一翻译概论
译者合格条件
五条:1.外文水平高2.中文水平高3.知识面广4.政治觉悟较高5.熟悉基本的翻译技巧
A brief introduction to the history of translation in china
Translation in china has a long history of about two thousand years. During the centuries, quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contributions to China as well as to the world in the development of translation.
See the following facts:
1.The Eastern Han – the Northern and Southern Dynasties (25—581)
China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China by themselves to translate Buddhist Scripture. Among them were An Shigao (An Qing)from Persia (now Iran ), Indu Dharmarakcha and Kumarajiva form India.
2.The Sui Dynasty (581—618) –the Tang Dynasty (618—907): Golden Age of
Translation in Ancient China.
Three giants in translating Buddhist Scripture appeared:
1)Xuan Zang ( the Tang Dynasty )
2)Kumarajiva (the Eastern Jin Dynasty ) 鸠摩罗什
3)Paramatha (also called Gunarata ) ( N.& S. Dynasties) 真谛(波罗末
他)
3.The Ming Dynasty (1368—1644)
Xu Guangqi ( 徐光启), a Chinese and M. Ricci,( 利玛窦) an Italian cotranslated Euclid’s Elements (or: Euclid’s Elementorum )
4.The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 )
There were great translators like Yan Fu and Lin Shu
Lin Shu:
1Camille ( or: La Dame aux Camelias) ( 《巴黎茶花女遗事》)
2 Uncle Tom’s Cabin( 《黑奴吁天录》)
3 David Copperfield( 《块肉余生述》)
Yan Fu:
1 Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays by T. H. Huxley (《天演论》)
2 An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations by A. Smith
(《原富》)
3 On Liberty by J. S. Mill (《群己权界论》)
4 A History of Politics by E. Jenks (《社会通诠》)
习题
1.Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.
(严氏三字真言)2. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are
faithfulness and smoothness.
3. Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or
said in another language, not only an art but also a science. (what is meant by translation?)
4. Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of
life.”
5. Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:
1 a good command of the source language,
2 a good command of the target language,
3 a wide range and scope of knowledge,
4 a high political consciousness,
5 a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.
6. To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness
and smoothness, or even only one word:faithfulness. (what do you think should be the criteria of translation?) (faithfulness 更重要)
“宁顺而不信。”“宁信而不顺”
“it is better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.”“rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language)
“保持着原作丰姿”
“keep the full flavor of the original work.”
直译与意译
Literal translation and liberal (free) translation
二大写,标点符号与英汉互译
大写规则
1.历史上的时间,时期和文件。
2.商品的牌子名称
3.星期名、月份、假日
4.人名和地名
5.标题与书名等专名中的实词与两个音节及其以上的虚词。如《儒林外史》The
Scholars
6.圣经中关于上帝的名词与代词
7.职称、头衔和亲属关系称呼用在人名前头时
8.机关、学校、建筑物和商业机构的名称,其中英译中的实词。如:教育部Ministry
of Education
9.种族、国籍、语言和宗教方面的词语。
10.其他一切有特殊含义的词语,包括一句话或一封信的开头词、诗行的开头词、
直接引语的开头词、强调词语等。
几种标点符号的例句及其英译:
1.认识落后,才能去改变落后;学习先进,才有可能赶超先进。
Backwardness must be perceived before it can be changed.A person must learn from the advanced before he can catch up and surpass them. (分号变句号)
2.许贞一把抱住秀云,惊异地问道:“你这是怎么啦?”
Xu Zhen hugged Xiuyun and inquired in astonishment.“What’s the matter with you?”(冒号变句号)
3.1)······和那墙头上“休谈国事”的招贴,形成一种奇怪的对比和讽刺。
... in ironical contrast to the sign on the wall:“Political discussion prohibited.”
( 逗号变冒号)
2)王冕看了一回,心里想道“古人说,‘人在画图中’,其实不错。”
As Wang Mian watched, he thought, “The ancients said, ‘In a beautiful scene a man feels he is part of a picture.’ How true!”(加逗号,句号变感叹号)
4.“出去!你们全都出去!”秀云发出了命令。
“Clear out, all of you!” Xiuyun ordered. (感叹号变逗号)
5.“你.想要什么?”他怒吼道。
“What do YOU want?” he growled. (着重号变大写)
6. 爱新觉罗·溥仪Aisin-Giore Pu Yi约瑟夫·布罗兹·铁托Josip Broz Tito
7. 1)据《大唐西域记》记载,那时龟兹有佛寺一百所,僧尼五千余人。
According to his Travels in the Western Region, Qiuci boasted of more than 100 Buddhist temples and 5000 nuns and monks.
