.音译:根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等,在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下: gene .... 基因;quark ..... 夸克;Pentium ....... 奔腾 celluloid ......... 赛璐璐;nylon ..... 尼龙 Hertz .....(Hz )赫兹(频率单位);lumen .....流明(光通量单位) 4.缩写词:英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重,这类词如果译成汉语,就显得拖沓冗长,因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下: CPU ...:.C .entral Processing Unit ....................(中央处理器) ASCII .....:.American S .........tandard ....... C .ode ... for ... I .nformation .......... I .nterchange .......... (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ...:.A .synchronous ........... T .ransfer ....... M .ode ... (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下: WTO ...(国际贸易组织);UNESCO ......(联合国教科文组织);WHO ...(世界卫生组织);IOC ... (国际奥委会)

翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法

2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围 P.23例2 This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration. 这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中,因此值得专门考虑一下。 P.24 例3 If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive. 如果这一反应要花费数小时,而不是几秒钟,燃料费就太高了。 例7 Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away. (如果)把蓄电池放在干燥的地方,就不会漏电。 这种句式中,祈使句表示条件,and后面的句子表示结果,可译为“如果……,就……”,或者“……就”。 P.25例12 In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。 例14 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化,将它向外拉牵,扯出一条长尾。 译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句(或后续分句),即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词,用逗号隔开。 P.26 例17 The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction. 用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦,会大幅度减少摩擦力。 例20 An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science. 要了解科学研究最本质的特点,最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。 P.27 例23 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth. 月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界,是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼,太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰,而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。 原句中含有4个分句:由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰a world;介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句,修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste;关系副词where 引导的定语从句,也修饰a sterile mountainous waste;so…that引导的结果状语从句。 例24 Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form. 计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。

科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译:根据科技术语的含义,将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单 个词语来说,意译也就是直译。意译法时最常用的翻译方法,它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例如: ①firewall 防火墙 ②data mining 数据挖掘 ③automatic program control 自动程序控制 2. 音译:根据英语的发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些由专有名词构成的术 语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等,在翻译时都可采用音译法。例如: ·gene 基因;quark 夸克;Pentium 奔腾 ·celluloid 赛璐璐;nylon 尼龙、 ·Hertz (Hz) 赫兹(频率单位);lumen 流明(光通量单位) 3.形译:英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词,翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词,或保留原来的字母,这就叫形译。例如: I-bar 工字钢,工字条;O-ring 环形圈;twist-drill 麻花钻;X-ray X光;α-brass α黄铜 4.缩写词:英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占有很大的比重,这类词如译成汉语,就显得拖沓冗长,因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例如: ◎CPU:Centeral Processing Unit (中央处理器) ◎ASCII:American Standard Code for Information Interchange (美国信息交换标准码) ◎A TM:Asynchronous Transfer Mode (异步传输模式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种方法。例如: WTO (世界贸易组织);UNESCO (联合国教科文组织);WHO (世界卫生组织);IOC(国际奥委会) 注[1]:指含锌量≦35℅的铜铝合金。

形合和意合 1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。 I did not buy good seat for movie last day. 2.这个车间既做来料加工,又做来样加工。 This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well. 3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。 She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange. 4.烤烟,苹果,羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品,年产量3.12亿元,占农业总产值的52.5%。 Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values. 5.可以预言,钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增,并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。 It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries. 6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension. 某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压,称为继发性高血压 7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。 8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物,这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的,他指出这可以用到医疗上去。 That a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by Pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use. 英汉句子中心的差异 1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞,这的确令人惊讶。 It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells. 2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照,此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日,这绝非是历史的偶然。 It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the Apollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968. 3.你们已经取得了进步,对此我毫不怀疑。 There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved. 4.由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快的重新实现访问,这使我感到特别高兴。 I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展,出现一些极其复杂的难题,单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。 One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. 6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力,长期以来一直为科学家所关注。The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes. 7.不努力就不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts.

