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大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)第12讲

大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)第12讲
大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)第12讲

第十二讲西方翻译理论简介(三)

巴斯内特:翻译研究文化转向的风向标

一、苏姗·巴斯内特简介

苏姗·巴斯奈特(Susan Bassnett)是文化翻译学派的领军人物,在国际译坛有深远影响。

苏姗·巴斯内特于上世纪80年代,在英国华威大学(Warwick University)创建了翻译与比较文化研究中心,她年轻时曾在欧洲几个国家接受过教育,此教育背景使她掌握了多种语言,深入了解多种文化,这为她后来的翻译及比较文化研究打下了良好的基础。她的学术生涯从意大利开始,后来到美国工作了一段时间,二十世纪八十年代到英国华威大学任教至今。她的研究范围包括:翻译研究、女性戏剧、女性作品、拉美文学、游记、英国研究。

她的成名著作《翻译研究》(Translation studies,1980)已再版八次,该书到现在仍然是翻译学界一本权威性的著作。

在过去二十多年,Susan Bassnett在翻译研究领域中不断地架起接通各个研究途径的桥梁,并提出了连接其他领域的跨学科研究的呼吁。1 990年,她有创见地建议,翻译研究应“转向文化研究”。随着她和Andre Lefevere二人合作编辑的《翻译、历史与文化》论文集的问世,翻译研究领域出现了真正的突破:翻译研究正式转向文化研究。

到了九十年代后期,Bassnett和Lelevere二人合著的《文化建构一一文学翻译论集》(Constructing Cultures—Essays on Literary Translation)出版,Susan Bassnett在第八章<文化研究中的翻译转向>一文中指出,在过去三十多年,翻译学领域的学者们已经取得了相当大的学术成就,可提供给文化研究领域的学者们在探讨跨文化交流时作参考。目前文化研究的重点问题是权力的关系和文本的生产,而翻译研究学者们对这些问题已不陌生。翻译研究应该从边缘走向舞台的中心。翻译研究已经作出了文化转向,现在该是文化研究朝翻译研究转向了。Bassnett最后呼吁,我们必须充分利用多方面的资源,扩宽研究领域,开辟一个跨文化研究的时代,从而迈进一个有不同声音、有多种见解的新领域:跨学科研究。

二、《翻译研究》意义和思想

《翻译研究》是当代翻译理论史上里程碑式的著作。她在书中描述了从罗马到当代翻译理论发展的历史,提供了比较分析的范例,探讨了翻译诗歌、戏剧和小说的不同的翻译策略,从中说明翻译理论和比较分析可以影响翻译实践。解读了其中最关键、最棘手的问题,如语言与文化之间的关系、翻译的类型、编码和解码、等值问题、不可译问题以及翻译的得与失的问题等。

1、《翻译研究》最大的功劳是将翻译作为一门独立的学科来研究,指出翻译研究不是从属于比较文学或语言学的学科。

长期以来,翻译活动所具有的应用特点,使不少人将之视为衍生性的活动。这是因为人们只看到翻译作为翻译活动的结果或产品,而忽略了其中的过程。无论是作为“技艺”(craft)也好,“艺术”(art)也好,都没有把翻译当做创造性的活动。

2、等值问题

以往的翻译理论所追寻的等值面对的是原文,看译文是否忠实于原文。在译者的主体性方面,译者总是以“隐身人”、“奴仆”、“模仿者”、“舌人”、“传话筒”的身份出现,翻译总是被人认为低于创作。解决这些问题的关键就是怎样看待等值。等值问题涉及两个思路:翻译中语义的的等值问题,原文到译文的语义传递;文学作品翻译的审美等值问题。无论哪个思路,都必须把等值问题放置在具体文化背景下讨论。她在书中精辟地论述了:文化是肌体,语言是心脏,二者相互作用,使彼此的生命延续不断。就像外科医生做心脏手术时不能忽视心脏周围的身体组织一样,也不能忽视文化的因素。

她提出动态概念对等,用她的话说:“翻译等值不是寻求同一的体现,即使在语内翻译中都不能等同,等何况原文和译文中呢。”她强调,翻译中不同功能的等值只是翻译的不同手段而已。

3、翻译不仅是语言活动,更重要的是文化交际活动。文化转换是翻译的目的。翻译就是要满足目的语文化的需要,或特定人群的文化需要。

三、翻译研究的文化转向

20世纪90年代后期,翻译研究开始从形式范式阶段延伸到更广泛的社会、历史、文化层面的跨学科阶段。巴斯内特提出的“翻译研究的文化转向”(The Cultural Turn in Translation Studies)成为西方翻译界、文化界讨论的热点,并引发了翻译研究范式的改变,将翻译研究引向了文化与翻译这个尚未充分探索的资源丰富的领域。