2) 《故乡》是《鲁迅短篇小说选》一书中最优秀的篇目之一。
“My Old Home” is one of the best stories in the book Selected Stories of Lu Xun. (文章、诗、短篇书名号变引号,书名的书名号变斜体)8.司马相如者,汉蜀郡成都人也,字长卿。
Sima Xiangru, a native of Chengdu in Shu country, is alternatively named Changqing. (下划线去掉)
9.不管我在那里,我还是拿北京作我的小说背景,因为闭上眼睛想起的北京,
是要比睁着眼看见的地方,更亲切、更真实、更有感情的,这是真话。
No matter where I was, I should like to write my novel with Beijing as its background. For in my mind’s eye, Beijing appears to me more intimate,more tangible and more affectionate than any other place I actually see. That is a plain fact. (顿号变逗号)
10.1)于是我自己解释说:故乡本也是如此,——虽然没有进步,也未必有如我
所感的悲凉。
Then I rationalized the matter to myself, saying, Home was always like this, and although it has not improved, still it is not so depressing as I imagined.
2)消息传到聂荣臻将军那里时,他让人把这两个日本小女孩接到前线司令部接待所——滹沱河畔一座小山庄里的一幢农庄。
When General Nie Rongzhen learned about the girls he had them brought to a cottage in a mountain hamlet by the side of the Hutuo River, the guesthouse of the front line command headquarters. (破折号有时可译成句号或逗号)
英、汉标点对照
1. period (.) 句号(。)
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e63218167.html,ma(,) 逗号(,)
3.colon(:) 冒号(:)
4.semicolon(;) 分号(;)
5.dash(-) 破折号(——)
6. question mark (?) 问号(?)
7.quotation mark(“”or‘’) 引号(“”或‘’)
8. exclamation (!) 感叹号(!)
9. ellipsis (...) 省略号(······)
10.parentheses( () ) 括号(园)(())
11.brackets( [] ) 括号(方)(【】)
12.underlining Rainbow 书名号(手稿)(Rainbow 或《虹》)
13.italics Rainbow 书名号(印刷)(Rainbow 或《虹》)
14.hyphen (-) (co-operate) (无对应的标点符号)
15.virgule (/) (he/she) (斜线号,一般汉译为“或”)
16.apostrophe (’) (Mike’s) (一般译为“···的”)
标点特别情况
(,)(you, he and I ) 顿号(你、我和他)
Apostrophe 的译法1省字母号(I’m = I am)2省音号(electric ’lectric) 3副数符号(many M.P.’s) 4所有格符号(boy’s book)
习题
1.琼斯一家的汽车the Joneses’ car
2.我几位嫂子的信my sisters-in-law’s letters
3.我表兄弟们的房子my cousins’ houses
4.基辛格和尼克松的计划Kissinger and Nixon’s letters
5.尼克松和罗杰斯各自的计划Nixon’s and Rogers’s plans
三专有名词和其他一些名词的翻译
专有名词,指人名、地名、机构团体名和其他具有特殊含义的名词或名词词组
1 外译汉
长期以来,由于我国在专有名词的翻译中缺乏统一的规定,所以存在着专有名词翻译的混乱情况。
如:Sir Isaac Newton 奈端(现译:牛顿)
Chicago 诗家谷/支加哥(现译:芝加哥)
连现在的一些普通名词,早先也有各种各样听来古怪的译名
Logic 逻辑学:严复译为“名学”;孙中山译成“理则学”
Philosophy 哲学:马相伯译为:“致知”,蔡元培译为“道”
新中国成立以来,我国采取的措施来消除这些问题。
1)Follow the pronunciation of the owner of proper names (名从主人)2)Use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese character (标准汉音)3)Adopt the established popular translated names (约定俗成)约定俗成的几个例子:
Caesar 凯撒Eden 艾登Bethune 白求恩Athens 雅典Seattle 西雅图
关于外国专有名词汉译的问题,还要记得两点:一是外国人的名字,特别是长期住在中国、工作在中国的一些外国人,往往喜欢把自己的名字中国化,即听起来很像中国人的姓名;二是音译要采用译音表所规定的汉字,不要用那些容易引起联想的字。
外国专有名词的意译:一般来说,大多数专有名词用音译;但有一部分确有明确含义者,应用意译.
各学科的术语和某些普通名词的翻译规则
The Translation of Technical Terms and Other Common Nouns Nothing gives the translator more trouble and more perplexity than the translation of technical terms of social, natural and military sciences. Technical terms, especially those of natural sciences, were generally introduced to us first through transliteration and later, some have been substituted by their semantic translations, such as telephone, penicillin, etc. Others which can hardly be translated semantically in a few Chinese characters retain their transliterations. They are: Soviet, radar, mor phone, engine, etc. These terms contain much in them and are likely to be misrepresented of distorted in meaning, if otherwise translated. People, therefore, prefer to keep their transliterations, if they are short and easy to be remembered. Almost all the terms in Buddhism were transliterated and afterward shortened, such as the translations of the words thupo(塔),sangha(僧),etc.