电气工程词汇 voltage 电压 current 电流 resistance 电阻 reactance 电抗 impedance 阻抗conductance 电导 inductance 电感 inductor 电感器capacitance 电容 capacitive 电容性的,电容的shunt capacitor 并联电容器 shunt 并联 series 串联 series circuit 串联电路 parallel circuit 并联电路conductor 导线 voltmeter 电压表 ammeter 电流表 arc 电弧 charge n 电荷v充电,带电,起电discharge v 放电 bridge 电桥 valve 电子管deenergize 断路 dielectric 不导电的/绝缘的generator 发电机 motor 电动机 audion 三极管diode 二极管potentiometer 电位器 step-up transformer 升压变压器power system 电力系统,电网transmission line 输电线 breaker 断路器 relay 继电器demodulator 解调器 radiator 散热器ventilation 通风,换气,通风装置alternating relay 交流继电器integrated circuit amplifier 集成电路放大器transistor amplifier 晶体管放大器terminal 端子 amplifier/magnifier 放大器 cable n 电缆v架设电缆fuse 保险丝熔断器interface 接口 amplitude 振幅幅度波幅digital signal 数字信号coupling 耦合 intermittent 周期的dislocation 错位 malfunction 故障 medium 介质 screen 屏蔽 dampen 阻尼 socket 插孔 ground plane 接地层 three-phasen 三相potential difference 电位差 active element 有源元件ideal independent source 理想独立电源watt hour meter 感应线圈frequency changer 变频器control switch 控制开关selector switch 选择开关current transformer 电流互感器power transformer 电力变压器phase voltage 相电压constant voltage source 恒定电压源alternating current 交流电流inverting 反相 out of phase 异相 self-inductor 自感 mutual-inductor 互感 ampere 安培coulomb 库仑 joule 焦耳 resistor 电阻器charger 充电器semiconductor 半导体absolute value 绝对值operating supply voltage 电源工作电压

学习《科技英语翻译理论与技巧》课程后的几点体会和收获 学院:专业: 班级:姓名:学号: 英语翻译,是具有逻辑思维、科学理论和艺术色彩三者集中亮相的一种语言学问。 但是,在学习《科技英语翻译理论》之前,我对翻译的看法却不是这样认为的,对它的态度却是那么的不恭,那么的不敬,只认为它是语言的奴隶,是一种枯燥乏味的、低俗的赚钱工具,根本谈不上“学问”这一个崇高的词语,更是谈不上它具有科学理论、艺术色彩、逻辑思维这些完美的名词。事实总是存在与主观想法互相不吻合的时刻,庆幸的是,在这个不该延长下去的时刻,我恰恰结束了它的延长时间——我开始学习《科技英语翻译理论》。 现在,在我的脑海中,翻译不再是语言的奴隶,而是语言的灵魂。语言是人与人之间交流的重要工具,如果没有了翻译,那么人与人之间的交流在很大程度上就会受到阻碍,世界的文化交流历史将要重新编写。 翻译不是一个单词一个词语地翻译,而是要拥有逻辑性的翻译。 在学习《科技英语翻译理论》之前,每当翻译句子时,我并没有考虑到译文的逻辑性以及通顺性,直接按照原语言的单词顺序非常死板地翻译成译文,使译文读起来非常生硬,不通顺,不仅大大改变了原语言的韵味,而且大大降低了译文的可读性。但是,自从学习了《科技英语翻译理论》之后,回想起自己以前所翻译的句子,感觉自己跟那些没有学过英语的人没有什么两样。 在翻译时,我们必须考虑译文的逻辑性和通顺性,最起码让译文读起来不会出现拗口以及很乱的感觉。在翻译之前,必须仔细地推敲原语言,把原语言的每一个单词都弄懂,然后再运用译文的逻辑性把这些已经翻译成译文的单词组合在一起,最后理清一下句子的通顺性,经过了这一番程序过程之后,一句很通顺的句子就这样精彩地诞生了。句子通顺畅达,读者读起来朗朗上口,这才体现出翻译的魅力以及美丽。 翻译应该是科学地翻译。 翻译不是精通一门外语,借助于词典和工具书就能为之的事,缺少对原语文化的深入研究,是很难保证翻译的水平和质量,而且是一种枯燥乏味的语言翻译。翻译要熟悉两种语言,悟出语言所具有的无比威力,还要透过语言所传达的信息,了解其背后的文化和精神,从而体会到两种语言文化的差异。语言不仅仅是信息的载体,还是文化的载体。不同民族由于不同的生存环境,对世界的不同认识,往往形成各自独特的文化背景和文化模式。人类对信息

计算机冀导那一部分 词汇 pig 金属锭块 dog挡块,止动爪 cat吊锚,履带拖拉机 cock旋塞,吊车 horse支架,铁杆 fish 接合板,夹板 monkey 打桩锤;煤矿通风巷道 fox绳索 belly 炉腰 mild steel structure 低碳钢结构 Bendable switches consist of a continuous 无缝的steel beam. ?可弯曲的开关由连续钢条组成。 曲性道岔由无缝钢条组成。 Bricks are also produced in many different colors and with various finishes, particularly those used for decorative purpose. 砖也可以烧制成许多不同的颜色,具有不同的光洁度,尤其是那些用于装饰的砖。 catalyst 催化剂 Resolving power 分辨率 Combining power 化合价 Base 碱 Base metals 非贵金属 Brass 黄铜 Difficult labor 难产 Foreign Material 杂质 Cast iron 铸铁 In general, the design procedure is not straightforward and will require trial and error. 一般说来,设计过程不是一帆风顺的,而需要反复试验。(简单的) Furnace 炉子 (1)Rubber is not hard, it gives way to pressure. 橡胶性软,受压变形。 (2)Porcelain is commonly used to resist electric current. 陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。 (3)When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions. 我们说话时,声波就开始向四面八方传播。 (4)Zinc is easy to obtain from its ore. 锌容易从锌矿中提炼。