1、“翻译研究的文化转向”的定义

从文化层面上展开的对翻译动因、翻译行为、翻译结果、翻译传播、翻译接受、翻译影响以及其他一系列与翻译有关的问题的研究。

2、“翻译研究的文化转向”的意义:

巴斯内特的“翻译研究的文化转向”思想的提出,标志着描述学派的翻译研究进入了一个崭新的时期。传统的翻译研究主要是语言学方法在翻译中的应用,从翻译单位和语言的等值来解决翻译问题,而巴斯内特的文化转向理论的提出,使翻译研究的重点从语言单位转移到了文化和功能上来。

3、“翻译研究的文化转向”的理论特点

(1)在传统翻译研究中被忽视的外围因素,在文化转向中都予以关照。巴斯内特重视研究翻译的过程,尤其是文本被操纵的复杂过程。翻译文本的选择,读者、编辑、出版商及赞助人等因素,文本的接受效果等统统纳入其视野。在这一转向中,文化而不是文本,是译者首先应该考虑的因素。这种观点是从宏观上把文化看作是一个大的翻译单位。(2)巴斯内特重视翻译研究与其他学科的关系,不仅是与比较文学、文化、语言学、社会学等学科的交叉研究,尤其注重吸取当代西方理论思潮的最新观点。在她的研究中,心理分析理论、后结构主义、西方马克思主义、后殖民主义、女性主义、新历史主义,甚至同性恋和酷儿理论(Queer Theory)等种种现代主义和后现代主义理论,以及传媒、影视、大众文化研究,种族、性别、民族志研究等各种形式的文化研究,被很快应用于翻译研究之中,并取得了显著的成果。

(3)注重理论联系实际,注意将其理论应用到诗歌翻译、戏剧翻译等题材的研究。(4)注重文化翻译的目的与功能,尤其是翻译应该满足目的语文化社会的需要,要为翻译的对象服务。在这一点上,她充分吸收目的论、多元综合系统等其他翻译理论之所长。(5)虽然把研究的重心放在了外围研究,但其主要目的还是为了重新给翻译学科定位,以突出学科的主体地位和译者的主体性地位。

翻译技巧学习:语篇翻译

一、语篇

1、什么是语篇:

语篇是交际功能上相对完整和独立的语言片段。实际使用的语篇可能是一个词、一个句子、一个句段、一个句群。如在机场出入境处,海关人员对旅客说:“护照(Passport)?”于是旅客出示自己的护照。这里,一个词完成了交际功能,也是相对完成独立且语义清楚的一个语篇。

2、语篇是个翻译的基本单位和理想单位。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式,其实质是用

一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种语言中与其意义对等的语篇材料。根据系统功能语言学家的观点,语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的语言单位,而不是词语结构这样的语法单位。

3、翻译语篇时,要注意以下几点:

(1)首先要读懂整个语篇。译者培养语篇意识,即着眼于整个语篇,把握主题,研究其主要功能(即交际要达到的目的),在整个语篇的参照下理解和选择要翻

译的句子的准确含义,并力求使译文在文体、功能和风格上与原文保持一致。

注意文体一致。不同文体的文章在表现形式上是不一样的,如法律文体和科技文体都分别有自己的专业术语,应用文有时有严格的格式要求等等。因为

文体不同,在遣词造句上就有差异。

(2) 注重衔接和连贯。语篇作为一个整体,句子之间的衔接、语义逻辑的连贯,

直接关系到原文主题、风格、功能的再现,是判断译文好坏的重要尺码。二、语篇翻译译例:

译例一

Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable, whether you are a book-lover or merely you are there to buy a book as a present. Whatever the person, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings. You soon become engrossed in some books, and (1)usually it is only much later that you realize you have spent far too much time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten appointment --without buying a book, of course.

This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is the main attraction of a bookshop. You can wander round such places to your heart's content. If it is a good shop, (2)no assistant will approach you with the inevitable greeting, "Can I help you, sir?" You needn’t buy anything you don’t want.(3) An assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing. Then, and only then, are his services necessary.