Most of the technical terms, especially those of military and social sciences, are translated semantically. Typical examples of military terms are jet plane, submarine,machine gun, guided missile,etc. Terms of a social nature are Buddhism, Marxism,etc.
Besides the transliteration and the semantic translation, there is a third way of translating technical terms and other common nouns, i.e., to coin new Chinese characters if need be.In the translation of chemical elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, antimony,tungsten and some other names as coffee, pump, typhoon, etc. , the new coined Chinese characters are used.
1.Pure transliteration
Chocolate 巧克力sofa 沙发morphine 吗啡khan 可汗
2.Pure semantic translation
Airplane 飞机president 总统truth 真理bread 面包
3.Both transliteration and semantic translation
Club 俱乐部Utopia 乌托邦typhoon 台风romantic 浪漫
4.Transliteration with semantic translation at the end
Beer 啤酒cigar 雪茄烟czar 沙皇card 卡片jeep 吉普车
5.Symbolical translation with a semantic explanation at the end
Cross 十字架pyramid 金字塔grape 葡萄弹mattock 鹤嘴锄
2.汉译外
The Translation of Chinese Names of Persons and Places Into English
The Wade-Giles System(威妥玛-贾尔斯系统)has been applied to the transliteration of Chinese words into English for a long time. The system was initiated by Thomas Francis Wade(威妥玛), who published his system first in 1859. As both an imperialist agent and a 19th century sinologist(汉学家), he had lived in China for scores of years before he became the British Minister Plenipotentiary to China(英国驻华全权公使)in the Qing Dynasty.
There are cases where several names represent the same person. Sometimes, a title or nickname is also used to fulfill the function of a real name. We can find a lot of examples in our Chinese novels. The trouble is that all the different names of the same person may come out alternatively in the same story or even in the same paragraph. In order that no trace of ambiguity os to be left in the version, a translator has got to ward off any possible misplacement. In this connexion, he may transliterate only one of the different names and use it for all the rest or transliterate all of them and give an explanation to each by way of a note.
When we translate some names containing or implying a special,certain meaning of nickname, we are to use semantic translation, or to translate them in a combination of semantic translation and transliteration.
另外把汉语专名译成英语,有两点要特别注意:1.性和名的第一个英文字母要大写,在名性之间空一字符,如:杜牧(Du Mu) 2.音节界限易混淆读者,应使用隔音符号。如:吴承恩(Wu Cheng’en)西安(Xi’an)
附文
Suggestion or Standard
1.Capitalize the first letter of proper names of companies and organization in Beijing.
2.Capitalize each letter of Pinyin and the first letter of each English word for roads or other place names in order to distinguish Pinyin from English words.
3.Abbreviations are used for general names such as “avenue,”“road”adn “expressway” when they follow specific proper names of a place.
e.g.
The abbreviation for “Avenue (DaJie)” is “Ave”.
The abbreviation for“Road (Lu)” is “Rd”.
The abbreviation for “Expressway (Gaosulu)” is “Expwy”.
4.Capitalize the singleword road signs in line with international practice.
EXIT (Chukou) = ENTRANCE (Rikou)
5.English words are used to indicate direction. When used in specific road names, “East,”“West,”“South”and “North”should be abbreviated, respectively, into “E. ,” “W. ,”“S. ,” and “N.”
E.g:“Xisanhuan Beilu” should be translated into “W. 3rd Ring Rd. N.”
6.English equivalents are used for infrastructure and facilities used internationally, such as “Jichang (airport),”“Chezhan (railway station),”“Yiyuan (hospital),”“Tiyuguan (stadium),” and “Jiayouzhan (gas station),”
7.Bridge is used for any overpass in Beijing.
8.Indent Ordinal numbers in English.
E.g: 1st 2nd 3rd
9.”interchange” is used for an intersection without traffic light and“Junction”for that with traffic light.
