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新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第四册课文及翻译

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第四册课文及翻译
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第四册课文及翻译

Love and logic: The story of fallacy

I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either. But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition. "Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken".

After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked.

爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事

在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。

“光彩照人”,她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”。

在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉

得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么?”她问道。

"Logic."

"Cool," she said over her gum.

"The doctrine of logic,” I said, "is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter."

"Great,” she agreed.

"Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise."

She nodded in agreement.

I could see she was stumped. "Polly," I explained, "it's too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people."

"Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can't speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French."

"Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?"

"This is also a fallacy," I said. "The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion."

She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation.

Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."

She nodded with delight.

"Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed."

"Oh, this is awful, awful," she whispered in a choked voice.

"Yes, it’s awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man neve r answered the boss's question. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy - Ad Misericordiam."

“逻辑学。”

“好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。

“逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。”“好啊,”她表示同意。

“‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动。

她点头表示赞同。

我看得出她没弄明白。“波莉,”我解释说,“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的,运动就变得有害而不是有益。所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的。”

“接下来是‘草率结论’。这似乎不言自明,对吧?仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。”

“是吗?”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗?”

“这也是一种逻辑谬误,”我说,“这一结论太草率了,因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。”

她似乎学得很开心,而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。我把她送回家,并且定下了下一次约会交谈的日子。

第二天晚上,坐在那棵橡树下,我说:“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫‘文不对题’。”

她高兴地点了点头。

“听好了,”我说,“有个人去申请工作,当老板问他有什么应聘资格时,他说他有六个孩子要抚养。”

“哇,这太可怕了,太可怕了,”她哽咽着轻声说到。

“对,是挺可怕的,”我表示赞同地说,“但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题,而只是在博取老板的同情,这就是‘文不对题’。”

She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears."

Next," I said carefully, "we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.

"I like that idea," she said.

"Polly," I groaned, "don't derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them."

"I still think it’s a good idea," sai d Polly.

With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.

"Polly," I said when next we sat under our oak, "tonight we won't discuss fallacies." "Oh?" she said, a little disappointed.

Favoring her with a grin, I said, "We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple."

"Hasty Generalization," said Polly brightly. "Or as a normal person might say, that's a little premature, don't you think?"'I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. "Sweetheart," I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, "five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good."

她眨着眼睛,仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。

“接下来”,我小心地说,“我们来讨论‘错误类比’。举个例子:学生考试时应该允许看课本,因为外科医生在做手术时可以看X 光片。”

“我喜欢这个主意,”她说。

“波莉,”我抱怨道,“别打岔,这一推论是错误的。医生们不是在参加考试以检查他们学到了多少,而学生却是。他们的情况完全不同,你不能将他们作类比。”“我仍然认为这是一个好主意,”波莉说。

经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力,我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家,她总算能够分析思考了。现在应该是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。

“波莉,”当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说,“今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。”

“哦?”她回答说,有一点失望。

我赞许地对她笑了笑,说:“我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上,相互之间挺合得来,我们是蛮相配的一对。”

“草率结论,”波莉伶俐地说,“或者是按一般人的说法,这个结论有些不成熟,你不这样认为吗?”我被逗得笑了起来,她功课还真学得不错,大大超过了我的预期。“亲爱的,”我开口说,同时宽容地拍了拍她的手,“五次约会已经够多了,毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”

"False Analogy," said Polly promptly.

"Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you're not a cake. You're a boy."

I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too well.

A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.

"Polly, I love you. Please say you'll go out with me. I'm nothing without you."

"Ad Misericordiam," she said.

"You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it," I said, my hopes starting to crumble.

"But don't take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life."

"Dicto Simpliciter," she said. "Besides, you really should practice what you preach."

I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. "Will you or will you not go out with me?"

"No to your proposition," she replied.

"Why?" I demanded."I'm more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together.

With great effort, I said calmly, "How could you give me the axe over Rob?

Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.

“错误类比,”波莉立即回应。

“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕,你是个男孩。”

我又笑了笑,不过不觉得那么有趣了,同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略,转而尝试奉承她的办法。

“波莉,我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友,没有你我什么也不是。”

“文不对题,”她说。

“你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了,”我说,心里的希望已经开始动摇。

“不过不要对它们太死板,我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道,学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”

“绝对判断,”她说道,“而且,你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”

我一下跳了起来,怒火中烧,“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友?”

“我不愿意,”她答道。

“为什么?”我追问道。“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣――罗伯和我重归于好了。”我极力地保持着平静,说道:“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯?