参考译文

无论你是爱书人,还是仅仅想买本书当作礼物,在书店里度过的时光都可能是非常愉快的。无论你是什么样的人,你都可以迅速地忘记你周围的事物,而很快被一些书深深吸引。通常当你意识到已经逗留太久了,就已经来不及了,你不得不急急忙忙冲出去赴一个你差点忘记了的约会。当然,这时你一本书都还没买下。

这种逃离现实生活的机会正是书店的魅力所在。你可以尽情地在这些地方闲逛。如果你去的是家好书店,就不会有店员走过来,一成不变地问你:“您想看点什么,先生?”

你不必买任何你不想要的东西。你翻看书时,店员就在一边等着。等你看完了,只有在这个时候,才需要他的服务。

译文分析

这篇文章介绍了逛书店的意趣以及注意事项。原文几乎没有复杂难懂的词,结构也比较清晰明了。但是有个别句子不好理解。翻译时要多看看上下文,不要急于动手翻译。(1)这句话是it is…that…的强调句式。翻译该句时,可将被强调的部分后置,译成“通常当你意识到已经逗留太久了,就已经来不及了”。

(2)不可翻译成“以一成不变的问候语接近你”。很多时候,英文中的介词短语需要灵活翻译,这里可将greeting转换成动词,与approach并列。

(3)这句话的background意为“背景”。remain in the background 是指店员不主动上前引起顾客的注意。如果直译“店员应该呆在背景里”会令人费解,所

以应意译。

译例二

Long bus rides are like televisions shows. They have a beginning,a middle,and an end---(1)with commercials thrown in every three or four minutes. The commercials are unavoidable. They happen whether you want them or not. Every couple of minutes a billboard glides by outside the bus window.

The beginning of the ride is comfortable and somewhat exciting,even if you’ve traveled that way before. Usually some things have changed---new houses,new buildings,sometimes even a new road. The bus driver has a style of driving and its fun to try to figure it out the first hour or so. If the driver is particularly reckless or daring,the ride can be as thrilling as a suspense story. (2)After a while,of course,the excitement dies down. Sleeping for a while helps pass the middle hours of the ride. Food always makes bus rides more interesting.

The end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning. (3)You know it will soon be over and the re’s a kind of expectation and excitement in that.(4)By now you’ve sat with your legs crossed,with your hands in your lap,with your hands on the arm rests---even with your hands crossed behind your head. The end comes just at the right time. There are just no more ways to sit.

参考译文

坐长途汽车就像看电视节目。有开头,中间部分和结尾—每隔三四分钟还插播广告。广告是没法避免的。每隔几分钟就有一个广告牌在车窗外一晃而过。

旅途最开始会比较舒适,而且有些令人兴奋,即使你曾经走过这条路线。总会有一些东西发生了变化—新房子、新建筑,有时甚至有一条新路。汽车司机有自己的开车风格,在旅途最开始的一小时左右揣摩他的风格会很有意思。如果司机开车格外鲁莽或大胆,你的旅途将会像悬念故事一样刺激。当然一段时间以后,这种兴奋感就慢慢消失了。睡一会儿度过旅途中间部分的好办法。食物也常常旅途更加愉快。

旅途的结尾有些像旅途的开头。你知道很快就要结束了,所以会有一种期待和兴奋感。到现在你已经换了不少姿势:跷二郎腿、手搁在腿上、手放在椅子的扶手上—甚至还把手交叉垫在头后头。旅途结束得正是时候,已经没有别的姿势可换了。

译文分析

本文讲述了坐长途汽车的感受,原文的描述比较生动灵活,还有些地方幽默风趣。相应的,译文不能太死板,要注意灵活调整,同时还应结合上下文,掌握原文的风格和脉络,尽量译出原文的神韵。

(1)with commercials thrown in every three or four minutes,在翻译这一部分时应特别注意分词thrown的译法。他的表面意思是“被扔进来”。

但是这样翻译显然是不行的。联系上下文来看,我们会发现其实这里指的

就是电视节目里插播广告,因此完全可以意译。

(2)After a while,of course,the excitement dies down, 英文中用逗号在句中插入of course这样的成分是很常见的,但在中文中却不普遍。所

以在翻译时可以考虑调换句子的顺序,将“当然”一词提到句首。

(3)You know it will soon be over and there’s a kind of expectation and excitement in that, 翻译这个句子前首先要弄清楚两个并列从句中的逻