某些英文报刊名称的汉译
1.The Times《泰晤士报》
2.New York Times 《纽约时报》
3.The Sunday Times《星期日时报》
4.Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》
5.Daily Mirror 《每日镜报》
6.The Guardian《前卫》(杂志)E
7.Wall Street Journal 《华尔街日报》
8.The Sun《太阳报》E
9.Observer 《观察家报》E
10.Chicago Tribune 《芝加哥论坛报》
11.The Boston Globe《波士顿环球报》
12.Christian Science Monitor 《基督教科学箴言报》
13.Time《时代周刊》A
14.Newsweek 《新闻周刊》A
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e63218167.html, Guide《电视导报》周刊
16.National Geographic Magazine 《全国地理杂志》
17.Reader’s Digest 《读者文摘》月刊
18.Family Circle 《家族》月刊(杂志)
19.Good Housekeeping 《家政》(杂志)
20.The Star 《星报》
练习
一、翻译报刊名称
1.Evening Standard ( B.) 《旗帜晚报》(英国)
2.Morning Star (B.) 《晨星报》(英)
3.Morning Star (Ind.) 《晨星》(杂志)(印度)
4.Morning Star (Sri.L) 《晨星》(月刊)(斯里兰卡)
5.Morning Times (Sri.L) 《时代晨报》(斯里兰卡)
6.Punch (B.) 《笨拙》周刊(英)
7.Punch (Ghana) 《笨拙报》周刊(加纳)
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e63218167.html, Times(B.) 《电视时代》周刊(英)
9.Radio Times (B.) 《广播时报》周刊(英)
10.The Listener (B.) 《听众》周刊(英)
二、根据我国政府1978年12月关于我国地名汉译外的规定,改换下列旧译名。
1.Peking Beijing
2. Formosa Taiwan
3. Swatow Shantou
4. Canton( City) Guangzhou
5.Amoy Xiamen
6.The Yellow River The Huanghe
三、意译下列人名或绰号
1.王胡子Whisker Wang
2.钱麻子Pock-marked Qian
3.陈虾子Chen the Shrimp
4.胡偏头Slant-necked Hu
5.张铁臂Iron-armed Zhang
6.周剥皮Skinner Zhou
四、意译下列旅游地名或建筑名
1.莫愁湖Carefree Lake
2.玉泉Jade Foundation
3.大观园Grand View Garden
4.清水塘Clear Water Pool
5.枫树湾Maple Bay
6.放生池Releasing Life Pool
7.马蹄角Horse-shoe Bay (Cape)
8.鸭嘴滩Duck’s Bill Beach
9.庐山Mount Lu
10.居庸关Juyongguan
11.宝塔山Pagoda Hill
12.紫金山Purple Metal Hill (Purple Mountain)
13.卧龙岗Sleeping Dragon (Reposing Dragon Ridge)
14.摩天岭Sky-kissing Range
15.独秀峰Peak of Unique Beauty
16.雨花台Rain Flower Mount (Terrace of the Raining Flower)
17.飞虎峪Flying Tiger Gully
18.鼓楼坡Drum Tower Slope
19.小石崖Small Rock Cliff
20.燕子矶Swallow Cliff
21.七星岩Seven-Star Crag
22.仙人洞Fairy Cave
23.朝阳沟Facing-Sun Valley
24.凤凰冲Phoenix Dip
25.大雁塔Bid wild Goose Pagoda
26.湖心亭Mid-Lake Pavilion
27.佛香阁Pavilion of the Fragrance of Buddha
28.大观楼Grand Spectacle Tavern
29.听鹂馆Hall of Listening to the Orioles
30.忠义堂Loyalty & Justice Hall
31.聚义厅Hall of Justice
32.养心殿Hall of Mental Cultivation
33.坤宁宫Palace of Earthly Tranquility
34.颐和园Summer Palace
35.灵隐室Monastery of Soul’s Retreat
36.文庙Confucius Temple
37.观音庵Nunnery of the Goddess Mercy
38.长春观Changchun Taoist Temple
39.虎跑泉Tiger-clawed Spring
40.白鹿洞书院White-deer-cave Academy
人名翻译
Political Figure
Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝
Caesar 凯撒Stalin 斯大林Lenin 列宁
Winston Churchhill 温斯顿·丘吉尔Margaret Thatcher撒切尔Napoleon 拿破仑Charles de Gaulle 夏尔·戴高乐
Writer
Homer 荷马Virgil维吉尔Ovid 奥维德Dante 但丁British Writer
William Shakespeare 莎士比亚Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟
John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯John Keats 约翰济慈George Gordon Byron 乔治·戈登·拜伦Charles Dickens 狄更斯W.B. Yeats 叶芝Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙 D.H. Lawrence D.H.劳伦斯George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳George Orwell 乔治·奥威尔Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德French Writer