一、时间(1-80) 1. When a wire is broken by bending it back and forth rapidly, some of the work is transformed into heat and the wire gets hot. 当把导线快速地(通过)来回弯曲折断时,部分功就转换成热,所以导线变热. 2. When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide. 当月亮的位置改变时,引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也改变了. 3. The water vapor will change from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temperature is reached. 当露点温度达到时,水气将从其看不见的状态凝结成可见的水分. 4.When a user requests a set of resources, it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state. 当用户要求一组资源时,必须确定这些资源的分配是否会让系统处于安全状态. 5.As the number of users sharing the segment increases, so does the difficulty of finding an acceptable segment number. 当合同程序段的用户数目增加时,查找可接受的程序段的号码的困难也增加. 6. The air pressure begins falling accordingly as a typhoon comes near. 随着台风的临近,气压开始下降. 7.While they are waiting in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle. 当它们在就绪队列中等待时,输入/输出装置则空闲着. 8. At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating by wavelength, a process known as dispersion. 当这些波向外扩散时,它们也在按波长分开,这一过程叫频散. 9.Current stars flowing at the very moment when we close the circuit. 当我们一接通线路,电流马上就开始出现.

科技英语翻译技巧 科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下: 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。 1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments. 大部分主要的公路都是由联邦政府建造和管理。 这里…are built and cared for 就是被动语态 2. The proportion of the various ingredients which go into concrete , the way it is mixed , and even the water which is used are very important to the finished material. 制作混凝土所用的各种配料的比例,搅拌的方法,乃至所用的水,对成品材料来说都是十分重要的。 此句有两处是被动语态。

科技英语词语大全

2062门课程名称翻译大全(1)[加入书签][发表时间:2003-5-20 13:55:49] 生物物理学 Biophysics 真空冷冻干燥技术 Vacuum Freezing & Drying Technology 16位微机 16 Digit Microcomputer ALGOL语言 ALGOL Language BASIC 语言 BASIC Language BASIC 语言及应用 BASIC Language & Application C 语言 C Language CAD 概论 Introduction to CAD CAD/CAM CAD/CAM COBOL语言 COBOL Language COBOL语言程序设计 COBOL Language Program Designing C与UNIX环境 C Language & Unix Environment C语言与生物医学信息处理 C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计 C ourse Exercise in dBASE Ⅲ FORTRAN语言 FORTRAN Language IBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XT IBM-PC微机原理 Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC LSI设计基础 Basic of LSI Designing PASCAL大型作业 PASCAL Wide Range Working PASCAL课程设计 Course Exercise in PASCAL X射线与电镜 X-ray & Electric Microscope Z-80汇编语言程序设计 Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly Languages 板壳理论 Plate Theory 板壳力学 Plate Mechanics 半波实验 Semiwave Experiment 半导体变流技术 Semiconductor Converting Technology 半导体材料 Semiconductor Materials 半导体测量 Measurement of Semiconductors 半导体瓷敏元件 Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements

实用科技英语翻译 I Answer the following quesitions related to EST Translation (30’)(2个题) 1.What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of the common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2,What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3, What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy(确切性): accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy(单义性): one sense for one word C .systematization(系统性):the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct(语言的正确性): in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness(简明性): concise and easy to remember F. motivation(理据性): just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word. G. stability(稳定性): stable and unlikely to change H. productivity(能产性): once established, it is easy to produce more neologisms based the original one by means of word-formation 4, What are common rules for Technical Term Translation? As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects: A. monosemy vs. conciseness monosemy is the priority B. motivation vs. accuracy As science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferred C. stability vs. productivity Productivity is the priority D. systematization vs. linguistically correct Before translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and tradition of Chinese word-formation. E. Chinese language trait vs. conciseness As for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters (偶数词语)or even 4-character expressions(四字结构). II. Underline and mark out the themes and rhymes of the following sentences with the capital letters T and R respectively. (10’)(2个题)1. Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes. Parallel:T-R1+R2+R3…Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes. 2. Each cylinder therefore is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continuously, and coole d by means of air drawn in from th e outside atmosphere by large rotary fans, worked of f the main crankshaft, or in the large diesel-electric locomotives, by auxiliary motors. 3.We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following (Theme) and III. Improve the following translation. As for the first sentence you should provide your improved English translation and as for the second s entence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’)(2个题) 1.活塞与气缸的配合问题,对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。影响配合间隙的主要因素是活塞在工作状态下的变形,真实反映活塞变形情况,已广泛采用有限元法进行数值分析。 The joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine. The primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition. In order to indicate the actual deformation of piston, the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically.

相关主题