辑关系。表面上它们由连词and连接,但我们并不能忽略了句末的介词词

组in that。这里that指的就是前一个从句里提到的“你知道旅途很快就

要结束了”的事情。因此翻译时为了体现出这种关系我们可以调整句子,

将并列句变成因果句,“知道就要结束了,所以会期待、兴奋”。

(4)By now you’ve sat with your legs crossed, with your hands in your lap, with your hands on the arm rests –even with your hands crossed

behind your head, 这句话中作者很巧妙地运用了四个with的介词短语,

写出了四种不同的坐姿,从而避免了重复sat这个动词。如果完全按照这

种句子结构来翻译时行不通的,所以应大胆地意译。

译例三

一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩。女孩是他的同事,他们在一个办公室里工作。

(1)小伙子性格内向,(2)不善言辞,他不知道如何向女孩子(3)表达他的爱慕之意。

写情书吧,小伙子是学理工的,搞技术工作,(4)满脑子的图形,就是没有一句有文采的话。小城也没有鲜花店,电影电视上常见的送花那一套也无从说起。至于直截了当地告诉女孩子“我爱你”,小伙子就更没有那胆量了。

(5)这样的恋情应该说是没有什么希望的了。事实上一年后他们却结了婚。有人向小伙子讨教,他说:“我每天上班第一件事就是帮她擦桌子,然后为她泡上一杯她喜欢喝的绿茶。她的胃不好,我经常备些胃药放在她的桌上。(6)一开始她不知道是我做的这些事情,时间长了就知道了。就这么简单。”

One young man was secretly in love with a girl, one of his fellow

office-workers.

Being a man of few words and not good at expressing his feelings, he did not know how to unbosom himself of his love to her. He had thought of writing love letters to her, but he had been a student of technology and was now working as a technician. He could not dig out one beautiful sentence from a mind that was stocked full with diagrams and graphs. Presenting flowers, as is often seen on TV and in films, was out of the question, there being no flower shops in this small town. As to a face-to-face confession of love, he absolutely had not the guts to do so.

Usually speaking, such a young man is a hopeless suitor. But as a matter of fact they got married a year later. When asked about his successful experience, he confided, ―The first thing I did every morning after coming to the office is to wipe her desk and to put on her desk a cup of the green tea which she likes. She has a weak stomach, so I also placed on her desk some medicine for stomach trouble. It wasn’t long before she found who had been paying her all these attentions. As simple as that!‖

译文分析

本文以小伙子别具一格的成功恋爱经历为例说明男女恋情中真正的“浪漫”应该是实实在在的呵护和关爱,而不是一些常见的流于表面的手法。文字简单直白,但要译出精彩的译文来并不容易。

(1)“小伙子性格内向……”。各种英汉词典都提供了“内向”的准确的心理学上的对应词,用在此处似欠妥,词义太重,我们建议用一般的词汇,

译作a man of few words。

(2)“不善言辞”不是指外交家不善谈判、政客不善演讲、老师不善讲课,而是指小伙子不善于向姑娘诉说爱情。译作not good at speaking (或

making speeches)似不妥,我们建议译作not good at expressing his

feelings。

(3)“表达他的爱慕之意”。如果译作express his love for her, 则似乎不够精彩。我们用unbosom himself of his love to her。bosom是文学性用语,

表示“胸脯,内心”;unbosom oneself to常指“向…吐露感情”。

(4)“满脑子的图形”。“图形”不宜用picture,因为这里指的是理工科技术人员,宜用diagrams和graphs。Diagram常常指显示机器等工作原理的

图,graph常指表示数字升降、比较的曲线图。

(5)“这样的恋情……没有什么希望了”。这里的“恋情”照搬《汉英词典》上的romantic love。romantic love是指“浪漫的恋爱关系”,他与她还没

建立任何恋爱关系。我们的参考译文根本未把“恋情”作主语,而把a

young man作主语,这样上下文连贯性比较好,因为上文一直是围绕着

“小伙子”展开,我们改译为“通常这样的追求者是没有希望的”。Suitor

这个词较旧,用以指在恋爱问题上守旧的年轻人,反而比较恰当。

(6)“……她不知道是我做的这些事情”。学生一般会把它译为如下句子:She didn’t know I did all these things。这样译很达意,连惯性也很好,但

有个更恰当的说法:pay sb. attentions。Attention一般是不可数名词,但

偶尔可用复数attentions,意思是“(处于爱慕、尊敬而做的)各种殷勤

行为”。这一用法较少,但用以指这种特殊的求爱方式反而恰当。

新视野大学英语翻译答案

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新视野大学英语第三版第一册课后翻译答案.doc

新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家,被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物,人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述,尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法,即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系,未曾设立什么学派,也未曾创立什么宗派,但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日,全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地,这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日,越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今,圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说,这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说,圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家,给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动,圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.

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新视野大学英语翻译答案

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汉英翻译教程

汉英翻译教程

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