Victor Hugo 维克多·雨果Balzac巴尔扎克
Maupassant莫泊桑Flaubert福楼拜
Alexander Dumas, pere 大仲马Alexander Dumas, fils 小仲马Roman Roland 罗曼·罗兰Albert Camus 加缪
Jean Paul Sartre萨特Simone de Beauvoir西蒙·波伏娃American Writer
Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
Walt Whitman 惠特曼Mark Twain马克·吐温
Jack London 杰克·伦敦Theodore Dreiser 德莱赛
F. Scott. Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德Ernest Hemingway 海明威
William Faulkner 福克纳John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克
J.D. Salinger 塞林格
Other countries
Pushkin普希金Chekhov 契诃夫Tolstoy托尔斯泰
Goethe 歌德Tagore 泰戈尔
Philosopher
Plato 柏拉图Socrates 苏格拉底
Aristotle 亚里士多德Spinoza斯宾诺莎
Kant 康德Hegel 黑格尔
Descartes 笛卡尔Nietzsche 尼采
Schopenhauer 叔本华Wittgenstein 维特根斯坦
Karl Marx 卡尔·马克思Engels 恩格斯
V oltaire 伏尔泰Rousseau 卢梭
Sigmund Freud 弗洛伊德John Locke 约翰洛克
Bertrand Russell 伯特兰·罗素Heidegger 海德格尔
Business Man
Warren Buffet 沃伦巴菲特George Soros 乔治索罗斯
Steve Jobs 史蒂夫·乔布斯Bill Gates 比尔·盖茨
Movie Star
Marilyn Monroe 玛丽莲·梦露Vivien Leigh 费雯·丽
Audrey Hepburn 奥黛丽·赫本Clark Gable 克拉克盖博
Greta Garbo葛丽泰·嘉宝Charles Chaplin卓别林
Grace Kelly 格蕾丝·凯利
李小龙Bruce Lee 成龙Jackie Chen 李连杰Jet Li
Musician
Beethoven 贝多芬Schubert 舒伯特Debussy德彪西
Mozart 莫扎特Bach 巴赫Schumann舒曼Chopin肖邦
Artist
Giotto 乔托Botticelli波提切利
Leonard da Vinci 达芬奇Michelangelo米开朗琪罗
Raphael拉斐尔Rembrandt 伦勃朗
Claude Monet 克劳德·莫奈Vincent Van Gogh 文森特·梵高Paul Gauguin保罗·高更Renoir雷诺阿Manet 马奈Picasso毕加索Matisse马蒂斯Andy Warhol安迪·沃霍尔
Scientist
Issac Newton 艾萨克·牛顿Charles Darwin 查尔斯·达尔文Galileo 伽利略Copercicus 哥白尼
Archimedes 阿基米德Euclid 欧几里得
Albert Einstein 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦Thomas Edison 托马斯·爱迪生Madame Curie 居里夫人Stephen Hawking 史蒂芬·霍金
Fictional Character
Oedipus俄狄浦斯Don Quixote堂吉诃德Sherlock Holmes 夏洛克·福尔摩斯John Watson 约翰·华生James Bond 詹姆斯·邦德
Foreigners who have Chinese names
Gary Locke 骆家辉Jon Huntsman洪博培
Kevin Rudd 陆克文Gladys Yang 戴乃迭
John King Fairbank 费正清Christopher Patten彭定康
Pearl S.Buck 赛珍珠Joseph Needham 李约瑟
I.M. Pei 贝聿铭
英美报刊杂志名称
英国
The Times 泰晤士报The Financial Times金融时报
The Daily Telegraph每日电讯报The Guardian卫报
The Sun太阳报The Daily Mirror每日镜报
The News of the World世界新闻报The Economist经济学家/经济学人
美国
The New York Times纽约时报Washington Post华盛顿邮报
The Wall Street Journal华尔街日报USA Today今日美国
The Los Angeles Times洛杉矶时报Reader’s Digest读者文摘
People 人物Time时代Newsweek新闻周刊
Businessweek商业周刊Forbes福布斯Fortune财富
The New Yorker 纽约客
国际组织名称
UN (United Nations) 联合国
WTO (World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织
WHO (World Health Organizaion)世界卫生组织
UNESCO(United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization)联合国教科文组织
UNICEF (United Nations International Children Emergency Fund)
联合国儿童基金会
OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)
经济合作与发展组织
IOC (International Olympic Committee) 国际奥委会
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织
EU (European Union)欧盟
Commonwealth 英联邦
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)北大西洋公约组织(北约)NEFTA(North American Free Trade Area)北美自由贸易区
APEC(Aisa-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
东南亚国家联盟(东盟)
OPEC (Organization of Petrolum Exporting Countries)石油输出国组织
IMF (International Monetary Fund)国际货币基金组织