看看我,一个聪明过人的学生,一个不同凡响的学者,一个前途无量的人。

32 “错误类比,”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕,你是个男孩。”

33 我又笑了笑,不过不觉得那么有趣了,同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略,转而尝试奉承她的办法。34 “波莉,我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友,没有你我什么也不是。”

35 “文不对题,”她说。

36 “你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了,” 我说,心里的希望已经开始动摇。“不过不要对它们太死板,我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道,学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”

37 “绝对判断,”她说道,“而且,你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。” 38我一下跳了起来,怒火中烧,“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友?”

39 “我不愿意,”她答道。

40 “为什么?”我追问道。

41 “我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣——罗伯和我重归于好了。”

42 我极力地保持着平静,说道:“你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯?看看我,一个聪明过人的学生,一个不同凡响的学者,一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯,一个肌肉发达的蠢材,一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由,为什么要选择跟他?”

43 “喔,这是什么假设啊!为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白,我这么说吧,”波莉反驳道,声音里充满了讽刺,“事情的真相是——我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的,这样他就能拥有你的夹克!”

再看看罗伯,一个肌肉发达的蠢材,一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由,为什么要选择跟他?”

43 “喔,这是什么假设啊!为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白,我这么说吧,”波莉反驳道,声音里充满了讽刺,“事情的真相是——我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的,这样他就能拥有你的夹克!”

Unit 2

The confusing pursuit of beauty

If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.

You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.

The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.

Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.

Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: "Not good enough." No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking I'm beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.

令人困惑的对美的追求

如果你是一位男士,肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。

对于如何应对这个问题,你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答,然后借口有急事马上脱身。相信我,这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一问题,无论你事先练习多少次,都不会找到正确答案。

新视野大学英语读写教程第三版第一册课文翻译

Unit1奔向更加光明的未来 1 下午好!作为校长,我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果,也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里,我们承诺 将使你们学有所成。 2 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻,我想起自己高中毕业时的情景,还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们:“姿势自然点。” “等一等 , ”爸爸说,“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。” 在大学期间,那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。 3 让我来告诉你们, 一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯,怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣,你 们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣!但是要记住:未来是建立在过 去扎实的基础上的。 4 对你们而言,接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里,你们拥有丰富的资源:有来自全国各地的有趣的学生,有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师,有综合性图书馆,有完备的运动设施,还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油,学着结交充满魅力的人,学着 去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历,并用你们的干劲和热情去收获 这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 5 有这么多课程可供选择,你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程,但是要尽可能 体验更多的课程!大学里有很多事情可做可学,每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世 界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话,那就是:挑战自己!不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样,你不仅会变得更加博学,而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇,她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移,王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来,并将其转化为对设计的热情,从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 6 在大学里,一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里,住在你 隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌,令你头痛欲裂!你可能喜欢早起,而你的室友 却是个夜猫子!尽管如此,你和你的室友仍然可能成为最要好的朋友。如果有些新的经历让你感觉不那么舒心,不要担心。我保证快乐的经历会多于不快的经历。而且我保证几乎所有这些经历都会给你带来宝贵的经验教训,从而使你的生活更加丰富多彩。所以,带着热切的目光和欢乐的心情,勇敢向前去拥抱这些新的体验吧! 7 我们相信,你们的自我发现之旅和对爱好的寻求带给你们的将不仅仅是个人的进步。我们相信,当你们成为我们的学者群体中的一员时,你们很快就会认识到,大学不仅提供大量自我充实的机会,同时也带来了责任。一位智者说过:“教育代代相传,它就是社会的灵魂。”你们是你们家庭辛勤劳动成果的传承者,也是无数前辈辛勤劳动成果的传承者。他们积累了知识,并把知识传递给你们,而这些知识正是你们取得成功所必需的。现在轮到你们了。你们会获取什么样的知识?你们会发现什么样的兴趣爱好?你们怎样做才能为你们的子孙后代创造一个强大昌盛的未来? 8 我们很高兴能为你们人生旅途中这一重大阶段开启大门。我们很高兴你们将获得许多机会,也很高兴你们将作为社区、国家乃至世界的公民承担起应有的责任。欢迎你们!

大三口译教程课文翻译

1.3 US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University 美国副总统在复旦大学的演讲开场白 Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China. // We are grateful for the welcome we have received, especially for the kind of reception here at Fudan University. We thank you for the honor, and we bring you good wishes from President George W. Bush and the people of the United States.// 非常感谢您,市长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎,特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸,谢谢你们。我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 I know that many of you will soon graduate from this great university. I am told the standards are extremely demanding here, and a degree from Fudan University signifies years of hard work and discipline. I congratulate each one of you on your achievement, and I commend your teachers for upholding the tradition of excellence that marks the 99-year history of Fudan University.

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

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