World Bank 世界银行
G-8 G-20 (Summit)八国集团,二十国集团峰会
The World Economic Forum in Davos 达沃斯世界经济论坛
部分地名
Europe 欧洲
Britain英国
首都:London 伦敦
England 英格兰Wales威尔士Scotland苏格兰
Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰
主要城市:
Cardiff 卡迪夫Edinburgh 爱丁堡Belfast 贝尔法斯特Liverpool 利物浦Leeds利兹Manchester 曼彻斯特Birmingham 伯明翰Nottingham 诺丁汉Cornwall 康沃尔Newcastle 纽卡斯尔Glasgow 格拉斯哥Sheffield 谢菲尔德Plymouth 普利茅斯Cambridge 剑桥Oxford 牛津
Dover 多佛Southhampton 南安普顿
风景名胜:
Downing Street No.10唐宁街十号Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫The British Musuem大英博物馆Tower of London 伦敦塔Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特大教堂Big Ben 大本钟Heathrow airport 希斯罗机场
France法国
首都:Paris 巴黎
主要城市:
Lyon里昂Lille 里尔Toulouse 图卢兹Dijon 第戎
Nice 尼斯Bordeaux波尔多Provence 普罗旺斯
Cannes 戛纳Nantes 南特Burgundy 勃艮第
风景名胜:
Le Louvre 卢浮宫Notre Dame de Paris 巴黎圣母院
Seine 塞纳河Eiffel Tower埃菲尔铁塔Fontainebleau枫丹白露Elysees爱丽舍宫Avenue de Champs-Elysees香榭丽舍大街Pantheon先贤祠Versailles 凡尔赛
L’Arc de Triomphe (The Arc of triumph) 凯旋门
Italy意大利
首都:Rome 罗马
主要城市:
Milan 米兰Naples 那不勒斯Florence佛罗伦萨
Sienna 锡耶纳Venice 威尼斯Turin 都灵
Verona 维罗纳Sicily西西里岛
Germany 德国
首都:Berlin 柏林
主要城市:
Munich 慕尼黑Frankfurt 法兰克福Koln 科隆
Hamburg 汉堡Hannover 汉诺威Stuttgart 斯图加特Heidelberg 海德堡Bremen 不莱梅Dusseldorf 杜塞尔多夫
Spain 西班牙
首都:Madrid 马德里
主要城市:Barcelona 巴塞罗那Valencia 瓦伦西亚
Netherlands 荷兰
首都:Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹
主要城市:Rotterdam 鹿特丹Hague 海牙
Switzerland 瑞士
首都:Bern 伯尔尼
主要城市:Geneva 日内瓦Zurich 苏黎世
Russia 俄罗斯
首都:Moscow 莫斯科
主要城市:St. Petersburg圣彼得堡
Vladivostok符拉迪沃斯托克(海参崴)
欧洲其他国家
Andorra 安道尔
Albania 阿尔巴尼亚
Austria 奥地利(Vienna 维也纳)
Belgium 比利时(Brussels 布鲁塞尔)
Belarus 白俄罗斯(Minsk 明斯克)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那(波黑共和国)
Bulgaria 保加利亚
Croatia 克罗地亚
Cyprus 塞浦路斯
Czech 捷克(Prague 布拉格)
Denmark 丹麦(Copenhagen 哥本哈根)
Estonia 爱沙尼亚
Finland 芬兰(Helsinki 赫尔辛基)
Greece 希腊(Athens 雅典)
Hungary 匈牙利(Budapest 布达佩斯)
Iceland 冰岛(Reykjavik雷克雅未克)
Ireland 爱尔兰(Dublin 都柏林)
Latvia 拉脱维亚
Lithuania 立陶宛
Luxembourg 卢森堡
The Republic of Montenegro 黑山共和国(2006年独立)
Macedonia马其顿
Malta马耳他
Monaco 摩纳哥
Moldova 摩尔多瓦
Norway 挪威(Oslo 奥斯陆)
Poland 波兰(Warsaw华沙)
Portugal 葡萄牙(Lisbon 里斯本)
Romania 罗马尼亚(Buchrarest布加勒斯特)
Serbia 塞尔维亚(Belgrade 贝尔格莱德)
San Marino 圣马力诺
Slovak 斯洛伐克
Sweden 瑞典(Stockholm 斯德哥尔摩)
Turkey 土耳其(Ankara安卡拉)
Ukraine 乌克兰(Kiev基辅)
Kosovo 科索沃(2008年宣布从塞尔维亚独立,尚未获得国际社会认可)Vatican 梵蒂冈(世界上最小的主权国家,位于意大利罗马境内)
(以下这些国家虽然属于亚洲,但也常被列入欧洲)Azerbaijan 阿塞拜疆
Georgia 格鲁吉亚(注意此地名和美国的乔治亚州相同)Kazakhstan哈萨克斯坦
Asia 亚洲
India 印度
首都:New Delhi新德里
主要城市:Mumbai孟买Delhi 德里Kolkata 加尔各答Bangalore 班加罗尔
Japan 日本
首都:Tokyo 东京
主要城市:
Kyoto 京都Yokohama 横滨Osaka 大阪
Kobe 神户Nagoya 名古屋Hiroshima 广岛
Armenia 亚美尼亚
Afghanistan阿富汗(Kabul 喀布尔)
Bangladesh 孟加拉国(Dhaka达卡)
Bahrain 巴林
Bhutan 不丹(Thimphu 廷布)
Brunei 文莱
Burma 缅甸
China 中国(Beijing北京)
Cambodia 柬埔寨(Phnom Penh金边)
Indonesia 印度尼西亚(Jakarta 雅加达)
Laos 老挝(Vientiane 万象)
Lebanon 黎巴嫩(Beirut 贝鲁特)
Malaysia 马来西亚(Kuala Lumpur 吉隆坡)
Maldives 马尔代夫(Male 马累)
Mongolia 蒙古(Ulan Bator乌兰巴托)
Nepal 尼泊尔(Kathmandu 加德满都)
North Korea 朝鲜(Pyongyang平壤)
South Korea 韩国(Seoul 首尔)
Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡(Colombo 科伦坡)
Thailand 泰国(Bangkok 曼谷)
Pakistan 巴基斯坦(Islamabad 伊斯兰堡)
Philippines菲律宾(Manila 马尼拉)
Singapore 新加坡
Vietnam 越南(Hanoi 河内)
Timor-Leste 东帝汶
Jordan 约旦(Amman安曼)
Iraq 伊拉克(Baghdad 巴格达)
Iran 伊朗(Tehran 德黑兰)
Israel 以色列(Tel Aviv 特拉维夫)
Palestine 巴勒斯坦(尚未建国)Jerusalem (耶路撒冷)Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯(Riyadh 利雅得)
Yemen 也门
Oman 阿曼
The United Arab Emirates 阿联酋(Abu Dhabi 阿布扎比)Kuwait 科威特
Qatar 卡塔尔(Doha 多哈)
Syria 叙利亚(Damascus 大马士革)
Turkmenistan 土库曼斯坦
Kyrgyz吉尔吉斯斯坦
Tajikistan塔吉克斯坦
Uzbekistan 乌兹别克斯坦
Oceania 大洋洲
Australia澳大利亚
首都:Canberra 堪培拉
主要城市:
Sydney 悉尼Melbourne 墨尔本Brisbane 布里斯班Adelaide 阿德莱德Perth 珀斯
New Zealand 新西兰
首都:Wellington 惠灵顿
大洋洲其他国家
Fiji 斐济Papua New Guinea 巴布亚新几内亚
Nauru 瑙鲁Palau 帕劳Tonga 汤加
Tuvalu 图瓦卢Solomon Islands 所罗门群岛
North America 北美洲
Canada 加拿大
首都:Ottawa 渥太华
主要城市:
Toronto 多伦多Montreal 蒙特利尔Vancouver 温哥华Calgary 卡尔加里Quebec 魁北克
The United States of America 美国
首都:Washington D.C. 华盛顿特区
主要城市:
New York 纽约Boston 波士顿Chicago 芝加哥
Detroit 底特律Philadelphia费城Cleveland 克利夫兰Cincinnati 辛辛那提Nashville 纳什维尔Baltimore 巴尔的摩Pittsburgh 匹兹堡Memphis 孟菲斯Buffalo 布法罗
Los Angeles 洛杉矶San Francisco 旧金山(圣弗朗西斯科)San Jose 圣何塞San Diego圣地亚哥(圣迭戈)
Atlanta 亚特兰大New Orleans 新奥尔良St. Louis 圣路易斯Orlando 奥兰多Miami 迈阿密Tempa坦帕
Huston 休斯顿Dallas 达拉斯Salt Lake City 盐湖城
Little Rock City 小石城Atlantic City 大西洋城
Las Vegas 拉斯维加斯Seattle 西雅图Portland 波特兰
Denver 丹佛Phoenix 菲尼克斯(凤凰城)
风景名胜:
The Rocky Mountains落基山The Appalachian Mountains阿巴拉契亚山Grand Canyon 大峡谷Yellowstone National Park 黄石国家公园Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布
Manhattan 曼哈顿Brooklyn 布鲁克林
White House 白宫The Capitol Hill 国会山
Lincoln Memorial 林肯纪念堂
Camp David 戴维营Arlington National Cemetery 阿灵顿国家公墓The Statue of Liberty 自由女神像Pentagon 五角大楼
Long Island 长岛Mt. Rushmore 拉什莫尔山
Silicon Valley 硅谷Hollywood 好莱坞Beverly Hills比弗利山Broadway 百老汇Wall Street 华尔街Central Park 中央公园Empire State Building 帝国大厦
Mexico 墨西哥Cuba 古巴
Haiti 海地Puerto Rico 波多黎各
Jamaica牙买加Costa Rica哥斯达黎加
Central America中美洲
Belize 伯利兹
Bahamas 巴哈马
Bermuda 百慕大
Dominica 多米尼加
Honduras 洪都拉斯
Nicaragua 尼加拉瓜
Guatemala 危地马拉
Panama巴拿马
El Salvador 萨尔瓦多
South America南美洲
Argentina 阿根廷(Buenos Aires 布宜诺斯艾利斯)
Brazil 巴西(Brasilia 巴西利亚Rio 里约)
Bolivia 玻利维亚
Chile 智利(Santiago 圣地亚哥)
Columbia 哥伦比亚
Ecuador 厄瓜多尔
Suriname 苏里南
Guyana 圭亚那
Paraguay 巴拉圭
Uruguay乌拉圭
Peru 秘鲁(Lima 利马)
Venezuela 委内瑞拉
Africa非洲
Algeria 阿尔及利亚
Angola 安哥拉
Benin 贝宁
Botswana 博茨瓦纳
Burundi 布隆迪
Cameroon 喀麦隆
Chad 乍得
Congo 刚果
Egypt 埃及(Cairo 开罗)
Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚
Gabon 加蓬
Gambia 冈比亚
Guinea 几内亚
Ghana 加纳
Ivory Coast 科特迪瓦
Kenya 肯尼亚
Libya 利比亚
Lesotho 莱索托
Madagascar 马达加斯加
Malawi 马拉维
Mali 马里
Morocco 摩洛哥
Niger 尼日尔
Nigeria 尼日利亚
Rwanda 卢旺达
Senegal 塞内加尔
Sierra Leone 塞拉利昂
South Africa 南非(Johannesburg约翰内斯堡Cape Town开普敦)Somalia 索马里
Sudan 苏丹
Tanzania 坦桑尼亚
Togo 多哥
Tunisia 突尼斯
Uganda 乌干达
Zambia 赞比亚
Zimbabwe 津巴布韦
第四章确定词意,表达得体
任何翻译都要的两个必不可少的步骤:一是正确理解;二是确切表达。“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”
一般来说,确定词义,主要依赖译者对源语的精通;二表达得体,则主要决定了译者的译入语水平和对待翻译的精益求精。
一、确定词义
确定词义很不容易,但又很重要。见下例
1.The School of Air
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e63218167.html,st evening I went to a do held by our China Study Group.
3.the See of Sydney
4.They wanted us to have tea, but we said we’d just had it. Then Miss Standish
wanted us to have tea and cake.
5.Seven months they spend up there killing themselves in the cane season, ‘nd
then they come down here to live a little.
6.Miss Universe (or:Miss World)
7.She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby.
8.Her mother is a sister in a Melbourne hospital.
9.协议书
10.家政学
翻译:
1.广播学校
2.昨晚我参加了我们中国研究组的集会。(do:集会,娱乐宴聚活动)
3.悉尼教廷(see 教廷)
4.他要我们吃晚饭,我们说刚吃过,于是斯坦迪什小姐就要我们喝茶吃点心。
5.甘蔗收获季节七个月,他们在那里累死累活。然后才能到这里稍稍享受享
受。(live 尽情享受kill 精疲力尽或受苦受累)
6.世界小姐
7.她对我们说她那18岁的儿子是她子女中年纪最小的。(baby 表示兄弟姐
妹中最年小的)
8.她母亲是墨尔本一家医院的护士长。(sister 在此表示护士长或是资历高
的护士)
9.Agreement
10.Home Economics
二、表达得体
表达得体就是使译文恰如其分,不仅和原文的意思相符而且和原文的风格相符。
如何在翻译中做到表达得体,可以归纳为如下几条
1.一定要联系上下文,这是确定词义、表达得体的基础。
2.注意文字表达的分寸与褒贬。
3.活用词典,即不能照抄词典上的译文。
4.充分发挥汉语和英语的优势,使译文更地道,做到精益求精。如汉语中四
字成语很多,使用得当,无疑会使译文大放光彩。另外汉语的同义词很丰富,选准了就会文语得体。
下列例子可表现汉语优势
1.Cater is shooting at oil now, but who will be next?
卡特现在正那石油开刀,下一个目标是谁呢?
2.Alone Roosevelt could have accomplished little.
罗斯福要是光杆司令,他也不会有所作为。
3. Naturally I, a child of both worlds, am conscious of these.
作为新旧世界的后裔,我当然意识到这些关系。
4. It is possible that they never imagined that any considerable amount of public
opinion would be rallied in their favor.
他们绝没可能想到,竟会有这么多的舆论支持他们。
5.Look here, old boy, no one is interested in your bloody appreciation.
老兄,听着,没有人对你那个乱弹琴的意见感兴趣。
三、正确理解与表达译例
一、应用文方面的译例:汉语中同一个字,所处的上下文不同,译法就会各
不同,译法就会各不相同。
1. ××书
1)申请书Letter of Application
2)报告书Report
3)协议书Agreement
4)成绩通知书Grade Report
5)旅行委托书Booking Form
6)成交确认书Sales Confirmation
7)白皮书White Book
8)家书 a Letter from Home (or: a letter to home)
2. ××启事
1)招领启事Found
2)鸣谢启事Acknowledge
3)征稿启事Contributions Wanted
4)更正启事Corrections
3. ××单
1)名单name list
2)账单bill
3)订阅单subscription form
4)收款清单account note
5)文艺汇演节目单a program of entertainment
6)传单leaflet
7)床单bed sheet
4. ××表
1)病例单case history form
2)履历单resume
3)时间表timetable
4)日程表schedule
5. ××信
1)推荐信letter of recommendation
2)证明信certificate
3)口信an oral message
以上是汉译英的例子。英译汉也有类似的情况。如:
1. form